1. Before you Begin

1

1. Before you Begin 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.2 GEOGRAPHY 4 1.3 REVIEW 8

2. Ancient Southeast Asia 10 2.1 INTRODUCTION 11 2.2 CIVILISATION AND CULTURE 12 2.3 SURPLUS AND INEQUALITY 14 2.4 CLASS SYSTEM 15 2.5 EARLY RELIGIONS 17 2.6 THE PEOPLE OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 18 2.7 EARLY SOUTHEAST ASIAN EMPIRES 23 2.8 CHINA AND INDIA 26 2.9 NEW RELIGIONS 32 2.10 REVIEW 36

3. Colonialism and Independence 38 3.1 INTRODUCTION 39 3.2 EXPLORATION AND TRADE 43 3.3 CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT 45 3.4 IMPACT OF COLONIAL RULE 48 3.5 GROWING NATIONALISM 51 3.6 CHALLENGES FOR NEW NATIONS 55 3.7 REVIEW 57

4. Modern Southeast Asia 59 4.1 ASEAN 60 4.2 MODERN INDIA AND CHINA 63 4.3 MODERN SOUTHEAST ASIA 68 4.4 REVIEW 77 5. The Future of Southeast Asia 79 5.1 INTRODUCTION 80 5.2 PERSPECTIVES 80

Contents

2

In this chapter you will study:

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At the end of this chapter you will be able to:

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1. Before you Begin

3

1.1 INTRODUCTION

When we study a country or region in the world, we often study its history, geography, economics, politics, and development.

Can you think of one similarity between the different countries and peoples of Southeast Asia? Think of one each for:

history, geography, economics, politics, and development.

Brainstorm

Skills: Categorising information

Exercise

Similarity Difference

History

Geography Brunei is very small (just 5,765km²) whereas Indonesia is very large (1,904,569km²)

Economics

Politics Both Thailand and Cambodia have constitutional monarchies

Development

What do you think of when you think ‘Southeast Asia’?Close your eyes for a few seconds and note a few things that come to your mind.Now write them down and share them with your partner.

Did you write similar things?Did you list any similarities between the peoples of Southeast Asia? If not, can you list some?

KEY WORDSarchitecture (n) – the art and science of designing buildings and other structuresfolklore (n) – the traditional stories, legends, music, dances and histories of a group of people.

Exercise

Southeast Asia General Knowledge Quiza. What is the population of Singapore?

b. What languages do people speak in Brunei?

c. What is the currency of Vietnam?

d. What is the capital of the Philippines?

e. Which is the largest country in Southeast Asia?

f. Which is the smallest country in Southeast Asia?

g. Which country in Southeast Asia has the largest population?

h. What is the name of the highest mountain in Southeast Asia?

i. What is the name of the longest river in Southeast Asia?

j. What is the newest country in Southeast Asia?

k. Which is the only country in Southeast Asia that has never been colonised?

Test your basic knowledge about Southeast Asia by taking this short quiz. Don’t worry if you don’t have all the answers now. You’ll learn more soon.

4

How many different groups of people living in Southeast Asian countries can you name? Brainstorm all the different groups you know and where they can be found.

Example: Hmong people are found in Laos and Thailand.

Why do you think there are so many different kinds of people in such a small area?

Why are there often problems in countries with many different ethnic groups living together?

Do you know any country that has many different ethnic groups, where people live together peacefully without many problems?

DiscussionSkills:

Reasoning

Most Southeast Asian peoples began as tribes. Each tribe was a small community of hunters, rice

IDUPHUV�RU�¿VKHU�IRON��7KH�WULEH�ZDV�KHDGHG�E\�D�FKLHI��0HPEHUV�RI�WKH�WULEH�KDG�D�VWURQJ�VHQVH�of belonging.

1.2 GEOGRAPHY

:KDW�GR�\RX�DOUHDG\�NQRZ�DERXW�µ*HRJUDSK\�¶�,Q�\RXU�RZQ�ZRUGV��ZULWH�D�GH¿QLWLRQ�IRU�‘Geography.’

BrainstormSkills:

Organising information

ExerciseSkills:

Creating GH¿QLWLRQV

KEY WORDSash (n) – a black substance left over after something burnserupt (v) ±�ZKHQ�D�YROFDQR�WKURZV�XS�¿UH�DQG�PHOWHG�URFN�IURP�GHHS�LQVLGH�WKH�HDUWKminerals (n) – a useful substance found in the earthpeninsula (n) – a piece of land surrounded by water on three sidesridges (n) – a line or a way along the top of a mountainvolcano (n)�±�D�PRXQWDLQ�ZKLFK�VRPHWLPHV�HUXSWV��WKURZLQJ�¿UH��PHOWHG�URFNV�DQG�JDVVHV�IURP deep inside the earth onto the surface

What characteristics unite the different people of Southeast Asia?

x� 0DLQODQG�ODQJXDJHV�FRPH�IURP�WKH�VDPH�DQFHVWRU�ODQJXDJHx� Physical environment is mostly water and forest

x� 5LFH�DQG�¿VK�DUH�SRSXODU�IRRGV��0DQ\�SHRSOH�FKHZ�EHWHO�QXWx� Beliefs and religious practices of many Southeast Asians are common

x� Folklore and traditional architectural styles are similar across Southeast Asia

x� Methods of agriculture are similar

x� Ancient social and political organisations were similar

x� 0DQ\�SHRSOH�VKDUH�VLPLODU�SK\VLFDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�VXFK�DV�EHLQJ�VKRUW��ZLWK�\HOORZ�brown skin

A. What different ways of organising society do you know? B. Which ones do you see most often in Southeast Asia? C. Do you think it was different two thousand years ago? How were societies mostly

organised then?

Exercise

5

Southeast Asia can be divided into two parts according to its

JHRJUDSK\��7KH�WZR�SDUWV�DUH��PDLQODQG�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�DQG�island Southeast Asia.

Mainland Southeast Asia7KHUH�DUH�VL[�LQGHSHQGHQW�QDWLRQV�LQ�PDLQODQG�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��0\DQPDU��7KDLODQG��9LHWQDP��/DRV��&DPERGLD�DQG�0DOD\VLD��Mountains cover much of mainland Southeast Asia. Among

these mountains are highland plateaus that stretch from the

+LPDOD\DV�DFURVV�6RXWKHUQ�&KLQD��7KHVH�PRXQWDLQV�DQG�SODWHDXV�separate Southeast Asia from other parts of Asia.

7KH�PRXQWDLQ�ridges run north to south. In between there are

YDOOH\V��)RXU�KXJH�ULYHUV�±�WKH�,UUDZDGG\��6DOZHHQ��&KDR�3KUD\D�DQG�0HNRQJ�±�ÀRZ�VRXWK�WKURXJK�WKH�YDOOH\V�7KH�ULYHUV�WDNH�VRLO�IURm the mountains, and bring it through the

valleys. As a result, the river valleys are fertile farmland. People

have lived in these valleys, and cultivated the land, for thousands

of years.

Island Southeast AsiaIsland Southeast Asia is made up of many islands spread over

WKRXVDQGV�RI�NLORPHWUHV�RI�RFHDQ��7KHUH�DUH�¿YH�LQGHSHQGHQW�QDWLRQV�LQ�LVODQG�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��6LQJDSRUH��%UXQHL��7KH�3KLOLSSLQHV��,QGRQHVLD�DQG�(DVW�7LPRU��3DUW�RI�0DOD\VLD�LV�RQ�WKH�island of Borneo.

7KHVH�QDWLRQV�Dre of very different sizes – Brunei is a tiny nation

on the island of Borneo. Singapore is a small island off the

Malay Peninsula��(DVW�7LPRU�LV�RQ�WKH�LVODQG�RI�7LPRU��WR�WKH�HDVW�RI�,QGRQHVLD��,QGRQHVLD�DQG�7KH�3KLOLSSLQHV�DUH�PDGH�XS�RI�PDQ\�LVODQGV��,QGRQHVLD�KDV�PRUH�WKDQ��LVODQGV��DQG�7KH�Philippines has over 7,000.

Island Southeast Asia is loFDWHG�RQ�WKH�µ5LQJ�RI�)LUH¶��D�OLQH�RI�volcanoes�DURXQG�WKH�3DFL¿F�2FHDQ��:KHQ�YROFDQRHV�erupt, volcanic ash spreads over nearby land. Volcanic ash is rich in

minerals, so the soil becomes fertile. Because of this fertile land,

many people farm near the active volcanoes.

However, this can be dangerous. Mount Pinatubo, on the island

RI�/X]RQ�LQ�7KH�3KLOLSSLQHV��HUXSWHG�LQ��+XQGUHGV�RI�people died, and many more lost their homes.

7KH�PDQ\�LVODQGV�DQG�PRXQWDLQV�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�KDYH�IRUPHG�barriers between pockets of populations groups, who may have

lived quite close together but who developed different languages

and culture. As a result, Southeast Asia is very culturally diverse.

6

Look at this map outline and try answering the questions. Don’t worry if you can’t answer them now. You will see them again at the end of this section.

Map work

A. What countries are near Southeast Asia?B. :KDW�FRXQWULHV�KDYH�LQÀXHQFHG�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD"C. Without looking at the previous page, circle the countries that are part of mainland

Southeast Asia. Put a box around the number for the countries that are part of Island Southeast Asia.

A. What geographical features are important to mainland Southeast Asia?B. Which geographical features are important to island Southeast Asia?C. Why were valleys important to early Southeast Asians?D. Why were volcanos important to early Southeast Asians?E.�+RZ�ZHUH�WKH�SHRSOH�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�LQÀXHQFHG�E\�PRXQWDLQV�DQG�LVODQGV"

Exercise

Exercise

Map Reading7KURXJK�WKH�XVH�RI�GLrections and distances you can become familiar with the countries and

IHDWXUHV�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��DQG�DOVR�IXUWKHU�\RXU�PDS�UHDGLQJ�VNLOOV��,Q�WKH�IROORZLQJ�H[HUFLVH�you�ZLOO�¿QG�GLUHFWLRQV�VXFK�DV�µVRXWKHDVW¶�RU�µVRXWK�VRXWKZHVW�¶��µ6RXWKHDVW¶�PHDQV�WKDW�WKH�SODFH�is in the direction of south and east. ‘South southwest’ means that the place is almost directly

south, and a little bit to the west.

$OO�PDSV�DUH�GUDZQ�WR�VFDOH��7KDW�PHDQV�WKH\�DUH�QRW�WKH�VDPH�VL]H�RQ�SDSHU�DV�WKH\�DUH�RQ�WKH�ground. If you want to know how far it really is from one place to another, you must look for the

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Map 1: Southeast Asia Outline

7

A compass rose is a drawing that can help

you remember these directions. Some maps

include a compass rose, others do not.

Write some sentences of your own about the directions between different islands in Southeast Asia. Make sentences like this one to test your friends: “It is North northwest of Kepulauan Atuna”. (Answer: Palau)

ExerciseSkills:

Using compass directions

There are an estimated 20,000 islands in Southeast Asia. Use the compass rose above to help answer questions about the location of the islands pictured in Map 2

a) The Spratly Islands are ____ of Palua.b) Kepulauan Atuna is ____ of the Spratly Islands.c) _____ is East Southeast of the Nicobar Islands.d) Pulau Siberut is Northwest of ____________.

e) Palau is ____ of Kepulauan Aru.f) Lombok is ____ of the Spratly Islandsg) The Andaman Islands are ___ of Palau.h) Palau Simeulue is Southwest of ___.

Map 2: Map Directions in Southeast Asia

ExerciseSkills:

Using compass directions

Example:��B is south southeast

of A.��C is west of B��D is south southwest

of A because it is almost directly south, but a little bit to the west.

8

1.3 REVIEW

Comprehension

1. Southeast Asia can be divided into two areas based on geography, what are they?2. Name the 11 countries of Southeast Asia.3. Divide these countries into two groups based on geography.4. What are two other important geographic features of Southeast Asia?5. For each feature, explain why it was important to the development of human settlements in Southeast Asia.��:KDW�DUH�¿YH�GLIIHUHQW�HWKQLF�JURXSV�OLYLQJ�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD"7. Name three similarities and three differences between nations in Southeast Asia.8. Name three countries which neighbour Southeast Asia.9. What is the name for the drawing shown to the right? 10. What does it help you to do?

Skills Practice Look at the map below and answer the questions on the following page

Answer the following questions without looking at the book:

9

1. Which island is Southwest of Flores?2. Which island is East Northeast of the Mentawi Islands?3. Which islands are Southeast of Palawan?4. Which islands are East Southeast of Palawan?5. Which island is South Southwest of the Batan Islands?6. Which island is South Southwest of Natuna Island ?7. Which islands are East of Natuna Island?8. Which island is West Southwest of Tanimbar Island?

Skills Practice Use the map on the previous page to give your friends directions.

Example: From Natuna Island to Bangka. From Natuna Island, travel 500 miles South Southwest to Bangka.

1. From Bangka to Tanimbar Island2. From the Sangihe Islands to the Talaud Islands3. From Sumba to the Mentawi Islands4. From Flores to Natuna Island5. From Palawan to the Batan Islands

Your friend has found a very old map of Southeast Asia with directions to a buried treasure. Unfortunately, your friend doesn’t know how to use a compass and needs help. Where should your friend dig for treasure?

'H¿QLWLRQ :ULWH�D�GH¿QLWLRQ�LQ�\RXU�RZQ�ZRUGV�IRU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�WHUP�

Geography

Skills Practice

Now make a treasure hunt of your own. Lead your friends through the islands of Southeast Asia to a secret location. You can use the islands from page 7 or page 8 of \RXU�ERRN��:KHQ�\RX�DUH�¿QLVKHG�preparing the treasure hunt, swap directions with your friend and VHH�ZKR�FDQ�¿QG�WKH�WUHDVXUH�¿UVW�

10


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��WKH�HDUOLHVW�UHOLJLRQV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��WKH�¿UVW�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�HPSLUHV�DQG�WKH�KLVWRU\�RI�VRPH�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�SHRSOHV

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2. Ancient Southeast Asia

11

2. Ancient Southeast Asia2.1 INTRODUCTION

KEY WORDSarchaeologist (n) – a scientist who studies ancient civilisations through their physical remainsmaterial evidence (n) – something you can see or touch that gives you reason to believe somethingperspective (n) – a view or picture in one’s mind, an opinion, a position

A. What did you learn from this introduction?

B. What is important to keep in mind whenever you are studying ancient history?

C.�:K\�GR�\RX�WKLQN�LW�LV�GLI¿FXOW�to know for sure what has happened?

D. What do you think would have helped historians make more accurate accounts of ancient Southeast Asia?

In this chapter you will learn about the ancient history of Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia is a very

ancient region. People had lived there for many thousands of years without leaving any record.

Also, many different groups of people have lived in the same areas at different times so it is often

hard to tell who did what.

:KHQ�ZH�OHDUQ�DERXW�WKLQJV�WKDW�KDSSHQHG�VXFK�D�ORQJ�WLPH�DJR��LW�LV�RIWHQ�GLI¿FXOW�WR�EH�VXUH��7KLV�LV�EHFDXVH�WKHUH�LV�KDUGO\�DQ\�material evidence�OHIW�WR�WHOO�XV�H[DFWO\�ZKDW�KDSSHQHG��0DQ\�historians and archaeologists disagree about how and when things happened. When historians

write about ancient Southeast Asia, they often say that they can only guess what had happened.

7KH\�DOZD\V�XVH�VXFK�ZRUGV�DV�µSUREDEO\�¶�µLW�VHHPV�OLNH�¶�DQG�µVRPH�KLVWRULDQV�EHOLHYH�WKDW¶�WR�show us that they don’t know for sure.

Everything you read in this chapter is only one of the many perspectives on the events in

Skills: Reading comprehension,

applying information

Discussion

Skills: ImaginingPreview A. What do you know about ancient Southeast Asia? How do you know what you

know? Can you be sure that what you know really happened? B. +RZ�GR�\RX�WKLQN�KLVWRULDQV�FDQ�¿QG�RXW�DERXW�ZKDW�KDSSHQHG�LQ�DQFLHQW�6RXWKHDVW�

Asia?

Southeast Asia many hundreds of years ago.

What most historians agree on, though, is

that the history of Southeast Asia is based

on movements of peoples. Different groups

of people migrated in and out of the region

as well as around Southeast Asia. Many

kingdoms and empires were established and

then destroyed until modern Southeast Asia

was formed. In this chapter you will learn a

little bit about how this happened.

Ancient Khmer ruins

12

2.2 CIVILISATION AND CULTURE

KEY WORDSculture (n) – the customs and practices of a particular group of peoplecustom (n) – the habits or things which are done in the same way each timenomad (n) –�D�SHUVRQ�ZLWK�QR�¿[HG�KRPH�ZKR�PRYHV�IURP�SODFH�WR�SODFH�LQ�VHDUFK�RI�IRRG�DQG� watersettlement (n) – a place where people live, such as a town or villagevalley (n) – an area on both sides of a river

Have you ever heard the word ‘civilisation’ before? What do you think it means?People have many different ideas about what civilisation means. Look at the words in the bubbles below. Which ones relate to civilisation? Cross out the words that don’t belong.

What other words to you know that might be related to ‘civilisation’? Put your ideas in the empty bubbles.

Compare the words you picked with the words your partner picked. Together, write a GH¿QLWLRQ�RI�WKH�ZRUG�µFLYLOLVDWLRQ�¶

Preview

Individuals

Society

Culture

Towns & Cities

Development

Groups

Nomads

Religion

When a group of people share the same way of life, we say that they have the same culture. 7KLV�usually means that they speak the same language, eat the same kinds of food, have the same rules

of behaviour and follow the same customs and traditions.

Skills: Making lists, making GH¿QLWLRQV

Brainstorm Some people say that human civilisation began when groups of people came together and began to develop culture. In fact, for some people, culture and civilisation mean the same thing. What do you know about culture?

Read the paragraph:

'R�\RX�DJUHH�ZLWK�WKLV�GH¿QLWLRQ"�:RXOG�\RX�DGG�RU�FKDQJH�DQ\WKLQJ"

13

Look at the box of words on the right:A. Which words in this list are part of culture?B. What can you add to this list?C. Now make a list of things that are not part of culture.D. ,PDJLQH�WKDW�\RX�OLYHG�WKRXVDQGV�DQG�WKRXVDQGV�RI�\HDUV�DJR��ZKHQ�WKH�¿UVW�

KXPDQ�WRZQV�ZHUH�¿UVW�EXLOW��:KLFK�ZRUGV�GR�\RX�WKLQN�PLJKW�KDYH�EHHQ�SDUW�RI�your culture?

Exercise

sport, weddings, fishpaste, school, your name, the clothes you wear, your house, religion, music, village, festival, your

family, language

A. What countries are they in?

B. What similarities can you notice about all the highlighted areas?

C. Why did civilisations begin in river valleys?

Skills: Finding similarities

Brainstorm Map 3: Ancient Asia

7KH�HDUOLHVW�FLYLOLVDWLRQV�ZHUH�GHYHORSHG�E\�SHRSOH�OLYLQJ�LQ�¿[HG�SODFHV�RU�settlements, which

JUDGXDOO\�JUHZ�LQWR�WRZQV�DQG�FLWLHV��7KH�¿UVW�FLYLOLVDWLRQV�EHJDQ�LQ�ULYHU�YDOOH\V such as the

YDOOH\V�RI�WKH�1LOH�LQ�(J\SW��WKH�7LJULV�(XSKUDWHV�(ti-gris; yoo-fray-tees) in Mesopotamia (me-soh-poh-tay-mi-yah), the Indus (in-dus) in India, and the Huanghe (hwang-he)LQ�&KLQD�

�,Q�JURXSV��EUDLQVWRUP�HYHU\WKLQJ�\RX�NQRZ�DERXW�RQH�RI�WKH�IRXU�DUHDV�RI�¿UVW�civilisations.

Group work

Skills: Matching

Group work Match the pictures with the captions:

1. 2. 3.

7KH�HDUOLHVW�FLYLOLVDWLRQV�ZHUH�developed by people living in

settlements.

As trade developed, some small

settlements grew into towns and

cities.

Many ancient peoples were

nomads��7KH\�UDLVHG�DQLPDOV�±�VKHHS��KRUVHV��HWF��7KH\�GLGQ¶W�OLYH�LQ�RQH�SODFH��7KH\�travelled from place to place to

¿QG�SDVWXUH�IRU�WKHLU�DQLPDOV�and to trade.

A. B.

C.

Look at the highlighted areas on the map.

14

2.3 SURPLUS AND INEQUALITY

In today’s world, some people have a lot of money and some people have a little. Some people

KDYH�H[WUD�IRRG�DQG�VRPH�SHRSOH�KDYH�QR�IRRG��:K\�GR�\RX�WKLQN�WKLV�LV"�:KHQ�GLG�VRPH�SHRSOH�start to have more than other people? Has it always been this way, do you think?

Case Study Xing, Devi and Lin Oo were farmers. Xing had a farm in the mountains. The farm didn’t get much water, except when it rained. Every year, Xing was able to grow just enough food for his family to eat, but sometimes, when the rains didn’t come, they went hungry.

Devi has a farm in the hills. The soil is good because the rain washes some minerals and soil down from the mountains onto her farm. Every year, Devi can grow enough food to feed her family, and she has some left over.

Lin Oo has a farm in a river valley. The ground is very fertile and Lin Oo is able to grow a lot of food every year. Even when the rains don’t come, Lin Oo is able to water his crops with water from the river.

What differences do you think might begin to occur between these three farmers over time?

Skills: Critical thinking

Exercise

Imagine that Xing’s great grand-daughter discovers some bronze in the mountains and starts making some tools to help with the farming. What do you think might change?

KEY WORDSaccumulate (v) – to collectbarter (n) – system of exchange of goods that does not use moneycrafts people (n) – people who are skilled in a craftHI¿FLHQW�(adj.) – something that produces good results and doesn’t take much timeinequality (n) – when one person or group has more than anotherpottery (n) – ERZOV�DQG�RWKHU�WKLQJV�PDGH�RI�¿UHG�FOD\supervise (v) – direct and inspect other people’s worksurplus (n) – more than you need

Inequality started when farmers began to have surplus. As humans got more practice at

DJULFXOWXUH��UDLVLQJ�FDWWOH��¿VKLQJ��DQG�RWKHU�KXPDQ�DFWLYLWLHV��WKH\�EHFDPH�PRUH�HI¿FLHQW. People

EHJDQ�WR�KDYH�PRUH�IRRG�WKDQ�WKH\�QHHGHG�WR�VXUYLYH��7KH\�FRXOG�QRZ�VSHQG�WLPH�GRLQJ�WKLQJV�other than growing food. Soon, some people began to specialise – spend most of their time

making crafts, such as pottery or weaving instead of growing food. Barter and trade began to

GHYHORS��)RU�H[DPSOH��D�IDUPHU�FRXOG�JHW�VRPH�SRWV�IURP�WKH�SRWWHU�RU�VRPH�ZRYHQ�IDEULF�IURP�D�ZHDYHU�LQ�H[FKDQJH�IRU�ULFH��7KH�OHDGHUV�FRXOG�DOVR�QRW�ZRUN�DQ\PRUH��7KH\�FRXOG�JHW�RWKHU�people to give them food and other necessary things.

15

Fill in the empty boxes with information from the text on the previous two pages.ExerciseSkills: Cause

and effect

Thirty years ago, Taa’s grandparents planted some banana trees near their house. Now there is a large banana plantation there, many more bananas than Taa’s family need. They can trade bananas for rice, meat and cloth, and still have many extra bananas.

Taa’s parents don’t work in the plantation any more. Instead they hire workers to harvest the bananas. They pay these workers with goods they trade: rice, meat and cloth (and bananas).

Taa’s mother uses her free time to make pots – she makes decorated pots that are very beautiful. She can trade these pots for more goods. Taa’s mother and father spend time supervising all the other families who live nearby. Many of these people work for Taa’s family, or trade with Taa’s family. If there is not enough food in the area, Taa’s family can use their surplus to help the other families. Taa’s mother and father are respected by everyone around them for this. When the community needs to make a decision, Taa’s IDPLO\�KDYH�WKH�PRVW�LQÁXHQFH�DQG�SRZHU�

human activities become more

HI¿FLHQW

power, inequality and

classes develop

people can spend time on

crafts

Case study

A. What type of society do Taa and his family live in?B. What is the type of trade described in the story called?C. How does the surplus of food in Taa’s family affect their lifestyle and the life of the

whole community?

Skills: Reading comprehension, cause and effect

Discussion

As trade developed, more inequality developed. Some people began to have more, and some –

less. More successful farmers or crafts people�FRXOG�JHW�PRUH�IRU�WKHLU�JRRGV��7KH�FKLHIV�DQG�religious leaders could also accumulate�PRUH�WKLQJV��7KLV�JDYH�WKHP�PRUH�SRZHU�RYHU�RWKHU�SHRSOH��&ODVVHV�EHJDQ�WR�GHYHORS�

2.4 CLASS SYSTEM

KEY WORDSbrahmin (n) – a priest of Hindu religioncult (n) – a small religion or a new version of a religionemerge (v) – to appear, come updivine (adj) – sacred, related to goddescendant (n) – someone who comes from or is born in a certain family many generations agoÀH[LEOH�(adj.) – easy to change, can move from one to anotherhealer (n) – a person who treats and helps the sick in a traditional wayindigenous (adj)�±�WKH�¿UVW�WR�OLYH�VRPHZKHUHindigenous cult (n) – traditional or original religion of an ethnic groupintermarry (v) – when people from two (or more) different groups marry each other

16

As surplus developed, new jobs emerged such as weavers, potters metal workers, and other

FUDIWV�SHRSOH��7KLV�FDXVHG�GLIIHUHQW�FODVVHV�WR�DSSHDU�DV�PRUH�VXFFHVVIXO�FUDIWV�SHRSOH�RU�IDUPHUV�began to have more and were able to get other people to work for them – like in the story about

7DD��/RFDO�SULHVWV�DQG�FKLHIV�ZHUH�VXSSRUWHG�E\�WKHLU�FRPPXQLWLHV��DV�WKHUH�ZDV�D�VXUSOXV�RI�food.

6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�ZDV�ORFDWHG�RQ�WKH�LPSRUWDQW�VHD�WUDGH�URXWHV�EHWZHHQ�&KLQD��,QGLD�DQG�RWKHU�parts of Asia. Maritime�WUDGH�EURXJKW�D�ORW�RI�LQÀXHQFH�IURP�,QGLD�DV�ZHOO�DV�&KLQD��,QGLDQ�merchants settled in Southeast Asia and intermarried�ZLWK�WKH�IDPLOLHV�RI�WKH�ORFDO�FKLHIV��7KH\�brought the system of divine kings based on the Indian model. In this model, the rulers and kings

were considered to be like gods or descendants�RI�JRGV��7KLV�PHDQW�WKDW�WKHLU�ULJKW�WR�UXOH�FDPH�from Heaven and people could not oppose it.

7KHUH�ZHUH�WKUHH�PDLQ�FODVVHV��$W�WKH�WRS�ZDV�WKH�UXOLQJ�FODVV�RI�.LQJV�DQG�nobles, followed by

the merchant and priestly class. At the bottom was the working class, made up of farmers, crafts

SHRSOH��DQG�RWKHU�ZRUNHUV��7UDGH�FUHDWHG�WKH�merchant�FODVV��7KLV�FODVV�FRQVLVWHG�RI�ORFDO�SHRSOH�ZKR�KDG�VHW�XS�EXVLQHVVHV��7KHUH�ZHUH�DOVR�PDQ\�IRUHLJQ�WUDGHUV�IURP�DURXQG�WKH�UHJLRQ��6RPH�PHUFKDQWV�FDPH�IURP�DV�IDU�DZD\�DV�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD��

7KHUH�ZHUH�SULHVWV�LQ�DOO�WKH�NLQJGRPV�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��$W�¿UVW��WKHUH�ZHUH�WKH�indigenous

cults’ priests, shamans (shah-mahns), and healers��7KH\�KDG�D�ORW�RI�UHVSHFW�LQ�WKH�YLOODJHV��:KHQ�QHZ�UHOLJLRQV�ZHUH�LQWURGXFHG��QHZ�SULHVWV�DSSHDUHG��7KH\�ZHUH�+LQGX�Brahmins (brah-mins) from India, Buddhist missionaries�IURP�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD��0XVOLP�ulamas (ooh-lah-mahs), DQG�&KULVWLDQ�PLVVLRQDU\�SULHVWV�IURP�(XURSH�

7KH�FODVV�V\VWHP�LQ�DQFLHQW�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�ZDV�YHU\�ÀH[LEOH. Fishermen could set up a business,

KEY WORDSmaritime (adj.) – related to the seamerchant (n) – a person who makes money by selling (and buying) goodsmissionary (n) – a person who goes to different places to get people to follow his/her religionnoble (n) – a person whose family is related to the ruler’s (king’s) familypotter (n) – person who makes pots and other objects out of claypriestly (adv.) – of the priestsshaman (n) – a traditional cult priest who communicates with spiritsscholar (n) – a person who studies all their lifeulama (n) – Muslim priestweaver (n) – a person who makes fabric using traditional methods

and become part of the merchant class. Also,

anyone who wanted to become a religious

scholar�FRXOG�GR�VR��7KLV�RSWLRQ��KRZHYHU��was mostly only open to men.

A. The topic of this text is:I. The rulers of ancient SoutheastAsiaII. Class system in ancientSoutheast AsiaIII. Variety of religion in Southeast AsiaIV. The importance of trade

ExerciseSkills: Selecting topic sentences,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

17

B. Which sentence best summarises the text: I. $W�¿UVW��LW�ZDV�HDV\�IRU�SHRSOH�WR�PRYH�IURP�FODVV�WR�FODVV�

II. The rulers of ancient Southeast Asia participated in trade.III. Trade helped develop the three classes in ancient Southeast Asia.IV. Only men could become priests in ancient Southeast Asia.

C. Match the summaries with the paragraphs in the text: I. The merchant class consisted of local and foreign traders. II. Trade and port cities in Southeast Asia developed. New jobs appeared and

three classes developed. III. In the beginning, it was very easy to move from one class to another (you

could set up a business and join the merchant class). IV. The ruling class in most Southeast Asian nations were kings. The ruling

class also often participated in trade. V. In Southeast Asia there were many different priests for all the different

religions

D. List all the different jobs that the text mentions.E. How many different religions are mentioned in the text?F. How did trade facilitate the development of new classes in Southeast Asian

societies?

ExerciseSkills:

Reading for gist, scanning,

inferring

2.5 THE EARLIEST RELIGION

KEY WORDS

coexist (v) – live together, side by side, at the same timeoffering (n) – when you give something to a god or spirittolerant (adj.) – to understand or accept beliefs, ideas, lifestyles that are different from yoursversion (n) – one way of doing things, a type of somethingworship (v) – pray, show your respect to a god or spirit

A. What is religion? B. What religions do you know? List all you can think of.C. Do you know where each of these religions originated?D. What else do you know about each of these religions? Make a mind-map. As you

read more about religion, add as much information as you can to your mind-map.

BrainstormSkills: Making

lists, mind-maps

7KH�LQGLJHQRXV�UHOLJLRQ�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�LV�$QLPLVP��3HRSOH�ZKR�EHOLHYH�LQ�$QLPLVP�DUH�FDOOHG�animists. Animists worship�QDWXUH��WUHHV��DQLPDOV��SODQWV��ULYHUV��PRXQWDLQV��HWF��7KH\�EHOLHYH�WKDW�WKLQJV�RI�QDWXUH�KDYH�VSLULWV�DQG�FDQ�LQÀXHQFH�DQG�FRQWURO�WKH�OLIH�RI�SHRSOH��$QLPLVW�FXOWV�differ a lot from place to place, from people to people, from tribe to tribe. Even a very small

community can have their own version�RI�DQLPLVP��7KH\�FDQ�ZRUVKLS�WKHLU�RZQ�VSHFLDO�VSLULWV�WKDW�OLYH�LQ�WKH�MXQJOH��LQ�WKH�¿HOG��RU�LQ�WKHLU�KRXVHV��0DQ\�$QLPLVW�FXOWV�KDYH�VSLULWV�UHVSRQVLEOH�for each area of life.

)RU�H[DPSOH��PRVW�7KDL�SHRSOH�KDYH�VSLULW�KRXVHV�LQ�WKHLU�\DUGV��7KH\�EHOLHYH�WKDW�WKH�VSLULWV�WKDW�JXDUG�WKHLU�KRXVH�OLYH�WKHUH�DQG�EULQJ�JRRG�OXFN�WR�WKH�IDPLO\��0DQ\�&KLQHVH�VKRSV�KDYH�

18

A. Read the text above and explain in your own words what “animism” means.B. What evidence of animist culture can you see in your own community?C. Why do you think animist traditions tend to last even after people adopt other

religions?

Skills: Making GH¿QLWLRQV��looking for evidence

Discussion

D�VSHFLDO�VSLULW�KRXVH�LQ�D�VSHFLDO�SODFH�RQ�WKH�ÀRRU��&KLQHVH�SHRSOH�EHOLHYH�WKDW�D�VSHFLDO�VSLULW�responsible for business lives there. If they worship it and give it offerings, they will have good

luck in business.

Many versions of AnimisP�LQFOXGH�DQFHVWRU�ZRUVKLS��7KLV�SUDFWLFH�LV�SDUWLFXODUO\�FRPPRQ�LQ�&KLQHVH�FXOWXUH�Animism is very tolerant of other religions. It easily coexists with Buddhism, Hinduism, and

HYHQ�&KULVWLDQLW\�When new religions began entering Southeast Asia, old animist cults were integrated into them,

RU�MXVW�FRH[LVWHG�DORQJVLGH�WKHP��3HRSOH�EHJDQ�IROORZLQJ�QHZ�UHOLJLRQV��EXW�WKH\�VWLOO�KHOG�PDQ\�of their traditional beliefs and kept their old tales and legends.

2.6 THE PEOPLE OF ANCIENT SOUTHEAST ASIA

KEY WORDS

archaeological (adj) – related to study of ancient people and cultures by digging up their remains from the groundbeyond (prep) – further away, outside ofexcavation (n) – digging up from the groundinhabitants (n) – people who live somewhere, residentsmigrated (v) – move from place to placeprehistoric (adj) – before recorded history, very oldshallow (adj) – opposite of deep

Guess the answers to the following questions:

A. :KHQ�GLG�SHRSOH�¿UVW�FRPH�WR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD"�B. Who were they? C. What did they look like?D. :KR�ZHUH�WKH�¿UVW�SHRSOH�WR�JURZ�ULFH�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD"E. How did all the different ethnic groups get to Southeast Asia?

Read the text and check your answers.

Brainstorm

The origins

People have lived in Southeast Asia since prehistoric times; some historians say, about 40,000

\HDUV��7KH�LQGLJHQRXV�inhabitants of Southeast Asia were called Negritos (neh-grih-tohs). Many

historians agree that they originally migrated�IURP�$IULFD��7KH\�ZHUH�VKRUW��KDLU\�DQG�EODFN�VNLQQHG��7KH\�ZHUH�SUREDEO\�UHODWHG�WR�WKH�$XVWUDOLDQ�$ERULJLQHV��:H�NQRZ�YHU\�OLWWOH�DERXW�them.

1.

19

A. How do we know that the information in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 is really true? B. Did the writer provide evidence?C. What could be the evidence to support the facts in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3?

Archeological excavations suggest that it is possible that people grew rice in Southeast Asia a

ORQJ�WLPH�EHIRUH�LW�ZDV�JURZQ�DQ\ZKHUH�HOVH��%XW�WKLV�LV�QRW�FHUWDLQ��7KHVH�SHRSOH�ZHUH�SUREDEO\�successful sailors and sailed between the islands of Southeast Asia and beyond��7KH�LQGLJHQRXV�Southeast Asians used stone tools and lived mostly on the coast and riverbanks.

)RXU�RU�¿YH�WKRXVDQG�\HDUV�DJR��QHZ�UDFHV�EHJDQ�WR�PRYH�LQWR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�IURP�WKH�QRUWK��UHSODFLQJ�RU�GULYLQJ�RXW�WKH�RULJLQDO�1HJULWRV�LQ�WKH�SURFHVV��7KH�QHZFRPHUV�WUDYHOHG�WR�WKH�,QGRFKLQHVH�3HQLQVXOD�DORQJ�ULYHUV�ULVLQJ�LQ�VRXWK�DQG�VRXWKZHVWHUQ�&KLQD�RU�IROORZHG�WKH�shallow�FRDVWDO�ZDWHUV�DURXQG�&KLQD��2WKHUV�FURVVHG�WR�7DLZDQ�DQG�IURP�WKHUH�PLJUDWHG�WR�WKH�Philippines and on to the islands of Indonesia.

2.

3.

Discussion

Skills: Inferring

KEY WORDSabundance (n) – a lot of somethingchemical analysis (n)�±�ZKHQ�REMHFWV�DUH�VWXGLHG�XVLQJ�VSHFLDO�FKHPLFDOV�WR�¿QG�RXW�KRZ�ROG� they areclay (n) – material from a type of sticky earth that is used for making pots and other objects; it becomes hard when bakedirrigation (n) –�D�V\VWHP�RI�JHWWLQJ�ZDWHU�WR�WKH�¿HOGV�XVLQJ�VWUHDPV�RU�VSHFLDO�FKDQQHOV�prosperous (adj) – successful, rich

A. An account by a historian of emperor

of Majapahit (mah-jah-pah-hit)��³7KH�empire grew prosperous. People in

vast numbers thronged the city. At

this time every kind of food was in

great abundance��7KHUH�ZDV�FHDVHOHVV�coming and going of people from

overseas.”

B. Archaeologists have discovered bits of

copper shaped as arrow heads near a river

in lower Myanmar. Chemical analysis

showed that they were made about 5000

years ago. Some caves were discovered

LQ�/DRV�ZLWK�SDLQWLQJV�RQ�WKH�ZDOOV��7KHUH�are paintings of boats full of different

things and people.

C. $UFKDHRORJLVWV�KDYH�IRXQG�VRPH�KXPDQ�ERQHV�LQ�WKH�DUHD�RI�SUHVHQW�GD\�0DOD\VLD��&KHPLFDO�analysis of the bones showed that they were at least 50,000 years old. A piece of a clay pot

was found near present day Phnom Penh. It had a grain of rice stuck to it. Archaeologists

have estimated its age at about 15,000 years.

Skills: Applying information

Group work Match paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 with the examples of evidence:

A. Who were the Negritos? How did they get to Southeast Asia? Where did they come from?

B. Paragraph 3 mentions ‘the newcomers’. Where did they come from?

Exercise

20

A. The next text uses a lot of words such as ‘perhaps’, ‘probably’, ‘suggest’. Why do you think that might be?

B. :KDW�NLQG�RI�HYLGHQFH�GRHV�WKH�WH[W�PHQWLRQ�DERXW�WKH�¿UVW�SHRSOH�WR�JURZ�ULFH�LQ�Southeast Asia?

Discussion

The ‘new races’

7KH�¿UVW�LPPLJUDQWV�ZHUH�WKH�0DOD\R�3RO\QHVLDQV��7KH\�OHIW�&KLQD�DERXW��\HDUV�DJR�E\�ERDWV�DQG�VSUHDG�IURP�LVODQG�WR�LVODQG�LQ�WKH�3DFL¿F�2FHDQ��7KHVH�SHRSOH�EHFDPH�WKH�DQFHVWRUV�of most Southeast Asia’s island peoples.

Migrants to mainland Southeast Asia started arriving about 4,000 years ago. First were the

9LHWQDPHVH��WKHQ�0RQ�.KPHUV��7LEHWR�%XUPDQV�DQG�7KDLV��$URXQG��%&��WKH�0RQ�.KPHUV�VSOLW�LQWR�WZR�WULEHV��WKH�.KPHUV��DQFHVWRU¶V�RI�WRGD\¶V�&DPERGLDQV��ZKR�PLJUDWHG�GRZQ�WKH�0HNRQJ�5LYHU��DQG�WKH�0RQV��ZKR�ZHQW�ZHVW�WR�VHWWOH�7KDLODQG��VRXWKHUQ�0\DQPDU��DQG�SDUW�RI�Malaya.

When people learneG�WR�PDNH�DQG�XVH�LURQ�WRROV��DJULFXOWXUH�EHFDPH�PRUH�HIIHFWLYH��7KH\�DOVR�developed systems of irrigation.

Skills: Reasoning

:KDW�GR�\RX�WKLQN�ZDV�WKH�UHVXOW�RI�SHRSOH�EHFRPLQJ�PRUH�HI¿FLHQW�DW�DJULFXOWXUH�DQG�irrigation?

DiscussionSkills:

Reasoning

KEY WORDSdifferentiation (n) – the process through which things which were the same become differentpopulation density (n) – how many people live in each particular area, for example 100 people per square kilometrewaterworks (n) – systems of transporting water

As agricultural methods improved, population density increased and more towns and

settlements developed. In those towns, people with a food surplus were able to develop crafts and

trade between settlements developed.

7o summarise, the following factors were very important for the development of Southeast Asian

FLYLOLVDWLRQ�DQG�VWDWHV�x� agriculture

x� trade

x� waterworksx� early towns

x� social differentiation

A. How did the development of iron-working affect agriculture?B. How did improvements in agriculture affect society and trade?Skills: Cause

and effect, reasoning

Discussion

Choose one of the factors that affected early Southeast Asian civilisation and discuss its importance.

21

Map work

Skills: Analysing

Group work

A. Trace the way the ancestors of modern Southeast Asians arrived.

B. Which rivers do you think they used?

The ancient kingdoms of Southeast Asia can be grouped into two categories. These categories are based on geography. Can you guess what these categories are? Look at the map of Southeast Asia if you need some help.

KEY WORDS

agrarian (adj) – based on agricultureconvert (v) – change from one system to anotherdotted (adj) – covered with; spread around empire (n) – one country’s rule over other countries.imitate (v) – do like someone, copy someonemaharajah (n) – a title of Indian princes

7KHUH�ZHUH�WZR�FDWHJRULHV�RI�DQFLHQW�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�NLQJGRPV��7KH�¿UVW�ZHUH�WKH�agrarian kingdoms. Agriculture was the

main economic activity in agrarian kingdoms. Most agrarian

VWDWHV�ZHUH�ORFDWHG�LQ�PDLQODQG�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��([DPSOHV�DUH�Ayutthaya (ah-yooh-ta-yah)��EDVHG�RQ�WKH�&KDR�3KUD\D�(chow-prah-yah)�5LYHU�GHOWD�DQG�WKH�.KPHU�Empire�RQ�WKH�7RQOH�6DS�(ton-lay sap).

7KH�VHFRQG�ZHUH�WKH�PDULWLPH�VWDWHV��0DULWLPH�VWDWHV�GHSHQGHG�on sea trade. Malacca (ma-lak-kah) and Srivijaya (shri-vi-jah-yah) were maritime states.

With the Indian ships came Indian culture. Indian missionaries

converted the natives to Buddhism and Hinduism, and soon

the local rulers were calling themselves maharajahs (mah-ha-rah-jahs) and imitating�WKH�FRXUWV�RI�,QGLD��%\�WKH�¿UVW�FHQWXU\�$'��WKH�FRDVWV�RI�0\DQPDU��0DOD\D��7KDLODQG��&DPERGLD�DQG�southern Vietnam were dotted�ZLWK�,QGLDQ�VW\OH�FLW\�VWDWHV��

Map 4: Rivers of Southeast Asia

22

Empire Period Capital Extent of Control

Funan 1st to 6th centuries Oc-Eo Southern Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula

Srivijaya 7th to 13th centuries Palembang Both sides of the Straits of Melacca, western Borneo and western Java

Khmer 9th to 13th centuries Angkor Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula

Pagan 9th to 13th centuries Pagan Most of Myanmar

Majapahit 13th to 16th centuries Majapahit Most of modern-day Indonesia

Malacca 15th to 16th centuries Malacca Both sides of the Straits of Malacca

What kinds of tools do you think early people of Southeast Asia made? What did they use them for?

:K\�DQG�KRZ�GLG�&KLQHVH�DQG�,QGLDQ�LQÀXHQFH�FRPH�WR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD"

Skills: Imagining

Discussion

Review

Some of the more powerful empires RI�HDUO\�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�ZHUH�

Map 5: Southeast Asia Outline

Map work 2Q�0DS��¿QG�DOO�WKH�DUHDV�RFFXSLHG�E\�WKH�6RXWKHDVW��$VLDQ�HPSLUHV�LQ�WKH�FKDUW�

In groups, circle the area controlled by one of the empires from the chart above. Look at the location and the territories controlled by your empire. What can you guess about it’s power?

Use the information from the chart to try and answer the following questions about your chosen empire:

a. Do you think it was mostly a maritime power or a land power? b. Do you think it had important ports? c. Do you think any

important trade routes passed through these ports?

d. Is there any other information you can add or guess.

Make a presentation for the rest of the class using all this information.

Queen & ruler of Majapahit 1328-50

23

2.7 EARLY SOUTHEAST ASIAN EMPIRES

The Kingdoms of Early Southeast AsiaIn this section, you will read about some of the more important states and kingdoms of ancient

6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��7KLV�LV�QRW�D�FRPSOHWH�VWRU\��,Q�WKLV�PRGXOH�\RX�OHDUQ�WKH�EDVLFV�RI�6RXWKHDVW�Asian history so later you can discover the rest for yourself. When you read these stories,

UHPHPEHU�ZKDW�\RX�UHDG�DW�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKLV�FKDSWHU��WKLV�LV�RQO\�RQH�SHUVSHFWLYH��0DQ\�historians have different ideas about what happened in Southeast Asia.

KEY WORDS

democratic assembly (n) – when everybody comes together to make a decision by votingdominate (v) – controlfertile (adj) – able to grow many things ÀHH�(v) – run awayfugitive (n) – a refugee or someone who is running away from authoritiesplateau (n)�±�D�ODUJH�ÀDW�DUHD�KLJK�LQ�WKH�PRXQWDLQVsubmit (v) – to obeytributary (n)�±�D�ULYHU�WKDW�ÀRZV�LQWR�D�ODUJHU�ULYHUuncertain (adj) – not sure, not certain

Look at the names of the early Southeast Asian empires on Map 6. ��:KDW�GR�\RX�NQRZ�DERXW�HDFK�RI�

them? ��'R�\RX�NQRZ�ZKDW�DUHDV�WKH\�

controlled?��'R�\RX�NQRZ�ZKDW�ODQJXDJHV�

people spoke there?��'R�\RX�NQRZ�ZKDW�\HDUV�ZHUH�WKH�

peak of their power?��:KDW�UHOLJLRQ�RU�UHOLJLRQV�GLG�WKH\�

follow?��'R�\RX�NQRZ�DQ\WKLQJ�HOVH�DERXW�

their culture?

Choose one of the following texts to read in groups. Explain your text to another group.

Skills: Guessing

Preview Map 6: Southeast Asian Empires 1200 A.D.

Skills: Explaining, reading

comprehension

Group work

Pre-Muslim Indonesia:KHQ�)XQDQ�IHOO�XQGHU�.KPHU�UXOH��RWKHU�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�VWDWHV�EHJDQ�WR�dominate the trade

EHWZHHQ�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD��7KH�RQH�LQ�WKH�EHVW�ORFDWLRQ�ZDV�6ULYLMD\D��RQ�WKH�VRXWKHDVWHUQ�FRDVW�RI�Sumatra near both the Malacca and Sunda Straits. Srivijaya not only ruled Sumatra but also the

Malay peninsula and western Java. It had almost complete control over Indochina trade.

24

Funan (fuh-nan)7KH�ORZHU�0HNRQJ�YDOOH\�ZDV�YHU\�fertile��3DUWO\�EHFDXVH�RI�WKH�ZDWHU�VXSSO\�LQ�7RQOH�6DS�/DNH��WKH�DUHD�ZDV��DQG�VWLOO�LV��DQ�H[FHOOHQW�SODFH�WR�JURZ�ULFH��7RGD\��WKH�DUHD�FRYHUV�PRVW�RI�&DPERGLD�DQG�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�SDUW�RI�9LHWQDP��EXW�LQ�WKH�¿UVW�FHQWXU\�$'��WKH�HQWLUH�ORZHU�0HNRQJ�UHJLRQ�ZDV�XQLWHG�XQGHU�WKH�NLQJGRP�RI�)XQDQ��,WV�SRUW��FDOOHG�2F�(R�(o-tse-o), was located in

WKH�0HNRQJ�GHOWD�ZKHUH�WKH�0HNRQJ�HQWHUV�WKH�*XOI�RI�7KDLODQG��,W�ZDV�D�FHQWUH�RI�FRPPHUFH��ZLWK�WUDGHUV�FRPLQJ�IURP�&KLQD��,QGLD��DQG�HYHQ�5RPH��)XQDQ�ZDV�D�VWURQJ�QDWLRQ�XQWLO��$'�ZKHQ�WKH�VWDWH�ZDV�ZHDNHQHG�E\�LQWHUQDO�FRQÀLFW�DQG�H[WHUQDO�WKUHDWV�

Mon and Malay7ZR�0RQ�VWDWHV��QDPHG�'YDUDYDWL�(dvah-rah-vah-ti) and Haripunjaya (hah-ri-phun-jah-yah)��ZHUH�IRXQGHG�DURXQG��$'�LQ�FHQWUDO�DQG�QRUWKHUQ�7KDLODQG��7KH\�SUREDEO\�UHOLHG�RQ�agriculture since they did not have access to the sea. In the Malay Peninsula, several small states

DSSHDUHG��VWUHWFKHG�DFURVV�WKH�,VWKPXV�RI�.UD�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�ORFDWLRQV��7KH�0DOD\�VWDWHV�SURVSHUHG�by offering traders a short cut that was both quicker and safer than the Straits of Malacca.

Myanmar7KH�DQFHVWRUV�RI�WRGD\¶V�%XUPHVH�VHWWOHG�8SSHU�0\DQPDU�DURXQG��%&��0RVW�RI�WKH�7LEHWR�%XUPDQ�WULEHV�PDUFKHG�RYHU�WKH�PRXQWDLQV�RI�<XQQDQ�DQG�QRUWKHUQ�0\DQPDU�WR�UHDFK�WKH�,UUDZDGG\�YDOOH\��)URP�WKHUH��WKH�WULEHV�VSUHDG�RXW�LQWR�VXUURXQGLQJ�DUHDV��7KH�3\XV�SURVSHUHG�IURP�WKH�PHUFKDQWV�ZKR�XVHG�WKH�,UUDZDGG\�WR�JR�EHWZHHQ�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD��7KH\�DOVR�JRW�DORQJ�ZHOO�ZLWK�WKH�0RQV�RI�7KDWRQ�DQG�ZLWK�,QGLD��7KH�3\XV�JRYHUQHG�HDFK�WULEH�E\�democratic assembly��7KH�SRZHU�RI�WKH�3\X�GHFOLQHG�DIWHU�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\�

In the 3rd century, Arakanese people established a kingdom at Dhanyawadi on the coast, between

WKH�,UUDZDGG\�'HOWD�DQG�WKH�ERUGHU�RI�PRGHUQ�%DQJODGHVK��7KLV�FLW\�DOVR�EHFDPH�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�center of trade with India.

$V�3\X�SRZHU�GHFUHDVHG��0\DQPDUQ�SRZHU�LQFUHDVHG��:KHQ�7KDLV�DWWDFNHG�WKH�3\X�FDSLWDO�LQ��$'��7KH�%XUPHVH�EXLOW�3DJDQ�DV�WKHLU�QHZ�FDSLWDO��$URXQG�WKH�VDPH�WLPH��WKH�0RQV�EXLOW�Pegu, a city on the eastern edge of the Irrawaddy Delta.

$�SRZHUIXO�%XUPHVH�NLQJ�QDPHG�$QDZUDKWD��$'��ZDV�UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�FRQTXHULQJ�WKH�territory that is modern day Myanmar.

Vietnam7KH�RULJLQ�RI�WKH�9LHWQDPHVH�SHRSOH�LV�uncertain��7KHLU�ODQJXDJH�LV�YHU\�VLPLODU�WR�WKH�0RQ�.KPHU�ODQJXDJHV�DQG�DOVR�WR�7KDL�DQG�0DOD\��7KH�9LHWQDPHVH�WKHPVHOYHV�FODLP�WKDW�WKHLU�DQFHVWRU�LV�RQH�RI�&KLQD¶V�¿UVW�NLQJV��+LVWRULDQV�EHOLHYH�WKDW�WKH�9LHWV�PLJUDWHG�WR�WKH�VRXWK�HVFDSLQJ�WKH�&KLQHVH�LQ�WKH��th�FHQWXU\�%&��6RPH�9LHWV�VHWWOHG�LQ�)XMLDQ�3URYLQFH�DQG�WKH�UHVW�FRQWLQXHG�WR�WKH�5HG�5LYHU�GHOWD��7KH\�LQWHUPDUULHG�ZLWK�WKH�SHRSOH�DOUHDG\�OLYLQJ�WKHUH��DQG�formed the ethnic Vietnamese of today.

7KH�DUHD�QRZ�NQRZQ�DV�9LHWQDP�ZDV�FRQTXHUHG�E\�WKH�&KLQHVH�LQ��%&�DQG�KDV�EHHQ�LQÀXHQFHG�E\�&KLQHVH�LGHDV�DQG�FXOWXUH�HYHU�VLQFH��7KH�&KLQHVH�ZHUH�GULYHQ�RXW�LQ��$'

Nan Zhao (nahn zow)7KH�7KDL�SHRSOHV�ZHUH�WKH�ODVW�PDMRU�HWKQLF�JURXS�WR�FRPH�LQWR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�IURP�&KLQD��$V�ZLWK�WKH�RWKHU�JURXSV��IHZ�GHWDLOV�DUH�DYDLODEOH��7KH�7KDLV�SUREDEO\�RULJLQDOO\�OLYHG�LQ�&KLQD¶V�6LFKXDQ�SURYLQFH��7KH\�PLJUDWHG�VRXWK�WR�<XQQDQ�WR�HVFDSH�DVVLPLODWLRQ�LQWR�WKH�JURZLQJ�&KLQHVH�HPSLUH��,Q�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\�1DQ�=KDR�VXFFHVVIXOO\�DWWDFNHG�0\DQPDU�DQG�9LHWQDP�EXW�ZDV�GHVWUR\HG�E\�WKH�0RQJROV�LQ��$'�

25

(YHQ�EHIRUH�WKDW�WLPH��VPDOO�JURXSV�RI�7KDLV�PRYHG�RXW��2QH�JURXS��WKH�6KDQV��VHWWOHG�LQ�HDVWHUQ�0\DQPDU��2WKHUV��OLNH�WKH�/DR��VHWWOHG�RQ�WKH�.KRUDW�(ko-rat) Plateau and the upper Mekong

valley.

%\�WKH�WKLUWHHQWK�FHQWXU\�WKH�7KDLV�EHJDQ�WR�EH�PRUH�DJJUHVVLYH��,Q�VHYHUDO�SODFHV�DORQJ�WKH�1DQ�River (a tributary�RI�WKH�&KDR�3KUD\D��7KDLV�VHW�XS�LQGHSHQGHQW�FLW\�VWDWHV��7KH�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�RI�WKHVH�ZDV�6XNKRWKDL��IRXQGHG�DURXQG��RQ�WKH�XSSHU�1DQ�ULYHU��DQG�/DQQD��IXUWKHU�QRUWK�RQ�the same river.

Lan Xang (lahn-zahng)7KH�/DR�FRPPXQLWLHV�RQ�WKH�.KRUDW�3ODWHDX�DQG�WKH�XSSHU�0HNRQJ�ZHUH�QRW�XQLWHG�XQGHU�D�/DR�UXOHU�XQWLO�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\��/DR�OHJHQGV�VD\�WKDW�WKHLU�NLQJGRP�JRW�VWDUWHG�ZKHQ�WKH�VRQ�RI�WKH�UXOHU�RI�/XDQJ�3UDEDQJ�ÀHG�WR�H[LOH�LQ�&DPERGLD��7KHUH��KLV�ZLIH�ERUH�D�VRQ��7KH�.KPHUV�gave this prince, Fa Ngum, an army, and he marched up the Mekong River. With his army he

FRQTXHUHG�FHQWUDO�DQG�VRXWKHUQ�/DRV��DQG�/XDQJ�3UDEDQJ��+H�EHFDPH�D�NLQJ�LQ��7KH�QHZ�NLQJGRP�ZDV�QDPHG�/DQ�;DQJ��WKH�³/DQG�RI�D�0LOOLRQ�(OHSKDQWV�´

Khmers7KH�¿UVW�.KPHU�NLQJGRP�ZDV�NQRZQ�DV�&KHQOD�(chen-lah). It did not have a strong government.

,W�SURVSHUHG�LQ�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\��EXW�LQ��LW�VSOLW�LQWR�WZR�VWDWHV��NQRZQ�DV�³/DQG�&KHQOD´��/DRV��DQG�³:DWHU�&KHQOD´��&DPERGLD��/DQG�&KHQOD�UHPDLQHG�D�XQL¿HG�VWDWH�IRU�VRPH�WLPH��EXW�:DWHU�&KHQOD�EHFDPH�¿YH�VPDOOHU�VWDWHV�EHFDXVH�RI�GLVDJUHHPHQWV�RYHU�ZKR�VKRXOG�UXOH��$W�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\��DOO�RI�:DWHU�&KHQOD�FDPH�XQGHU�WKH�FRQWURO�RI�RQH�RI�-DYD¶V�PRQDUFKV�

7KH�VHFRQG�.KPHU�NLQJGRP�ZDV�DW�$QJNRU��/DQG�&KHQOD�submitted peacefully to Angkor’s rule.

7KH�VWDWHV�LQ�7KDLODQG�DQG�0DOD\D�GLG�WKH�VDPH��GXULQJ�WKH�UHLJQ�RI�.KPHU�NLQJ�6XU\DYDUPDQ�(soohr-yah-vahr-mahn)�,��7KH�QH[W�WZR�JHQHUDWLRQV�RI�.KPHU�NLQJV�FRQWLQXHG�WR�¿JKW�and gain territory in the region and led attacks against the Burmese and the Vietnamese.

Malacca7KH�¿UVW�0XVOLP�6WDWH�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�ZLWK�UHDO�SRZHU�ZDV�0DODFFD��IRXQGHG�LQ��E\�D�fugitive Sumatran prince named Parameswara (pah-rah-mes-wah-rah). Malacca had a superb

ORFDWLRQ�IRU�FRPPHUFH��ULJKW�DW�WKH�QDUURZHVW�SRLQW�RI�WKH�0DODFFD�6WUDLWV��7KH�NLQJGRPV�RI�6LDP�and Majapahit (mah-jah-pah-hit) both controlled the Malay peninsula at different times.

In groups make a question for each of the states described in the previous pages.

Test your classmates.Skills: Making

questions

Group work

Read about one of the peoples of Southeast Asia. Put the information into this timeline:

500BC 1AD 2000AD

Skills: Timeline

Group work

Look at other groups’ timelines. Compare events that have happened in the different countries in Southeast Asia.

26

ExerciseSkills:

Main idea

A.

B.

Read the following four paragraphs. Which one best summarises the main ideas of the SUHYLRXV�SDJHV�DERXW�WKH�¿UVW�HPSLUHV"

0RVW�HWKQLF�JURXSV�WKDW�FRQWURO�WKH�FRXQWULHV�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�WRGD\�PLJUDWHG�IURP�&KLQD��7KURXJKRXW�WKH�ODVW�WZR�WKRXVDQG�\HDUV�WKH\�KDYH�EHHQ�EXV\�¿JKWLQJ�HDFK�RWKHU�IRU�WKH�FRQWURO�RI�WHUULWRULHV��7KHVH�JURXSV�WRRN�WXUQV�FRQTXHULQJ�GLIIHUHQW�WHUULWRULHV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�IURP�HDFK�RWKHU�DQG�HVWDEOLVKLQJ�HPSLUHV��0RVW�RI�WKHVH�HPSLUHV�KDG�WUDGH�UHODWLRQV�ZLWK�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD��At different times, different ethnic groups dominated the region.

7KH�7KDL�SHRSOH�ZHUH�WKH�ODVW�PDMRU�HWKQLF�JURXS�WR�FRPH�LQWR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�IURP�&KLQD��$V�ZLWK�WKH�RWKHU�JURXSV��IHZ�GHWDLOV�DUH�DYDLODEOH��3UREDEO\�WKH�7KDLV�RULJLQDOO\�OLYHG�LQ�&KLQD¶V�6LFKXDQ�SURYLQFH��7KHQ�WKH\�PLJUDWHG�VRXWK�WR�<XQQDQ�WR�HVFDSH�DVVLPLODWLRQ�LQWR�WKH�JURZLQJ�&KLQHVH�HPSLUH��1DQ�=KDR¶V�EHVW�\HDUV�ZHUH�LQ�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\��$W�WKDW�WLPH�1DQ�=KDR�successfully attacked Myanmar and Vietnam.

&LYLOLVDWLRQ�VSUHDG�IURP�WKH�FRDVWV�WR�WKH�LQWHULRUV�RI�7KDLODQG�DQG�0DOD\D��7ZR�0RQ�VWDWHV��named Dvaravati and Haripunjaya, were founded around 500 AD in central and northern

7KDLODQG��7KH\�SUREDEO\�UHOLHG�RQ�DJULFXOWXUH�VLQFH�WKH\�GLG�QRW�KDYH�DFFHVV�WR�WKH�VHD��,Q�WKH�0DOD\�SHQLQVXOD��VHYHUDO�VPDOO�VWDWHV�DSSHDUHG��VWUHWFKHG�DFURVV�WKH�,VWKPXV�RI�.UD�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�ORFDWLRQV��7KH�0DOD\�VWDWHV�SURVSHUHG�E\�RIIHULQJ�WUDGHUV�D�VKRUW�FXW�WKDW�ZDV�ERWK�TXLFNHU�DQG�safer than the Straits of Malacca.

$�SRZHUIXO�%XUPHVH�NLQJ�QDPHG�$QDZUDKWD��FDPH�WR�WKH�WKURQH��+H�FRQTXHUHG�PRVW�RI�WKH�ODQGV�WKDW�PDNH�XS�SUHVHQW�GD\�0\DQPDU��+LV�VXFFHVVRUV�LQFUHDVHG�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�monks, the allocation of resources for their support, and the construction of pagodas. All these

H[SHQVHV�ZHDNHQHG�WKH�JRYHUQPHQW�

C.

D.

Free Writing

Spend 10-15 minutes writing about early Southeast Asian empires and states. You can write anything you want as long as you don’t copy directly from the module. You can write in any language you like.

2.8 INDIA AND CHINA

There are many examples in the news today of China and India’s interest and involvement in Southeast Asia. This interest and involvement has a long history.

A��:K\�GR�\RX�WKLQN�WKLV�LQÀXHQFH�ZDV�VR�VWURQJ"B��,Q�ZKDW�ZD\V�GR�\RX�WKLQN�,QGLD�LQÀXHQFHG�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD"�:KDW�DERXW�&KLQD"C��:KLFK�FRXQWULHV�GR�\RX�WKLQN�KDYH�EHHQ�LQÀXHQFHG�E\�,QGLD�PRVW�RI�DOO"�%\�&KLQD"D��7KLQN�DERXW�WKH�SUHVHQW��GR�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD�VWLOO�KDYH�D�VWURQJ�LQÀXHQFH�RQ�WKH�

UHJLRQ"�&DQ�\RX�GHVFULEH�WKLV�LQÀXHQFH"�E. Have you ever heard about the Harappan (hah-rahp-pahn) civilisation?

Preview

27

KEY WORDS

cotton (n) – a plant used for making clothconquer (v) – attack and take controlinhabitant (n) – the person or people who live or reside in one placemajority (n) – most people or more than half the people in any group or countryproduct (n) – something made by someone or something, something you can sellprosper (v) – to become successful and wealthysubcontinent (n) – a large landmass, smaller than a continentwheat (n) – grain from which bread is usually made

A. Look at the map of Southeast Asia. Find all the countries mentioned in the paragraph. Which Southeast Asian Countries border India and China?

B. Which routes do you think traders and religious missionaries from India and China WRRN"�:KLFK�FRXQWULHV�GR�\RX�WKLQN�WKH\�ZHQW�WR�¿UVW"

C. What other countries do India and China border?

Map work

,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD�KDYH�KDG�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�UROH�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�PRVW�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�QDWLRQV�DQG�RQ�WKH�ZKROH�UHJLRQ��7KH\�DUH�QRW�WHFKQLFDOO\�SDUW�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��0DQ\�FRXQWULHV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�KDYH�EHHQ�VWURQJO\�LQÀXHQFHG�E\�HLWKHU�&KLQD�RU�,QGLD�LQ�WKHLU�FXOWXUH��UHOLJLRQ��RU�economy.

7UDGHUV�IURP�,QGLD�EHJDQ�FRPLQJ�WR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�DERXW�$'��$V�ZHOO�DV�products, they

brought three religions to the area – Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. Buddhism became a

majority�UHOLJLRQ�LQ�7KDLODQG��0\DQPDU��&DPERGLD�DQG�/DRV��,VODP�LV�D�PDMRULW\�UHOLJLRQ�LQ�Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia, and there are Hindu communities throughout Southeast Asia,

especially on the Indonesian island of Bali.

&KLQHVH�LQÀXHQFH�DOVR�VSUHDG�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��7KH�&KLQHVH�VHWWOHG�DQG�WUDGHG�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV��0DOD\VLD��0\DQPDU��7KDLODQG�DQG�,QGRQHVLD��7KHVH�GD\V��\RX�FDQ�¿QG�&KLQHVH�FRPPXQLWLHV�LQ�DOO�SDUWV�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��&KLQD�KDG�WKH�VWURQJHVW�FXOWXUDO�DQG�UHOLJLRXV�LQÀXHQFH�RQ�9LHWQDP��

Map 7: Asia

28

What do you know about India today? What about ancient India?

Brainstorm

The origins of Indian civilisation

$JULFXOWXUH�¿UVW�EHJDQ�RQ�WKH�,QGLDQ�subcontinent�DERXW��%&��,W�JUDGXDOO\�OHG�to the development of villages and towns.

$ERXW��%&�WKH�¿UVW�LQYDGHUV��WKH�Dravidians, came into the subcontinent through

the mountains in the north. It was easy for

them to conquer the local towns and villages

because they had bronze weapons, while the

local inhabitants�RQO\�KDG�VWRQH�ZHDSRQV��7KH�invaders settled in the cities together with the

locals. Many of them intermarried and adopted

WKH�ORFDO�ODQJXDJH��%\��%&�WKH�¿UVW�civilisation in India, the Harappan civilisation,

was prospering in the Indus River valley.

India

A. How did agriculture lead to the development of towns?

B. Why do you think bronze weapons are better than stone weapons?

The way of life

In what is now Pakistan, there were two very

ODUJH�FLWLHV��+DUDSSD�DQG�0RKHQMR�'DUR�(moh-hen-joh-dah-roh)��7KH\�ZHUH�HDFK�DERXW�RQH�square kilometer in area and about 35,000

SHRSOH�OLYHG�LQ�HDFK�RI�WKHP��7KH�FLWLHV�ZHUH�ZHOO�SODQQHG��7KH�KRXVHV�ZHUH�EXLOW�ZLWK�¿UH�KDUGHQHG�EULFNV��7KH�streets were all the same

size and there were fairly complicated water

Skills: Cause and effect,

advantages and disadvantages

Discussion

City Plan of Mohenjo-Daro

and drainage systems

7KH�+DUUDSSDQV�ZHUH�IDUPHUV�DQG�WUDGHUV��7KH�IDUPHUV�UDLVHG�FKLFNHQV�DQG�JUHZ�wheat, which

ZDV�XVHG�IRU�EDUWHU�DV�ZHOO�DV�IRU�IRRG��7KH\�ZHUH�WKH�¿UVW�SHRSOH�WR�JURZ�cotton��7KH\�WUDGHG�with other ancient civilisations such as Egypt and they used a system of writing similar to

Egyptian hieroglyphics.

How do you think historians know about the kind of houses people lived in so long ago in Harappa? What kind of evidence do you think they might have found?

Look at the map of Mohenjo-Daro above. How do you think historians know where the Granary was located?

ExerciseSkills:

Looking for historical evidence

Map 8: Ancient India

29

A. How do you think Mohenjo-Daro compared with other human settlements at the time?B. What civilisations do you know that have gone into decline?C. What can cause the decline of a civilisation?

Discussion

The end of the Harrappan civilisation and the Aryans7KH�+DUUDSSDQV�EXLOW�WKH�¿UVW�,QGXV�FLWLHV�DURXQG��%&��$UFKDHRORJLVWV�KDYH�GLVFRYHUHG�WKH�remains�RI�DERXW��FLWLHV�LQFOXGLQJ�+DUUDSSD�DQG�0DKHQMR�'DUR�

%\��%&��WKH�,QGXV�&LYLOLVDWLRQ�KDG�GHFOLQHG��6RPH�KLVWRULDQV�EHOLHYH�WKDW�WKH�FLYLOLVDWLRQ�ZDV�ZHDNHQHG�DQG�¿QDOO\�ZLSHG�RXW�E\�severe�ÀRRGV��7KHVH�ÀRRGV�FRXOG�KDYH�NLOOHG�PDQ\�SHRSOH�DQG�IRUFHG�WKH�UHVW�WR�OHDYH�WKH�,QGXV�SODLQV��7KH�ÀRRGV�PD\�KDYH�EHHQ�FDXVHG�E\�erosion

because the nearby forests were cut down for fuel.

2WKHUV�EHOLHYH�WKDW�ZDUV�ZHUH�WKH�UHDVRQ�FLWLHV�OLNH�0RKHQMR�'DUR�ZHUH�DEDQGRQHG��,W�LV�WKRXJKW�WKDW�DURXQG��%&��SHRSOH�FDOOHG�WKH�$U\DQV�FDPH�IURP�ZHVWHUQ�DQG�FHQWUDO�$VLD��SRVVLEO\�IURP�WKH�DUHD�QHDU�SUHVHQW�GD\�,UDQ��7KH\�NHSW�VKHHS� cattle and goats and were most likely

looking for a place to pasture their animals.

Some historians believe the ancient cities were abandoned because the Indus River may have

changed its course. A series of earthquakes might have changed the course of the Indus River.

A. How were the Aryans different from the Harrappans?B. Summarise the three main theories for the disappearance of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

Discussion

Some Harrappans stayed and lived alongside

the Aryans (ahr-y-ans), adopting their language

±�6DQVNULW��2WKHUV�PRYHG�WR�WKH�VRXWK�RI�WKH�subcontinent.

7RGD\��WKH�QRUWKHUQ�ODQJXDJHV�LQ�,QGLD�DUH�VWLOO�FDOOHG�Aryan languages and the southern languages are

called Dravidian languages. Scholars still debate if

there were really a separate race of people called

the Dravidians, or if the southern people were just

Aryans who developed a very different language.

KEY WORDSalongside (adv.) – side by side, nearcattle (n) – cows or buffalo raised by people for food erosion (n) – when soil is destroyed gradually by rain and wind, usually because of deforestationpasture (n) – place where animals can eat grassremains (n) – what is left after something or somebody has been destroyed or diedsevere (adj) – very strong and bad

Anc

ient

sea

l fou

nd in

Moh

enjo

-Dar

o

30

What is social class?What do you know about different systems of social class?Have you ever heard of the caste system?

Preview

The Hindu religion and the caste system7KH�+LQGX�UHOLJLRQ�GHYHORSHG�WKURXJK�PDQ\�VWDJHV�RYHU�PDQ\�KXQGUHGV�RI�\HDUV��'XULQJ�WKH�HDUO\�SHULRG�RI�+LQGXLVP��WKH�5LJ�9HGLF�SHULRG��WKH�FDVWHV�ZHUH�¿UVW�GHYHORSHG��2ULJLQDOO\��WKHUH�ZHUH�RQO\�WZR�VRFLDO�FODVVHV��QREOHV�DQG�FRPPRQHUV��7KHQ�WKH�WKLUG�ZDV�DGGHG��Dasas, or

³GDUNV�´�7KHVH�ZHUH�SUREDEO\�WKH�GDUNHU�VNLQQHG�SHRSOH�WKH�+LQGXV�KDG�FRQTXHUHG��

By the end of the Rig Vedic period, social class had settled into four rigid castes called varnas. At

WKH�WRS�ZHUH�WKH�SULHVWV��RU�%UDKPDQV��%HORZ�WKH�SULHVWV�ZHUH�WKH�ZDUULRUV�RU�QREOHV��.VKDWUL\D��WKH�FUDIWV�SHRSOH�DQG�PHUFKDQWV��9DLVK\D��DQG�¿QDOO\��WKH�VHUYDQWV��6KXGUD��ZKR�PDGH�XS�WKH�EXON�RI�VRFLHW\��7KHVH�HFRQRPLF�FODVVHV�ZHUH�ODWHU�VXEGLYLGHG�LQWR�D�KXJH�QXPEHU�RI�HFRQRPLF�VXE�FODVVHV�

Below these castes were the outcasts who are untouchable�WR�WKH�IRXU�FDVWHV��7KHVH�untouchables worked in degrading�MREV�OLNH�FOHDQLQJ��VHZDJH�HWF��7KH�¿UVW�WKUHH�FDVWHV�KDG�social and economic rights which the Shudra and the untouchables did not have.

By the end of the Rig Vedic period, social class became completely LQÀH[LEOH��7KH�FDVWHV�ZHUH�VR�LQÀH[LEOH�EHFDXVH�WKH\�ZHUH�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�UHOLJLRXV�EHOLHIV�RI�WKH�+LQGXV��7KH\�EHOLHYHG�WKDW�WKH�%UDKPDQ�ZHUH�PDGH�IURP�WKH�PRXWK�RI�WKH�JRG�%UDKPD��WKH�.VKDWUL\DV�ZHUH�PDGH�IURP�KLV�hands, the Vaishyas came from the thighs and the Shudra from the feet of Brahma. In contrast,

WKH�FODVV�V\VWHP�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�UHPDLQHG�YHU\�ÀH[LEOH�IRU�D�ORQJ�WLPH��

Describe the system of caste in your own words.Draw a picture showing the relationship between the castes.

Do you know if the system of caste still exists? If so, how does it affect people’s lives?Do you know if a similar system exists anywhere else in the world?

Argue for or against the statement below: “The system of caste is a useful and convenient way of organising society. It is important that everyone knows where they belong.”

Discussion

ExerciseSkills: Organising

information

Fill in the blanks in this chart with information from the text above.

Skills: Restating information

Exercise

Time period Early Rig Vedic Later End of Rig VedicCastes and

classes

Nobles and Commoners

Movement 7RWDOO\�LQÀH[LEOH

KEY WORDS

degrading (adj) – humiliating, making you feel very low, ashamedLQÀH[LEOH (adj) ±�RSSRVLWH�RI�ÀH[LEOH��FDQQRW�FKDQJHoutcast (n) – a person who has been driven out of a group or rejected by societyuntouchable (adj, n) – someone you can’t touch

Debate

31

&KLQHVH�FLYLOLVDWLRQ�VWDUWHG�DURXQG��%&��ZKHQ�D�JURXS�FDOOHG�WKH�<DQJVKDR�(yahng-show)�VHWWOHG�QHDU�WKH�<HOORZ�5LYHU��$UFKDHRORJLVWV�KDYH uncovered�PDQ\�<DQJVKDR�YLOODJHV�LQ�QRUWKHUQ�&KLQD��,Q�RQH�YLOODJH��WKH\�IRXQG�WKH�UHPDLQV�RI�IDUPKRXVHV��EXLOW�SDUWO\�XQGHUJURXQG��with plaster ÀRRUV��DQG�URRIV�KHOG�XS�ZLWK�ZRRGHQ�SRVWV��

%\��%&�WKHUH�ZHUH�PDQ\�DJULFXOWXUDO�FRPPXQLWLHV�LQ�&KLQD��7KHUH�ZHUH�YLOODJHV�IURP�WKH�:HL�5LYHU�9DOOH\�WR�WKH�(DVW��SDUDOOHO�ZLWK�WKH�JUHDW�<HOORZ�5LYHU��7KH�:HL�5LYHU�ÀRZV�RXW�RI�WKH�.XQOXQ�0RXQWDLQV�WR�WKH�IRUHVW�DQG�WKH�IHUWLOH�VRLO�UHJLRQ�RI�WKH�1RUWK�&KLQD�3ODLQ��

$ERXW��%&��DQRWKHU�IDUPLQJ�JURXS�DSSHDUHG��WKH�/XQJVKDQ�(luhng shan) SHRSOH��7KH�/XQJVKDQ�SHRSOH�KDUYHVWHG�VLON��DQG�XVHG�LW�WR�ZHDYH�¿QH�IDEULFV��7KH\�XVHG�WKH�potters wheel. 7KH\�EDNHG�VWURQJ�EULFNV�LQ�RYHQV��DQG�XVHG�WKHP�WR�EXLOG�WKHLU�KRPHV��7KH\�JUHZ�ULFH�DQG millet�DQG�ZRUNHG�WRJHWKHU�RQ�ÀRRG�FRQWURO�DQG�LUULJDWLRQ�SURMHFWV��7KH\�KDG�JUHDW�HQJLQHHULQJ�skills.

3UREDEO\�DURXQG��%&��WKH�¿UVW�dynasty�RI�NLQJV�FRQTXHUHG�WKH�1RUWK�&KLQD�3ODLQV��7KHVH�ZDUULRU�NLQJV�EHORQJHG�WR�WKH�;LD�(hsia) IDPLO\��7KLV�FXOWXUH�SUREDEO\�KDG�WKH�¿UVW�ZULWLQJ�V\VWHP�LQ�&KLQD��+RZHYHU��WKHUH�LV�QR�UHDO�UHFRUG�RI�WKLV�G\QDVW\��

7KH�¿UVW�G\QDVW\�RI�ZKLFK�WKHUH�LV�KLVWRULFDO�HYLGHQFH�LV�WKH�6KDQJ�G\QDVW\��7KH�6KDQJV�EHJDQ�WKHLU�UXOH�DURXQG��%&��7KH�6KDQJ�FODQ�FDPH�RXW�RI�WKH�:HL�5LYHU�9DOOH\��%\�IRUFH��WKH�6KDQJ�XQL¿HG�PDQ\�RI�WKH�SHRSOH�OLYLQJ�RQ�WKH�1RUWK�&KLQD�3ODLQ�DQG�VWDUWHG�WR�EXLOG�DQ�HPSLUH��

7KH�ODVW�6KDQJ�UXOHU�ZDV�RYHUWKURZQ�E\�D�chieftain�RI�D�IURQWLHU�WULEH�FDOOHG�=KRX��7KH�=KRX��UXOHUV�FRQTXHUHG�DQG�FRORQLVHG�PRVW�RI�WKH�WHUULWRU\�RI�SUHVHQW�GD\�&KLQD��VSUHDGLQJ�=KRX�FXOWXUH�as they went.

+RZ�GLG�SHRSOH�¿QG�RXW�DERXW�WKH�HDUOLHVW�&KLQHVH�FLYLOLVDWLRQ"What are some similarities between the Harrappan and the Lungshan civilisations?

China

Skills: Reading comprehension

Exercise

KEY WORDSchieftain (n) – leader of a small group or tribedynasty (n) – a line of hereditary rulersmillet (n) – a type of grainplaster (n) – a mixture of lime (calcium oxide), sand and water potter’s wheel (n) – a mechanical tool with a round top used for making pottery uncover (v)�±�¿QG�RXW

&KLQD��DV�ZH�NQRZ�LW�today, became uni�¿HG�XQGHU�WKH�QH[W�dynasty, the Qin, but

much of its current

culture came from the

QH[W�UXOHUV��WKH�+DQ�'\QDVW\��7KH�ODUJHVW�HWKQLF�JURXS�LQ�&KLQD�today calls itself the

³+DQ�SHRSOH�´

Map 10: Origins of Chinese Civilisation

32

A. :KLFK�&KLQHVH�G\QDVWLHV�GLG�\RX�¿QG�RXW�DERXW�in this text?

B. $W�WKH�VDPH�WLPH�DV�WKH�¿UVW�&KLQHVH�G\QDVW\��WKH�Xia, were established, what was happening in India?

Find the places of the origins of the Chinese civilisation on Map 10 (page 31).

Map work


Exercise

Compare the ancient Indian and Chinese civilisations.Skills: Compare

and contrast

Discussion

2.9 NEW RELIGIONS

Why do you think peoples of Southeast Asia began converting to new religions?

Preview

Discussion

,Q�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�&RPPRQ�(UD��DIWHU��$'��QHZ�UHOLJLRQV�EHJDQ�DUULYLQJ�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��$W�¿UVW�WKHVH�ZHUH�+LQGXLVP�DQG�%XGGKLVP��/DWHU�FDPH�,VODP��DQG�¿QDOO\�&KULVWLDQLW\�7KHVH�GD\V�PRVW�SHRSOH�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�DUH�%XGGKLVWV�+LQGXV��0XVOLPV��DQG�&KULVWLDQV��EXW�$QLPLVP�VWLOO�KDV�D�VWURQJ�LQÀXHQFH��

Skills: Expressing an opinion,

making examples

D��:KDW�GLIIHUHQFHV�FDQ�\RX�¿QG"b) What similarities? c) Which one do you think was more advanced? Why do you think so?d) Which one would you choose to live in? Why?e) Compare ancient Indian and Chinese developments and technology.

Indian traders came to Southeast Asia around 1 AD and brought two things with them. Do you remember what they are?

ReligionWhen did it

originate?

Where did it

originate?Main beliefs

Where do most

followers live

now?

Animism

Hinduism

Buddhism

Islam

Christianity

In groups, read one of the four texts below. Put the information from your text in this chart:Skills: Chart

work, reading comprehension

Group work

33

IslamOrigins of IslamPeople who bHOLHYH�LQ�,VODP�DUH�FDOOHG�0XVOLPV��7KH\��EHOLHYH�WKDW�*RG�revealed the religion

to the Prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was born in Mecca in Arabia in AD 570. In Arabic,

$OODK�PHDQV�µWKH�RQH�WUXH�*RG¶��7KH�PHVVDJHV�WKDW�0XKDPPDG�UHFHLYHG�IURP�$OODK�ZHUH�ZULWWHQ�GRZQ�DQG�EHFDPH�WKH�KRO\�ERRN�RI�WKH�0XVOLPV��WKH�4XU¶DQ��7KH�4XU¶DQ�VWDWHV�KRZ�$OODK�ZDQWV�Muslims to live.

KEY WORDSattain (v) – to achieve or gain through effort denomination (n) – a religious group that shares a name, structure, and set of beliefsenlightened (adj.) – free from false beliefs, understanding the true way of the worldredeem (v.) – save, pay forreincarnation (n) – to be born again in a new bodyreveal (v) – to make clear something confusing or to show something that has been hiddensultanate (n) – a kingdom ruled by a sultan

HinduismOrigins of Hinduism+LQGXLVP�ZDV�WKH�¿UVW�PDMRU�UHOLJLRQ�LQ�,QGLD��,W�LV�DW�OHDVW��years old. It originated from Aryan traditional beliefs and legends

that they brought to India. Hinduism developed over many

FHQWXULHV�IURP�D�PL[LQJ�RI�EHOLHIV�RI�WKH�YDULRXV�FXOWXUDO�JURXSV�in India. Hindus worship many different gods and they believe in

reincarnation.

Hinduism in Southeast Asia+LQGXLVP�ZDV�WKH�¿UVW�UHOLJLRQ�WR�FRPH�WR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�IURP�RXWVLGH��,W�ZDV�EURXJKW�E\�,QGLDQ�traders in the 1

st�FHQWXU\�$'��7KH�UHOLJLRQ�ZDV�DGRSWHG�E\�PDQ\�UXOHUV�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��6RPH�RI�WKH�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�+LQGX�PRQXPHQWV�DUH�WKH�$QJNRU�:DW�LQ�&DPERGLD�DQG�WKH�3UDPEDQDQ�WHPSOH�LQ�-DYD��7KH�RQO\�SODFHV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�ZKHUH�+LQGXLVP�VXUYLYHV�WRGD\�DUH�WKH�Indonesian island of Bali, and among minority communities of Hindu descent.

BuddhismOrigins of Buddhism and Buddha’s Life%XGGKLVP�EHJDQ�RYHU��\HDUV�DJR�LQ�,QGLD�DQG�GHYHORSHG�IURP�the teachings of a prince called Gautama Siddhartha. He left his

SDODFH�DQG�WUDYHOOHG�IRU�PDQ\�\HDUV��+H�ZDQWHG�WR�¿QG�DQ�DQVZHU�to the question, ‘Why is human life full of sorrow and pain?’ After

many years of searching, he realised the answer to this question.

Gautama became the Buddha, which means ‘the Enlightened

2QH¶��He taught that all people are born equal and that everyone can

attain enlightenment. After the Buddha’s death, some of his

followers raised him to the level of a god and Buddhism became a

religion.

Spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia%XGGKLVP�DSSHDUHG�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�DURXQG�$'��,W�ZDV�EURXJKW�E\�,QGLDQ�DQG�&KLQHVH�WUDGHUV�DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�%XGGKLVW�PLVVLRQDULHV�ZKR�WUDYHOHG�ZLWK�WKHP��7KURXJK�WKHP��%XGGKLVP�VSUHDG�WKURXJKRXW�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��.KPHU�(PSLUH��/DRV��6LDP��7KDLODQG��0\DQPDU��9LHWQDP��the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia.

34

ChristianityOrigins of Christianity&KULVWLDQLW\�RULJLQDWHG�LQ�WKH�0LGGOH�(DVW�DERXW��\HDUV�DJR��&KULVWLDQLW\�GHYHORSHG�IURP�-XGDLVP�WKURXJK�WKH�WHDFKLQJV�RI�-HVXV�&KULVW��-HVXV�&KULVW�WDXJKW�SHRSOH�WR�ORYH�HDFK�RWKHU�DQG�WR�IRUJLYH��&KULVWLDQV�EHOLHYH�WKDW�-HVXV�LV�WKH�Son of God who was sent to earth to save the world.

&KULVWLDQV�EHOLHYH�WKDW�-HVXV�GLHG�Wo redeem�WKH�ZRUOG��7KH\�DOVR�EHOLHYH�WKDW�KH�URVH�IURP�WKH�GHDG�DIWHUZDUGV��&KULVWLDQV�JHW�EDSWLVHG�WR�IRUP�D�ZRUVKLSSLQJ�FRPPXQLW\��&KULVWLDQV�believe that Jesus is present among them to work for peace on

HDUWK��7KH�VHFRQG�FRPLQJ�RI�&KULVW�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�EHOLHI�WKDW�WKH�ZRUOG�ZLOO�EH�¿QDOO\�UHGHHPHG.

Spread of Islam in Southeast AsiaHistorians believe that Islam came to Southeast Asia around the 11

th

century AD. Islam was brought to the region by Muslim traders from

Arabia, Persia and India. From the Malay Peninsula, Islam spread

to Siam, Sumatra and Indonesia. Many Muslim kingdoms, called

sultanates��HPHUJHG�LQ�WKHVH�SODFHV��2QH�RI�WKH�IDPRXV�VXOWDQDWHV�ZDV�the sultanate of Malacca.

Spread of Christianity in Southeast Asia,Q�WKH�QH[W�IHZ�KXQGUHG�\HDUV��&KULVWLDQLW\�VSUHDG�WR�(XURSH�DQG�SDUWV�RI�$VLD��)URP�&DWKROLF�PLVVLRQDULHV�LQ�WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV�LQ�WKH��V�WR�$PHULFDQ�3URWHVWDQW�PLVVLRQDULHV�LQ�0\DQPDU�LQ�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\��WKHUH�KDV�EHHQ�D�ORQJ�KLVWRU\�RI�&KULVWLDQ�FRQYHUVLRQV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��7RGD\�WKHUH�DUH�PDQ\�&KULVWLDQ�denominations, in the region including Baptists,

0HWKRGLVWV��6HYHQWK�'D\�$GYHQWLVWV�DQG�5RPDQ�&DWKROLFV��,Q�PRVW�DUHDV��KRZHYHU��&KULVWLDQV�remain a minority.

Skills: Compare and contrast

Group work A. Compare Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, using the chart you made on page 32. What are the differences and similarities?

B. What are the differences between these new religions and the indigenous Animist cults of Southeast Asia?

similarities differences

Have a debate about religion. Here are some topics for you to choose from: a. It is important to learn about other religions, even though you don’t believe in them. b. It is important to respect other religions. c. It is important that people feel free to criticise religions, even if it offends other people.

Once a role is assigned to your group, prepare your arguments for or against.

Debate

Skills: Expressing an opinion,

developing an argument

35

In groups, prepare a presentation about a religion or about part of a religion and present it to the class. To prepare your presentation, you will have to do some research.

��,I�\RX�DUH�PDNLQJ�D�SUHVHQWDWLRQ�DERXW�\RXU�RZQ�UHOLJLRQ��WDON�WR�SHRSOH�LQ�\RXU�community to collect information.

��,I�\RX�DUH�PDNLQJ�D�SUHVHQWDWLRQ�DERXW�D�GLIIHUHQW�UHOLJLRQ��¿QG�SHRSOH�ZKR�IROORZ�WKLV�religion and interview them.

��,I�\RXU�SUHVHQWDWLRQ�LV�DERXW�D�UHOLJLRQ�WKDW�QRERG\�DURXQG�\RX�IROORZV��UHVHDUFK�LW�RQ�the internet or in a library.

Group work

Skills: Research skills,

interviewing, presenting

Look at the map of Asia. Trace the ways that the new religions came to Southeast Asia.Map work

Map 11: Religions in Southeast Asia

36

2.10 REVIEW

Memorisation Identify all the countries in Southeast Asia without looking at your book:

'H¿QLWLRQV

1. Civilisation2. Culture3. Religion4. Animism5. Caste6. Social differentiation

:ULWH�D�GH¿QLWLRQ�LQ�\RXU�RZQ�ZRUGV�IRU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�WHUPV�

Explaining Explain the advantages and disadvantages of organising society according to caste

37

Explaining Answer the following questions in your own words:

1. Where did the earliest human civilisations begin? Why did they begin there?2. How did inequality between people start?3. How do historians know what they say about ancient civilisation is most likely true?4. What factors were important for the development of Southeast Asian nations and states? Why

were they important?5. Describe the two kinds of ancient Southeast Asian kingdoms.6. Describe one of the early Southeast Asian empires.��'HVFULEH�VRPH�ZD\V�WKDW�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD�LQÀXHQFHG�DQFLHQW�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�8. Describe the earliest known civilisation in India.9. What are some reasons that civilisations can decline?10. Describe the earliest civilisation in China.��:KDW�ZHUH�WKH�¿YH�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�UHOLJLRQV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�D�WKRXVDQG�\HDUV�DJR"

Archaeological Evidence

Match the following historical evidence with the statement it best supports:

Scientists have

discovered the remains

of an iron smelting site.

7KH�DUFKHRORJLFDO�LURQ�making tools, building

remains, beads and pots

that they discovered

could be dated to the third

century.

Archaeological

H[FDYDWLRQV�IRXQG�stone tools. When

compared to other

stone tools found

across the world made

around the same time,

these tools are much

more advanced.

Archaeologists have

found ancient graves.

A few graves contain

skeletons buried

with bone and shell

jewelry and clay

SRWV��7KH�JUDYHV�date back to the

Bronze Age.

A special kind of

pottery developed

by the ancient

<DQJVKDQ�FXOWXUH�RI�&KLQD�ZDV�IRXQG�LQ�archeological sites

and dated to the

second millennia

%�&��

Early settlements in

Malaysia made iron

tools as early as 300

%�&�

31,000 years ago,

social differentiation

was already taking

place in Sabah. Sabah

probably had skilled

iron workers.

Social classes and

inequality was present

4,000 years ago in

&DPERGLD�

People probably

travelled between

7DLZDQ��&KLQD��DQG�the Philippines as early

DV��%�&�

1 2 3 4

A B C D

38


��KRZ�DQG�ZK\�(XURSHDQV�¿UVW�FDPH�WR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��WKH�DGYDQWDJHV�DQG�GLVDGYDQWDJHV�RI�OLYLQJ�RQ�WKH�� 6WUDLWV�RI�0DODFFD��KRZ�(XURSHDQV�H[SORUHG��FRQTXHUHG�DQG�VHWWOHG�LQ�� 6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��DERXW�(XURSHDQ�WUDGH�DQG�H[SRUW�RI�UDZ�PDWHULDOV��WKH�HFRQRPLF��SROLWLFDO��DQG�VRFLDO�LPSDFWV�RI�FRORQLDO�UXOH��KRZ�WKH�(XURSHDQ�LQGXVWULDO�UHYROXWLRQ�DIIHFWHG�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��9LHWQDP¶V�DQG�(DVW�7LPRU¶V�VWUXJJOHV�IRU�LQGHSHQGHQFH��WKH�FKDOOHQJHV�QHZ�QDWLRQV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�IDFHG�DIWHU�� FRORQLDOLVP


��GHVFULEH�WKH�HYHQWV�DQG�IDFWRUV�WKDW�OHG�WR�FRORQLDOLVP��LGHQWLI\�WKH�FRXQWULHV�WKDW�ZHUH�FRORQLVHG�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�DQG��WKHLU�FRORQLVHUV��GHVFULEH�WKH�HFRQRPLF��SROLWLFDO��DQG�VRFLDO�LPSDFWV�RI�FRORQLDO� UXOH�RQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�QDWLRQV��LGHQWLI\�WKH�PDLQ�IDFWRUV�ZKLFK�IHG�QDWLRQDOLVP�LQ�� 6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��LGHQWLI\�WKH�DPELWLRQV�RI�QDWLRQDOLVWV�LQ�WKH�¿UVW�KDOI�RI�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\��UHFRXQW�WKH�PDLQ�HYHQWV�RI�WKH�QDWLRQDOLVW�VWUXJJOHV�LQ�9LHWQDP��DQG�(DVW�7LPRU��LGHQWLI\�FKDOOHQJHV�WKDW�LQGHSHQGHQW�QDWLRQV�RIWHQ�IDFH

3. Colonialism and Independence

39

3. Colonialism and Independence3.1 INTRODUCTION

KEY WORDSbland (adj) – boring, without taste camphor (n) – strong smelling white substance found in camphor laurel tree, used in medicinecinnamon (n) – a sweet spice used in cookingclove (n)�±�VSHFLDO�GULHG�ÀRZHUV�XVHG�DV�D�VSLFHhaul (v) – to transport something heavyisthmus (n) – a narrow strip of land between bigger pieces of landmace (n) – dry skin from nutmeg, also used as spicenutmeg (n) – a seed from a tree, very fragrant, used as spicepilgrim (n) – a person who travels to a sacred place for religious reasonsspoil (v) – not good to eat anymore

Preview

Group workSkills:

Advantages and disadvantages

Discussion

A. What countries are situated on the Straits of Malacca?B. What could be some advantages and disadvantages of having a city on the Straits

of Malacca?

:RUN�ZLWK�\RXU�JURXS�WR�¿OO�RXW�WKLV�FKDUW�

Brainstorm

Read the text and add anything else you can think of to the chart above.

Advantages Disadvantages

The Straits of Malacca

7KH�FDOP�ZDWHUV�RI�WKH�0DODFFD�6WUDLWV�SURYLGHG�D�UHODWLYHO\�VDIH�VHD�URXWH�EHWZHHQ�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD��0HUFKDQWV��VROGLHUV��pilgrims and scholars passed through the Straits, bringing their

JRRGV�DQG�WKHLU�FXOWXUH��7KH�SDVVDJH�WKURXJK�WKH�6WUDLWV�ZDV�QRW�IDVW�EXW�LW�ZDV�FHUWDLQ�WKDQNV�WR�the monsoon winds.

Alternative route7KH�PRQVRRQ�ZLQGV�DUH�RQO\�DFWLYH�EHWZHHQ�-XO\�DQG�2FWREHU��$V�D�UHVXOW��VKLSV�IURP�ZHVWHUQ�$VLD�RIWHQ�GLG�QRW�JR�DOO�WKH�ZD\�WR�&KLQD��7KHLU�JRRGV�ZHUH�WDNHQ�DFURVV�WKH�Isthmus�RI�.UD�LQ�boats along rivers and on elephants through the jungle. When they arrived at the eastern side of

WKH�LVWKPXV��WKH�JRRGV�ZHUH�ORDGHG�RQ�WR�RWKHU�VKLSV��7KH�VKLSV�FRPLQJ�IURP�&KLQD�KDG�WR�GR�WKH�same in the opposite direction.

3RUWV�¿UVW�JUHZ�XS�DW�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�HQG�RI�WKH�6WUDLWV�RQ�WKH�,VWKPXV�RI�.UD��QHDU�PRGHUQ�GD\�.UDEL�DQG�3KXNHW��ZKHUH�JRRGV�FRXOG�EH�hauled�RYHUODQG�WR�WKH�&KLQD�6HD��/DWHU��SRUWV�DSSHDUHG�to the south on the coasts of Java and southeast Sumatra as ships from the west started going

further through the Straits of Malacca.

Malacca became Southeast Asia’s busiest port, receiving ships from the Middle East, India,

&KLQD�DQG�,QGRQHVLD��7KH�,QGRQHVLDQ�VKLSV�ZHUH�WKH�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�EHFDXVH�WKH\�EURXJKW�VSLFHV�from the Moluccas Islands, near New Guinea.

A. What have you learned so far about the Straits of Malacca?B. Place it on the map on page 36.C. Look at the title for this section. What do you think you will be studying?D. Why do you think the Straits of Malacca may have been of interest to Europeans?

40

The Spice Islands and the spices

7KH�0ROXFFDV�,VODQGV�ZHUH�FDOOHG�the Spice Islands because they are

the world’s largest source of black

pepper, cinnamon, ginger, cloves,

nutmeg, mace and camphor��7KH�demand for spices in the West was

very high, because European and

Middle Eastern diets at this time

were terribly bland without them.

7KH\�DOVR�KHOSHG�PDNH�spoiled

meat taste better. Spices were

also widely used as medicines.

Merchants considered spices the

LGHDO�FDUJR��\RX�FRXOG�JHW�D�ORW�of money for a small amount and

they didn’t spoil like other kinds of

cargo.

7KH�Vpices that were taken west

passed through the hands of many

A. On Map 12, mark the Straits of Malacca. B. Trace the alternative trade route through the Isthmus of KraC. Circle the Moluccas islands.D. Look at Map 11 (page 35). Describe how each religion came to Southeast

Asia

A. In today’s markets, what kinds of things are in high demand, like spice was long ago?

B. Which countries have the same idea as Portugal about controlling the trade of these things?

Map work

KEY WORDSOrient (n) – a word that some Westerners use to describe Asiastrategic (adj) – something which helps achieve a certain goal or objective

The Age of Exploration

,Q�WKH�HDUO\�¿IWHHQWK�FHQWXU\�WKH�3RUWXJXHVH�VWDUWHG�ORRNLQJ�IRU�D�ZD\�WR�UHDFK�WKH�Orient by

VDLOLQJ�DURXQG�$IULFD��,Q�WKLV�ZD\�WKH�$JH�RI�([SORUDWLRQ�VWDUWHG��%XW�LQ�RUGHU�WR�JHW�WR�WKH�6SLFH�Islands, they still needed to go through the Straits of Malacca.

7KH�¿UVW�IDPRXV�HPSLUH�WR�FRQWURO�WKH�6WUDLWV�RI�0DODFFD�ZDV�6ULYLMD\D��,W¶V�FRQWURO�JUHZ�ZHDNHU�after the 11

th century. From the 15

th century it was controlled by the Sultanate of Malacca.

*RRGV�IURP�$UDELD��3HUVLD��,QGLD��&KLQD��3RUWXJDO�DQG�-DSDQ�ZHQW�WKURXJK�WKH�PDUNHWSODFHV�RI�Malacca. Because of Malacca’s commercial success and strategic geographical location, it was

Map 12: Maritime Spice Routes

ExerciseSkills: Critical

thinking, making connections

PHUFKDQWV��,QGRQHVLDQV��&KLQHVH��,QGLDQV��3HUVLDQV��$UDEV�DQG�¿QDOO\�,WDOLDQV��(YHU\�WLPH�WKH�cargo changed hands, the price went up. Whoever could get the spices without having to use

GHDOHUV�ZRXOG�PDNH�D�KXJH�SUR¿W��3RUWXJDO�JRW�WKH�LGHD�WKDW�WKH�QDWLRQ�WKDW�FRQWUROOHG�SHSSHU�could control the world! Portugal wanted to control the Spice Islands so that they could control

the price of the spices and control everyone who wanted to buy spices.

41

attacked by the Portuguese in 1511. In 1641

the Dutch took it over from the Portuguese. At

WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH��th century, the British

GHIHDWHG�WKH�'XWFK�DQG�HVWDEOLVKHG�¿UP�FRQWURO�DORQJ�WKH�6WUDLWV��,Q��0DODFFD�EHFDPH�SDUW�RI�WKH�0DOD\DQ�8QLRQ��ZKLFK�ODWHU�EHFDPH�Malaysia.

Malacca and Java dominated the trade

QHWZRUNV�IURP�DERXW�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\��7KH�Europeans later started participating in this

WUDGH��7KH\�FDSWXUHG�0DODFFD�DQG�WULHG�WR�dominate the spice trade network. Western

LPSHULDOLVP�LQ�WKH�$VLD�3DFL¿F�VWDUWHG�ZLWK�WKH��European presence in the spice trade. European

companies started by setting up trading

outposts in Asia.

A. Make a timeline of the control of the Straits of Malacca.B. Describe the commercial importance of the Straits of MalaccaC. Why did it become such a popular marketplace?D. Why did so many nations compete for control of Malacca?E. What was the importance of Malacca for the Europeans in the 16th century?

A. What does “relatively safe route” mean? Why ‘relatively’? What dangers do you think the sailors faced in the Straits of Malacca?B. What do you know about monsoon winds? How can they help sailing?

Skills: Imagination,


Discussion

Exercise Here are four people going on a journey. Read their stories, and complete the chart on the next page.

Skills: Timelines, reading

comprehension

Exercise

A. My trip will be long! I don’t hope to come back

to Portugal in less than two years. I am also sure

it will be very dangerous, with all those pirates

and storms! I am looking forward to all those

adventures!

,W�LV�XQIDLU�WKDW�,WDO\�LV�JHWWLQJ�DOO�WKH�SURÀW�IURP�trade with Asia. Especially trade in all those

VSLFHV�IURP�WKH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�3DFLÀF�2FHDQ��Italians buy the spices from the Arabs who

buy them from the Indian traders who trade

directly with the locals. By the time those loads

of cinnamon, nutmeg, pepper, and cloves reach

Europe, the price is ten times higher! There must

be a way to get directly to the islands where they

grow and force the natives to sell them cheaply.

Then, our ship, and other Portuguese ships, can

bring them back home and sell them in Europe

DW�D�KXJH�SURÀW��7KHQ�RXU�FRXQWU\�FDQ�UHDOO\�develop! We can build many new modern ships

and travel to all parts of the world

B. I am heading to Malacca. I was invited by

the rulers of Malacca to teach them about Islam.

Malaccan rulers are thinking about converting

WR�RXU�0XVOLP�IDLWK��,W�ZLOO�EH�UHDOO\�EHQHÀFLDO�to our faith if such an important city as Malacca

joins us. A lot of new mosques will be built there

and Islam will prosper. Malaccan rulers also

want to encourage traders from the Muslim

world to use Malacca port on their travels

WKURXJK�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��7KLV�ZLOO�JUHDWO\�EHQHÀW�the city.

I will start my trip in July and head north-east

towards the coast of Myanmar. Then south,

along the coast towards the Straits of Malacca.

I am looking forward to my trip, but I am very

afraid of pirates. I am going with a trading ship

full of expensive Indian goods for sale, such as

textiles and pepper, and there are many pirates

attacking ships like that, especially in the Straits

of Malacca.

Map 13: Colonial outposts 1665

42

D. I started my trip in November in order to use the winter monsoon winds to carry my ship south

across the South China Sea, around the coast of Vietnam and towards the Malay Peninsula. I come

from a family of traders. My ancestors have been travelling across Asia by sea for hundreds of years. My

JUHDW�JUHDW�JUHDW�JUDQGIDWKHUV�XVHG�WR�VWRS�RQ�WKH�ZD\�LQ�WKH�SRUW�RI�2F�(R��DQG�WKHQ�VDLO�WR�WKH�,VWKPXV�of Kra. From there, they would have to take their goods across the peninsula by land and load onto ships

on the other side. But now, we go to the port of Malacca, in the Straits of Malacca. It’s a great port!

Thousands of traders from all over the world gather there. I will wait in Malacca for several months until

the summer monsoons come and my ship can sail with the wind up the Straits of Malacca and across the

,QGLDQ�2FHDQ��,Q�,QGLD�,�ZLOO�VHOO�WKH�VLON�DQG�WKH�SRUFHODLQ�DQG�EX\�ÀQH�,QGLDQ�WH[WLOHV��7KHQ�,�ZLOO�KHDG�EDFN�WR�Malacca. This way my trip will take longer than a year. However, I will have to wait a few more months

for the winter monsoon winds. I will not return to China. It is very dangerous for me to return to China

because the emperor has just banned all travel outside of China. And if I come back from my trip, I might

be killed for disobeying the emperor’s orders.

Where are they going? Why are they going there?

A

B

C

D

C. I am headed to the Spice Islands. In order to get there,

I need to leave Malacca around July to sail south with

the winds. My ship will follow the Sumatran coast south

into the Java Sea, and then on, south of Borneo east

through the Flora Sea and further east into the Banda

Sea.

2QFH�,�UHDFK�WKH�0ROXFFDV�,VODQGV��,�ZLOO�VWRS�RQ�WKH�island of Ternate, where I have good contact with local

spice traders. I will buy a ship-load of cloves – they get

very a good price back in Malacca. But before I load them

on to my ship, I will sell a supply of rice and textiles from

India at the local market. The soil on Ternate is not that

good for growing rice and many other crops, that’s why

they have to sell their spices and buy rice and other goods

from other parts of Asia. My ship is not that big, the

whole crew is only 10 sailors. This is enough, because we

don’t have to cross the open ocean like when you sail to

India for example. But we are very afraid of pirates. We

will sail mostly along the coast and avoid most storms,

but we also have to be very careful not to get too close to

the rocks in case a storm does come.

43

Skills: Understanding

multiple perspectives

Group worka. Imagine you are a Chinese trader. You are carrying Chinese silks and porcelain for

sale in India.

Choose one of the following roles:

KEY WORDScommodity (n) – any item which is an object of tradeintegrate (v) – grow together, become part of each other, depend on each othermanufacture (v) – to produce, make a lot of somethingporcelain (n)�±�YHU\�¿QH�DQG�H[SHQVLYH�NLQG�RI�FHUDPLF��SRWWHU\��WUDGLWLRQDOO\�PDGH�LQ�&KLQDplantation (n) – a very big farm for only one type of crop (cotton, coffee, fruit, etc.)quantity (n) – number of something, amountroute (n) – way to goseafarer (n) – sailor, sea travellerVHOI�VXI¿FLHQW�(adj) – independent, only relying on yourselftrading post (n) – a place set up by an organisation or country for selling and buying things

3.2 EXPLORATION AND TRADE

In the previous section you read about the Straits of Malacca. How can you describe the beginning of European imperialism? Skills: Imagining,

making a story

Preview

Before 1500, European economies were mostly VHOI�VXI¿FLHQW��7KH\�WUDGHG�RQO\�D�OLWWOH�ELW�ZLWK�Asia and Africa.

After 1500,when new sea routes were discovered, European and Asian economies slowly started

integrating��(XURSHDQ�SROLWLFDO�SRZHU�DQG�FRPPHUFH�ERWK�LQFUHDVHG�LQ�$VLD��7UDGH�LQ�SUR¿WDEOH�commodities increased. Eventually, the increase in trade between Europe and other parts of the

world caused the development of the modern world capitalist economy.

b. You are a Muslim missionary from India. You want to spread your faith east. c. You are a Portuguese explorer. You want to get to the famous Spice Islands in order

to take control of the spice trade in Europe.d. You are a Malaccan trader heading towards

Moluccas.

Describe your trip. Here are some questions to help you organise your story. You don’t need to answer all of them - include as much information as you want.

��:KDW�JRRGV�DUH�\RX�FDUU\LQJ"�� +RZ�ORQJ�ZLOO�\RXU�WULS�WDNH"� ��:KDW�WLPH�RI�WKH�\HDU�DUH�\RX�OLNHO\�WR��

travel?

� ��:KHUH�DUH�\RX�KHDGLQJ"�� 7UDFH�\RXU�URXWH�RQ�D�PDS�� :KDW�GDQJHUV�DUH�\RX�OLNHO\�WR�PHHW�RQ��

your way?

� ��:KDW�RWKHU�GLI¿FXOWLHV�PLJKW�\RX�IDFH"�� +RZ�PDQ\�SHRSOH�DUH�WKHUH�RQ�\RXU�VKLS"

44

Skills: Asking and answering

questions

Group work

In the late 15th and 16

th centuries, European

seafarers realised that the world is round. Sea

trade routes opened. Europeans wanted the

manufactured�JRRGV�RI�WKH�(DVW��¿QH�FRWWRQ�cloth from India, silk and porcelain�IURP�&KLQD��7KH\�ORRNHG�IRU�JROG�DQG�IRU�VSLFHV��7KH\�DOVR�looked for tea and coffee that did not grow in

Europe.

7KLV�WUDGH�EURXJKW�WKH�(XURSHDQV�ZHDOWK��7KH\�developed ships and set up trading posts on

different sea routes. Better guns let them use

DUPHG�IRUFH�ZKHQ�DQ\RQH�RSSRVHG�WKHP��7KH\�colonised areas of land to grow crops.

Read either text A or B below. Ask another group about the other text.

Questions A1. What important discovery about the world

did Europeans make during the 15th-16th century?

2. List at least three different types of goods that Europeans wanted from the East.

3. Which of these goods are grown and which are made?

4. +RZ�GLG�WKLV�WUDGH�EHQH¿W�(XURSHDQV"5. Did they use force? What for?

A.

By 1700, England, France, Spain, Portugal and

Holland all had trading colonies in the Americas

DQG�DURXQG�WKH�VKRUHV�RI�$VLD��7KH\�WRRN�VODYHV�from Africa to work on the sugar and cotton

plantations in the American colonies.

7KH�ZHDOWK�IURP�WKLV�FRORQLDO�WUDGH�KHOSHG�WR�GHYHORS�(XURSH��7KH�PRQH\�ZDV�XVHG�WR�EXLOG�the machines and factories that started off the

Industrial Revolution. Now people in Europe

could produce large quantities of goods quickly

DQG�FKHDSO\��7KLV�GHYHORSHG�¿UVW�LQ�%ULWDLQ�DQG�then in other western European countries.

Questions B1. Which European countries had colonies in

different parts of the world by the 1700s? 2. Who worked on plantations in the American

colonies?3. Name one of the ways that Europe developed

as a result of colonial trade?4. :KLFK�FRXQWU\�ZDV�¿UVW�WR�VWDUW�WKH�,QGXVWULDO�

Revolution?

B.

Write a sentence describing each picturePut these pictures in order based on Texts A and B.Skills: Ordering

information

Group work

b.a. d.c.

A. What GRHV�VHOI�VXI¿FLHQW�PHDQ"�B. How did Asian economies change after the 15th century?C. Why did this happen?D. What was the result?

Skills: Rephrasing Exercise

45

A. What kinds of products did the Europeans want from the East in the 15th – 16th centuries?

B. What else did they do in Asia at that time?C. How did the situation change in the 1700s?

KEY WORDSexpansion (n) – becoming bigger, spreadingraw materials (n) – natural resources, before they are made into somethingslogan (n) – a phrase that is easy to remember, used to attract people’s attentionstage (n) – a step or a part of a processsurrender (v) – give up

3.3 CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT

BrainstormSkills: Guessing

A. What do you think ‘Conquest and Settlement’ means?B. What might it refer to?

$IWHU�WKH�¿UVW�FRORQLHV�ZHUH�VWDUWHG��WKH�VHFRQG�stage of European expansion began. Factories in

Europe needed more raw materials, such as minerals, palm oil, rubber, and timber. Businesses

wanted to sell their manufactured goods, such as engines, clothes, tools, and weapons. European

traders went to every continent in search of new sources of raw materials and new markets for

their goods.

7KH�(XURSHDQ�SRZHUV�IRXJKW�ZLWK�HDFK�RWKHU�RYHU�GLIIHUHQW�WHUULWRULHV�LQ�WKH�$PHULFDV��$IULFD�DQG�$VLD��%\��WKH�ZHVWHUQ�(XURSHDQ�SRZHUV�KDG�VKDUHG�RXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�UHVW�RI�WKH�ZRUOG�EHWZHHQ�WKHP��5XVVLD�KDG�PRYHG�LQWR�SDUWV�RI�&HQWUDO�$VLD��(DUO\�LQ�WKH��th

century, Japan took

colonies in Eastern Asia.


Group work

Skills: Drawing, imagination,


Group work

Answer the questions in groups: a. What raw materials did the Europeans need? b. Where did they get them? c. What goods did the Europeans produce? d. What did they want to do with these goods?

In your group, draw a set of pictures to demonstrate the exchange of goods and raw materials between Europe and other countries. Look at the pictures from the previous section of this chapter to give you some ideas. Explain your pictures to another group.

New Imperialism

Imperialism was about controlling ports and trade routes by sea. Before the Industrial

Revolution, the driving force behind European imperialism was the high demand for goods from

Asia. India was already controlled by Britain, but most European powers only had trading posts.

A

B


Discussion

46

Skills: Ordering information

Group work

A. How did the western industrialised nations make sure they had access to markets in Asia in order to sell their industrial products?

B. :KDW�LV�WKH�GLIIHUHQFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�¿UVW�DQG�WKH�VHFRQG�VWDJHV�RI�FRORQLVDWLRQ"C. What could Southeast Asians have done to avoid colonisation or the New

Imperialism?

Put these events/developments in order:

a. (XURSHDQV�PDNH�ELJ�SUR¿WV�RQ�WUDGH�ZLWK�$VLD�DQG�WKLV�KHOSV�(XURSHDQ�HFRQRPLHV�GHYHORS��7KH�,QGXVWULDO�5HYROXWLRQ�EHJLQV�

b. Europeans discover that the world is round and start looking for direct sea routes

to Asia.

c. Europeans start taking over control of Asian governments in order to sell their goods and

take over land for plantations.

d. Europeans produce a lot of goods in their factories, and they need markets to sell them.

e. Europeans reach some parts of Southeast Asia and set up trading posts to buy

manufactured goods to take back to their countries.

Map work

When industrialisation started in Europe, this situation changed. Now what Europe needed was

raw materials from Asia, rather than manufactured goods. European countries competed for

PDUNHWV�LQ�$VLD�LQ�RUGHU�WR�VHOO�WKHLU�LQGXVWULDO�SURGXFWV��7KLV�VWDUWHG�D�QHZ�HUD�LQ�JOREDO�FRORQLDO�H[SDQVLRQ�NQRZQ�DV�³1HZ�,PSHULDOLVP�´�7KHUH�ZDV�D�FKDQJH�IURP�WUDGH�DQG�LQGLUHFW�UXOH�WR�formal colonial control of vast overseas territories.

Discussion

Who colonised whom? Use a pencil on the outline map below to mark your guesses.

Read the text and correct your pencil marks. Put any additional information on the map.

Map 14: Southeast Asia Outline with Numbers

47

(XURSHDQV�¿UVW�FDPH�WR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�LQ�WKH�VL[WHHQWK�FHQWXU\��7KH\�PRVWO\�FDPH�IRU�WUDGH��ZKLOH�PLVVLRQDULHV�DOVR�MRLQHG�WKH�VKLSV�DV�WKH\�KRSHG�WR�VSUHDG�&KULVWLDQLW\�LQ�WKH�UHJLRQ�

x� ,Q��3RUWXJDO�FRQTXHUHG�WKH�6XOWDQDWH�RI�0DODFFD�DQG�VR�EHFDPH�WKH�¿UVW�(XURSHDQ�SRZHU�WR�HVWDEOLVK�D�VWURQJ�SUHVHQFH�LQ�WKH�SUR¿WDEOH�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�WUDGH�URXWH��

x� 7KH�1HWKHUODQGV�DQG�6SDLQ�IROORZHG�DQG�VRRQ�EHFDPH�WKH�PDLQ�(XURSHDQ�SRZHUV�LQ�WKH�region.

x� 7KH�'XWFK�WRRN�RYHU�0DODFFD�IURP�WKH�3RUWXJXHVH�LQ��

x� Spain began to colonise the Philippines (named after Phillip II of Spain) in the 1560s.

x� $FWLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�'XWFK�(DVW�,QGLD�&RPSDQ\��WKH�'XWFK�HVWDEOLVKHG�WKH�FLW\�RI�%DWDYLD��QRZ�-DNDUWD��DV�D�EDVH�IRU�WUDGLQJ�DQG�H[SDQVLRQ�LQWR�WKH�RWKHU�SDUWV�RI�-DYD�DQG�WKH�surrounding territory.

x� %ULWDLQ��WKH�%ULWLVK�(DVW�,QGLD�&RPSDQ\��FDPH�UHODWLYHO\�ODWH��6WDUWLQJ�ZLWK�3HQDQJ��LQ�0DOD\VLD��WKH�%ULWLVK�EHJDQ�WR�H[SDQG�WKHLU�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�HPSLUH��7KH\�DOVR�WHPSRUDULO\�FRQWUROOHG�'XWFK�WHUULWRULHV��,Q��6WDPIRUG�5DIÀHV�HVWDEOLVKHG�6LQJDSRUH��It was a very important trading post for Britain in order to compete with the Dutch.

%\��

x� 7KH�%ULWLVK�RFFXSLHG�0\DQPDU��0DOD\D�DQG�WKH�%RUQHR�WHUULWRULHV

x� 7KH�)UHQFK�FRQWUROOHG�,QGRFKLQD��9LHWQDP��&DPERGLD�DQG�/DRV�

x� 7KH�'XWFK�UXOHG�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV�(DVW�,QGLHV�

x� 7KH�86$�FDSWXUHG�WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV�IURP�6SDLQ�

x� 3RUWXJDO�VWLOO�PDQDJHG�WR�KROG�RQWR�3RUWXJXHVH�7LPRU

During the period of New Imperialism, nearly all Southeast Asian territories were conquered by

WKH�FRORQLDO�SRZHUV��2QO\�7KDLODQG�HVFDSHG�IRUHLJQ�UXOH��DOWKRXJK�LW�ZDV�DOVR�JUHDWO\�DIIHFWHG�E\�the power politics of the western powers.

The Japanese'XULQJ�:RUOG�:DU�7ZR��WKH�PLOLWDU\�OHDGHUV�of Japan wanted Southeast Asia’s rich natural

UHVRXUFHV��:LWKLQ�VL[�PRQWKV��WKH�-DSDQHVH�WRRN�RYHU�DOO�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��$W�¿UVW��PDQ\�people in Southeast Asia welcomed Japanese

rule – they believed the Japanese slogan ‘Asia

IRU�WKH�$VLDQV¶��7KH\�WKRXJKW�WKH�-DSDQHVH�would be better for Southeast Asian people. But

unfortunately the Japanese were as bad as the

European colonisers.

When Japan surrendered�LQ��WKH�SHRSOH�in Southeast Asia did not want to return

to colonialism. Some countries achieved

LQGHSHQGHQFH�ZLWK�OLWWOH�¿JKWLQJ��2WKHU�FRXQWULHV�fought many long, hard battles for independence.

48

Skills: Processing information

Free Writing

A. Why was Japan interested in Southeast Asian countries?B.�:K\�GLG�PDQ\�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQV�ZHOFRPH�WKH�-DSDQHVH�DW�¿UVW"C. What was an important issue for many Southeast Asian nations after Japan

surrendered in 1945?D. Look at the poster on the previous page. If you were an Asian under European rule,

how would it make your feel? Write a slogan in English for the poster.

Write about the two stages of colonialism you’ve learned about. Think about the following questions:

How did colonialism start? +RZ�GLG�WKH�¿UVW�VWDJH�FDXVH�WKH�QH[W"How did Europeans manage to get control of Southeast Asian nations?

3.4 IMPACT OF COLONIAL RULE

KEY WORDSartisan (n) – a specialist in a craft career (n) – a work or profession that you develop throughout your lifecash crop (n) – a crop (rice, coffee, pineapples, opium etc.) that people grow to sell for moneycontribute (v) – to help, to give something for some causedecline (v) – go down, become less or worsediscourage (v) – to say or do things that will make others work less hardfamine (n) – hunger, when there is no food in a whole area for many people for a long timeimpact (n) – LQÀXHQFH��UHVXOW��HIIHFWin full swing – going fully, activeSUR¿WDEOH�(adj.) – brings moneystructure (n) – order, the way something is organised, the way something workswidespread (adj) – common, happens often, can be found everywhere

What is colonialism? What do you know about it?

A.�+RZ�GLG�FRORQLDO�UXOH�LQÀXHQFH�WKH�OLIH�RI�SHRSOH�LQ�FRORQLVHG�FRXQWULHV"B. What different aspects of life were affected?

Economic impactIn Southeast Asia, colonial rule changed the local economy. In Java, Malaya, and Indochina,

Europeans set up plantations to produce cash crops IRU�H[SRUW��%HFDXVH�RI�WKLV��HFRQRPLHV�RI�these areas became dependent on European markets.

(XURSHDQV�DOVR�VROG�IDFWRU\�PDGH�JRRGV�WR�WKHLU�FRORQLHV��7KH\�VROG�FORWK��WRROV��DQG�RWKHU�SURGXFWV�FKHDSO\��7KLV�ZDV�EDG�IRU�ORFDO�FUDIWV��/RFDO�artisans�FRXOG�QRW�FRPSHWH�ZLWK�IDFWRU\�made goods and were forced out of business. As a result, the economies of Southeast Asia

became dependent on the industrialised nations for manufactured goods.

Brainstorm

Discussion

Exercise

Skills: Prioritising

Group work Outline the most important points of the economic impact of colonial rule.

49

What social impact did colonialism have on the colonised countries? What about political impact?

Brainstorm

Social and political impactIn many colonies, the European rulers replaced the local government. In

VRPH�FRXQWULHV��OLNH�(DVW�7LPRU��WKH�FRORQLDO�UXOHUV�XVHG�WKH�ORFDO�OHDGHUV�WR�JRYHUQ�WKH�SODFH��7KLV�PHDQW�WKDW�WKH�EDVLF�structure of the local

society did not get destroyed. It also meant that during the struggle for

independence, the people were better prepared to successfully organise

their own leadership.

In other places, like in India, the local system of government was

UHSODFHG�E\�%ULWLVK�RI¿FLDOV��,QGLDQ�SHRSOH�ZHUH�QRW�DOORZHG�WR�EHFRPH�RI¿FLDOV�DQG�SDUWLFLSDWH�LQ�WKHLU�RZQ�JRYHUQPHQW��7KH�FHQWXU\�ROG�local social and political systems were destroyed and people could not

practice taking responsibility for their own country.

Foreign rulers built modern transportation systems to make their

colonies SUR¿WDEOH��7KH\�DOVR�EXLOW�VFKRROV�DQG�XQLYHUVLWLHV�WR�WUDLQ�local people for careers such as administration, teaching, and medicine.

Education had results that colonial rulers didn’t think about. It

created and educated a middle class and contributed to the growth of

nationalism.

A very important result of colonialism was the establishment of borders.

Before the Europeans arrived in Southeast Asia and began controlling

territories, there were no formal borders between different countries.

&RXQWU\�ERUGHUV�ZHUH�YHU\�LQIRUPDO�DQG�XVXDOO\�FKDQJHG�JUDGXDOO\��7KH�GLIIHUHQW�FRXQWULHV�ZHUH�RIWHQ�GLYLGHG�E\�ULYHUV�RU�PRXQWDLQ�UDQJHV��People could move freely from one area to another, if they wanted.

Many minority peoples and hill tribes lived in the mountains between

FRXQWULHV��7KH\�ZHUH�QRW�UHDOO\�FRQWUROOHG�E\�WKH�JRYHUQPHQWV�RI�DQ\�particular country.


using a table

Group work

Economic Impact Political Impact Social Impact

A. What were the two different styles of colonial governments?B. What do you think were some of the results of the new European borders in

Southeast Asia?C. What were the economic impact, the social impact, and the political impact of

colonialism? Put your answers in this chart.

50

A. By the mid 1800s, what kinds of goods did India mostly import? B. What goods did India export (sell to other countries) at that time?C. How did this affect the traditional Indian economy?D. Read the following four outlines. Choose the best outline for the text above:

Skills: Summarising

Exercise

Skills: Reading IRU�VSHFL¿F�information

Group work

%\�WKH�PLG��V��WKH�,QGXVWULDO�5HYROXWLRQ�ZDV�in full swing in Britain. British factory owners

VDZ�,QGLD�DV�D�PDUNHW�IRU�WKHLU�JRRGV��7KH\�discouraged�ORFDO�,QGLDQ�LQGXVWULHV��7KH\�DOVR�SXVKHG�IRU�ODZV�WR�OLPLW�%ULWLVK�LPSRUWV�RI�,QGLDQ�PDGH�JRRGV��$V�D�UHVXOW��,QGLDQ�LQGXVWULHV�declined��ORFDOO\�PDGH�JRRGV�GLVDSSHDUHG��DQG�,QGLDQV�KDG�WR�EX\�%ULWLVK�PDGH�SURGXFWV�LQVWHDG�

7R�SD\�IRU�%ULWLVK�LPSRUWV��,QGLDQV�KDG�WR�UDLVH�FDVK�FURSV�VXFK�DV�WHD��SHSSHU��FRIIHH��DQG�FRWWRQ��As Indian farmers grew less food, famines became frequent and widespread.

7KHVH�FKDQJHV�KHOSHG�WR�GHVWUR\�WKH�WUDGLWLRQDO�,QGLDQ�HFRQRP\�DQG�WLH�,QGLD�HFRQRPLFDOO\�WR�Britain.

x� %\�WKH�PLG��V�,QGLD�QHHGHG�PRUH�PDUNHWV�IRU�WKHLU�PDQXIDFWXUHG�JRRGV�x� Britain was forced to buy these goods.

x� 7KLV�GLVFRXUDJHG�%ULWLVK�LQGXVWULHV�x� %ULWDLQ�JUHZ�PRUH�FDVK�FURSV�DQG�OHVV�IRRG�IRU�LWV�SHRSOH�x� As a result, Britain became economically dependent on India.

x� Famines became frequent and India became economically dependent on Britain.

x� India was forced to buy these goods.

x� ,QGLD�JUHZ�PRUH�FDVK�FURSV�IRU�H[SRUW�DQG�OHVV�IRRG�IRU�LWV�SHRSOH�x� Britain needed a market for their manufactured goods.


outlines

Exercise

1.

2.

Read the text about the social and political impact of colonialism again, carefully. Then, write a one or two sentence summary of each paragraph.

7KH�WH[W�EHORZ�WDONV�DERXW�WKH�LQÀXHQFH�RI�FRORQLDO�UXOH�RQ�,QGLD��:KLFK�DVSHFW�RI�OLIH�does it talk about: politics, society, economics, religion, or other?

x� Britain needed a market for its manufactured goods.

x� India was forced to buy these goods.

x� 7KLV�GLVFRXUDJHG�ORFDO�,QGLDQ�LQGXVWULHV�DQG�SXW�WKHP�RXW�RI�EXVLQHVV�x� ,QGLD�JUHZ�PRUH�FDVK�FURSV�IRU�H[SRUW�DQG�OHVV�IRRG�IRU�LWV�SHRSOH�x� As a result, famines became frequent and India became economically dependent on Britain.

x� %\�WKH�PLG��V��WKH�,QGXVWULDO�5HYROXWLRQ�ZDV�LQ�IXOO�VZLQJ�LQ�%ULWDLQ��x� British factory owners saw India as a market for their goods.

x� 7KH\�GLVFRXUDJHG�ORFDO�,QGLDQ�LQGXVWULHV��x� 7KH\�DOVR�SXVKHG�IRU�ODZV�WR�OLPLW�%ULWLVK�LPSRUWV�RI�,QGLDQ�PDGH�JRRGV��x� As a result, Indian industries declined, locally made goods disappeared, and Indians had to

EX\�H[SHQVLYH�%ULWLVK�PDGH�SURGXFWV�

3.

4.

51

Raina comes from a family of weavers. Her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother were all traditional weavers. They all supported their families by making beautiful traditional fabrics. Their family used to have a shop in the market where they sold their fabrics. The family was never rich, but they always had enough for their needs.

Raina learned the art of traditional weaving from her mother. Since the country has been FRORQLVHG�E\�%ULWDLQ�LW�KDV�EHFRPH�PRUH�DQG�PRUH�GLIÀFXOW�WR�PDNH�D�OLYLQJ�ZLWK�WUDGLWLRQDO�crafts. Ships arrive regularly with cheap fabrics made in Britain. These fabrics are cheap because they are made using machines. It is very easy to make a lot of fabric with the same design. This makes the price very low compared with the hand-made fabrics of excellent quality that women like Raina can make. People choose the factory-made goods from Britain because they are cheaper. Now, Raina cannot make a living using her skills any more. She had to close her shop and go to work as a maid for a rich family in town. She cannot afford to send her children to school anymore. A lot of traditional weavers and other crafts people have lost their business because of the cheap factory-made goods from Britain.

Case study

Skills: Applying information,

decision making

Discussion A. What is this story about?B. What impact of colonialism is described here?C. What other aspects of life would also be affected? (What are the political/social/

economic impacts?)D. Is it better to make things by hand or in a factory?

In this activity you will act out an interview with a partner.

One of you will be Raina and the other will be a journalist. To prepare, the journalist should make a list of questions he or she wants to ask Raina about her life. Raina should prepare by making notes about the most important points in her life from the text above.

Skills: Roleplay, making questions,

interview skills

Group work

3.5 GROWING NATIONALISM & INDEPENDENCE

KEY WORDSaffairs (n) – issuesoppressive (adj.) – strong, wants to control othersresist (v) – keep away, not give in to somethingretreat (v) – to pull back from, withdraw from or move away or backwards fromstress (v) – to emphasise or point out the importance of somethingtimber (n) – wood, after you cut it but before you make something with it

What is nationalism?What do you think this text is about?You have 5 minutes to write everything you can think of about nationalism.

Preview

Discussion Discuss what you wrote.

52

Skills: Expressing an opinion, organising information

Discussion A. What did the nationalists of the 1900s want?B. Why do you think the people in the colonies wanted to get independence? List

some reasons. How many reasons can you name? Organise your reasons into some categories such as social, religious, cultural, political, environmental, etc.

C. Look at the Japanese war poster to the right. If you were an Asian in a European colony, how might it make you feel? How is it different from the poster on page 47?

%\�WKH�HDUO\��V��QDWLRQDOLVW�PRYHPHQWV�ZHUH�GHYHORSLQJ�throughout Southeast Asia. Nationalists took pride in the

history and traditions of their people. Everywhere, they

organised forces to win independence.

During WWII, Japan conquered most of Southeast Asia.

$W�¿UVW��VRPH�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�QDWLRQDOLVWV�ZHOFRPHG�WKH�-DSDQHVH��7KH\�ZHUH�JODG�WR�VHH�WKH�)UHQFK��%ULWLVK��DQG�Dutch forced to retreat.��7KH�-DSDQHVH�WULHG�WR�HQFRXUDJH�ORFDO�VXSSRUW��7KH\�stressed the need for cooperation

among Asian peoples. In Buddhist countries, they stressed

their shared religion.

Japanese troops, however, tortured and killed people who

were against them. Nationalists who had opposed the

(XURSHDQ�FRORQLDO�SRZHUV�VRRQ�VZLWFKHG�WR�¿JKWLQJ�WKH�-DSDQHVH��7KH�$OOLHV�VHQW�DUPV�WR�ORFDO�JURXSV�WKDW�resisted WKH�-DSDQHVH��$V�D�UHVXOW��E\��PDQ\�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQV�ZHUH�ZHOO�DUPHG��H[SHULHQFHG�JXHUULOOD�¿JKWHUV�

Read the following story about the small country of Zembla. Zembla is an imaginary country – it doesn’t really exist.

For the past hundred years, Zembla has been a colony of one of the powerful European nations. The colonial rule has never been very oppressive – the colony is governed through local leadership systems. Zemblans have control over their internal affairs – such as education and religion.Zembla is rich in timber and has traditionally grown enough rice for its own people and also for export. Zembla doesn’t have much oil or gas resources.

Case study

For centuries, Zemblan artisans have PDGH�YHU\�ÀQH�FRWWRQ�FORWK��WKH�EHVW�in the region, and also very special porcelain that is famous around the world. However, lately there have been more and more cheap products from Europe around, so local crafts have been forced out of business. Also, large areas in Zembla are used for banana and coconut plantations. The fruit is grown to be sold overseas. Poor people have to work on these plantations to make some money and they can’t grow rice for themselves.

53

A. What do you know about events in the world during these years?B. What about in Southeast Asia? In your country?C. What do you know about Vietnam during these years?D. Can you put some events on this timeline?

Before you read, look at this timeline:Skills: Timelines

Preview

1940 1945 1946 1954 1954 May October

Case study Nationalism in Vietnam

KEY WORDS

decisive (adj.)�±�GH¿QLWH��UHDG\�WR�PDNH�GHFLVLRQinvasion (n) – forceful entry into a new area; conquestpull out (v) - to remove or withdrawsiege (n) – when a city is completely surrounded by enemy army for a long timesovereignty (n) – not controlled by outside sources; the ability to govern one-selfsurrender (v) – to give up or accept defeat

Skills: Making presentations

Group work Imagine that you and your group are Zemblan nationalists. You are starting a Zembla Independence political party. You have to explain your position to the people and PDNH�DUJXPHQWV�IRU�¿JKWLQJ�IRU�LQGHSHQGHQFH��0DNH�VXUH�\RX�FRYHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�points in your presentation:

a. What is your party platform? This means, what is your objective, what are you trying to achieve?

b. What are the reasons for trying to get independence? Why does your party believe that Zembla should become independent?

c. Organise your arguments into a presentation.d. Explain your position to the people so that they will follow you.

Now give your presentation in front of the class.

Scan the story and list all the countries that were involved in the history of Vietnam between 1940 and 1954. Do you know what role they had?Skills: Scanning

Preview

Vietnam: Part One,Q��GXULQJ�:RUOG�:DU�,,��WKH�)UHQFK�JDYH�XS�FRQWURO�RI�9LHWQDP�WR�-DSDQ��+R�&KL�0LQK��WKH�9LHWQDPHVH�LQGHSHQGHQFH�OHDGHU��VDZ�D�FKDQFH�WR�IUHH�KLV�FRXQWU\��+H�FUHDWHG�WKH�/HDJXH�IRU�WKH�,QGHSHQGHQFH�RI�9LHWQDP��DOVR�FDOOHG�WKH�9LHWPLQK��7KH�9LHWPLQK�EHJDQ�¿JKWLQJ�WKH�-DSDQHVH�and successfully resisted the invasion��2Q��6HSWHPEHU��+R�&KL�0LQK�JDYH�D�VSHHFK�WKDW�announced his nation’s freedom.

54

Map 15: VietnamA. What organisation did Ho Chin Minh start?B. :K\�GLG�WKH�9LHWPLQK�VWDUW�¿JKWLQJ�DJDLQ�DIWHU�::,,"C. :K\�ZDV�LW�SDUWLFXODUO\�GLI¿FXOW�IRU�WKH�9LHWPLQK�WR�¿JKW�

the French?D. :K\�GLG�WKH�)UHQFK�¿QDOO\�OHDYH�9LHWQDP"

Skills: Reading for details DQG�VSHFL¿F�information

Exercise

Vietnam: Part Two

+R�&KL�0LQK�WKRXJKW�9LHWQDP�KDG�ZRQ�LWV�LQGHSHQGHQFH��%XW�LQ�2FWREHU��WKH�86$�DQG�RWKHU�QDWLRQV�GHFLGHG�RQ�D�GLIIHUHQW�SODQ�IRU�9LHWQDP��7KH�*HQHYD�$FFRUGV�DJUHHPHQW�GLYLGHG�WKH�FRXQWU\�into two nations, North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Saigon became

WKH�FDSLWDO�RI�WKH�6RXWK��+DQRL�WKH�FDSLWDO�RI�WKH�1RUWK��+R�&KL�0LQK�EHFDPH�OHDGHU�RI�WKH�&RPPXQLVW�VXSSRUWHG�1RUWK�9LHWQDP��6RXWK�Vietnam was supported by capitalist nations.

7KH�86$�DQG�VRPH�RWKHU�(XURSHDQ�QDWLRQV�GLG�QRW�ZDQW�9LHWQDP�WR�EH�LQGHSHQGHQW�DQG�&RPPXQLVW��$IWHU�::,,��WKH�FDSLWDOLVW�FRXQWULHV�WULHG�WR�VWRS�WKH�VSUHDG�RI�&RPPXQLVP��7KH\�ZHUH�DIUDLG�WKDW�LI�9LHWQDP�EHFDPH�&RPPXQLVW��RWKHU�FRXQWULHV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�ZRXOG�DOVR�EHFRPH�&RPPXQLVW�

A. Did Vietnam become independent after 1954?B. What was the decision of the Geneva Accords?C. What was the difference between North Vietnam and South Vietnam?D. Why did the USA not want Vietnam to be Communist?

Exercise

A. Now, complete the timeline you looked at before reading the story.B. Describe the obstacles that Vietnam faced in its struggle for Independence.Skills: Timelines,

summarising

Group work

$IWHU�::,,��WKH�)UHQFK�ZDQWHG�WR�JHW�EDFN�WKHLU�FRQWURO�RI�9LHWQDP��,Q��+R�&KL�0LQK�DQG�WKH�9LHWPLQK�EHJDQ�WR�¿JKW�DJDLQVW�)UHQFK�IRUFHV�IRU�WKHLU�LQGHSHQGHQFH��)UDQFH�ZDV�VXSSRUWHG�ZLWK�PRQH\�DQG�KHOS�E\�WKH�86$��DQG�DOVR�E\�VRPH�9LHWQDPHVH��7KH�ZDU�FRQWLQXHG�IRU�\HDUV��)LQDOO\��LQ�0D\��D�decisive�HYHQW�WRRN�SODFH�DW�'LHQ�%LHQ�3KX��D�YLOODJH�LQ�QRUWK�ZHVW�9LHWQDP��7KHUH��RYHU��)UHQFK�VROGLHUV�surrendered�DIWHU�D��GD\�siege and France

decided to leave Vietnam.

Skills: Matching information

Exercise Match the date with the event:

1940

1945

1946

May

1954

Oct.

1954

Japan takes control of Vietnam from France

Ho Chi Minh proclaims independence for Vietnam

7KH�9LHWPLQK�EHJLQ�ÀJKWLQJ�WKH�)UHQFK

End of the Dien Bien Phu siege

Vietnam is divided into North and South

55

Vietnam: Part 3

,Q�WKH�HDUO\��V��WKH�86�EXLOW�XS�D�PLOLWDU\�SUHVHQFH�LQ�6RXWK�9LHWQDP��$W�WKH�VDPH�WLPH��WKH�6RYLHW�8QLRQ�ZDV�VXSSO\LQJ�WKH�1RUWK�9LHWQDPHVH�DUP\��$�JXHULOOD�ZDU�KDG�EHHQ�JRLQJ�RQ�IRU�\HDUV�LQ�6RXWK�9LHWQDP��,Q��WKH�86�ODXQFKHG�LWV�¿UVW�DWWDFN�RQ�1RUWK�9LHWQDP��

7KH�ZDU�VRRQ�VSUHDG�LQWR�QHLJKERXULQJ�/DRV�DQG�&DPERGLD��0LOOLRQV�RI�FLYLOLDQV�ZHUH�NLOOHG�LQ�ERWK�1RUWK�DQG�6RXWK�9LHWQDP��7KRXVDQGV�RI�$PHULFDQ�VROGLHUV�ZHUH�NLOOHG�WRR�DQG�WKH�86�began pulling out its troops.

7KH�3DULV�3HDFH�$FFRUGV�RQ�-DQXDU\��IRUPDOO\�UHFRJQLVHG�WKH�sovereignty of both

1RUWK�DQG�6RXWK�9LHWQDP��$PHULFDQ�FRPEDW�WURRSV�ZHUH�ZLWKGUDZQ�E\�0DUFK��/LPLWHG�¿JKWLQJ�FRQWLQXHG��EXW�DOO�PDMRU�¿JKWLQJ�HQGHG��7KHQ��LQ��WKH�1RUWK�RQFH�DJDLQ�LQYDGHG�DQG�RYHUSRZHUHG�WKH�6RXWK��7KH�FRXQWU\�ZDV�UHXQL¿HG�XQGHU�WKH�FRPPXQLVW�UXOH�DV�WKH�Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

3.6 CHALLENGES FOR NEW NATIONS

After winning independence from the colonisers, the new nations of Southeast Asia faced

PDQ\�FKDOOHQJHV��8QGHU�FRORQLDO�UXOH��WKH\�KDG�OLWWOH�H[SHULHQFH�RI�VHOI�JRYHUQPHQW��$IWHU�LQGHSHQGHQFH��OHDGHUV�KDG�WR�RUJDQLVH�GLYHUVH�FXOWXUDO�DQG�HWKQLF�JURXSV�LQWR�XQL¿HG�QDWLRQV��Almost all of these new nations faced severe economic problems. Many Southeast Asian nations

have not been able to achieve political stability since independence. Some escaped European

colonialists only to fall under the political control of more powerful Asian neighbours. Most new

states in Southeast Asia fought civil wars for years after independence. In some countries the

wars still haven’t stopped.

Discussion

Preview

A. What challenges did the new nations in Southeast Asia face?B. Can you think of some examples of newly independent nations in Asia that

H[SHULHQFHG�DQ\�RI�WKH�GLI¿FXOWLHV�PHQWLRQHG�DERYH"C.�:KDW�NLQGV�RI�GLI¿FXOWLHV�GLG�WKH\�H[SHULHQFH"

The next text gives the background to East Timor’s struggle for independence. These SDUDJUDSKV�GH¿QH�WKH�FRQÀLFW�RI�(DVW�7LPRU��5HDG�WKH�WH[W�DQG�GHFLGH��ZKDW�LV�WKH�FRQÀLFW"

Skills: Scanning, reading

IRU�VSHFL¿F�information, using

a chart

Group work A.��6FDQ�WKH�WH[W�DERXW�(DVW�7LPRU�DQG�¿QG�DOO�WKH�SDUWLFLSDQWV�LQ�WKLV�FRQÀLFW�B. In your group, identify what the participants wanted and why they wanted it.

Put the information your group collected into this chart:

Who What they wanted Why they wanted it

Skills: Summarizing

Exercise Add new information from the text above to your timeline, then write a summary for this section, using only the most important points to tell the history of modern Vietnam in your own words.

56

KEY WORDSabdicate (v) – to step down from a position of authority or give up power, especially when royalty gives up their throneassert (v) – to strongly defend or insistcommando (n) – a member of a military unit trained for guerilla attacksoccupy (v) – to seize control of a place and live thererepressive (adj) – to restrict the actions of others, sometimes forcibly

The story of East Timor

:KHQ�WKH�'XWFK�OHIW�,QGRQHVLD��WKH�ZHVWHUQ�SDUW�RI�WKH�LVODQG�RI�7LPRU�ZDV�JLYHQ�WR�,QGRQHVLD��+RZHYHU��(DVW�7LPRU��LQ�WKH�HDVWHUQ�SDUW�RI�WKH�LVODQG��ZDV�D�3RUWXJXHVH�FRORQ\��

7KH�FRORQLDO�H[SHULHQFH�RI�(DVW�7LPRU�ZDV�GLIIHUHQW�IURP�WKH�UHVW�RI�,QGRQHVLD��7KH�3RUWXJXHVH�were not very repressive�UXOHUV��7KH\�GLG�QRW�UHSODFH�ORFDO�LQVWLWXWLRQV�RI�SRZHU�ZLWK�WKHLU�RZQ��,QVWHDG��WKH\�XVHG�ORFDO�ODZV�DQG�UXOHUV�DV�PXFK�DV�SRVVLEOH��$V�D�UHVXOW��(DVW�7LPRU¶V�WUDGLWLRQDO�social structures were largely left unharmed.

%\�WKH�PLG��V��FRORQLDOLVP�EHFDPH�XQSRSXODU�LQ�3RUWXJDO��7KH�QHZ�JRYHUQPHQW�RI�3RUWXJDO�ZDQWHG�WR�JHW�ULG�RI�(DVW�7LPRU��7KH\�ZDQWHG�(DVW�7LPRU�WR�EH�SHDFHIXOO\ integrated with

,QGRQHVLD��7KH\�GLG�QRW�ZDQW�WR�WDNH�UHVSRQVLELOLW\�IRU�ZKDW�KDSSHQHG�LQ�(DVW�7LPRU�

7KH�(DVW�7LPRUHVH�GLG�QRW�OLNH�WKLV�GHFLVLRQ��%HFDXVH�RI�WKHLU�GLIIHUHQW�FRORQLDO�H[SHULHQFHV��WKH�SHRSOH�RI�(DVW�7LPRU�KDG�QRWKLQJ�LQ�FRPPRQ�ZLWK�WKH�UHVW�RI�,QGRQHVLD��7KH�(DVW�7LPRUHVH�ZHUH�PRVWO\�&DWKROLF��ZKLOH�WKH�PDMRULW\�RI�,QGRQHVLDQV�ZHUH�0XVOLP��,Q�WKH��V��,QGRQHVLDQ�DXWKRULWLHV�DQG�WKH�PLOLWDU\�WUHDWHG�WKH�PLQRULWLHV�LQ�ZHVW�3DSXD�EDGO\��3HRSOH�LQ�(DVW�7LPRU�NQHZ�DERXW�WKLV��7KH�(DVW�7LPRUHVH�GLG�QRW�ZDQW�WR�LQWHJUDWH�ZLWK�,QGRQHVLD�

7KH�,QGRQHVLDQ�JRYHUQPHQW�OLNHG�WKH�LGHD�RI�3RUWXJDO�OHDYLQJ�(DVW�7LPRU��EXW�WKH\�GLG�QRW�ZDQW�(DVW�7LPRU�WR�EHFRPH�DQ�LQGHSHQGHQW�FRXQWU\��7KH�JRYHUQPHQW�LQ�-DNDUWD�GLG�QRW�ZDQW�WR�JLYH�WKH�UHVW�RI�WKH�SURYLQFHV�LQ�HDVW�,QGRQHVLD�DQ�H[DPSOH�RI�LQGHSHQGHQFH��%HVLGHV��(DVW�7LPRU�ZDV�relatively rich in resources that Indonesia wanted.

Map 16: East TimorDo you know what happened next?

The beginning of the struggle

,Q��µ2SHUDWLRQ�.RPRGR¶�EHJDQ��D�ODQG��VHD�DQG�DLU�DWWDFN�RI�(DVW�7LPRU�E\�,QGRQHVLDQ�commandos. Meanwhile, the

small but determined political

SDUWLHV�LQ�(DVW�7LPRU�MRLQHG�WRJHWKHU�WR�RSSRVH�,QGRQHVLD��7KH�OHDGLQJ�SDUW\�LQ�WKLV�¿JKW�ZDV�named Fretilin.

Preview

57

Laos

/DRV�ZDV�FRQWUROOHG�E\�6LDP��7KDLODQG��LQ�WKH��th�DQG��th�FHQWXULHV��$W�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH��th

century, Siam handed it over to France. During World War II the country was occupied by

-DSDQ��/DRV�GHFODUHG�LWV�LQGHSHQGHQFH�LQ��EXW�WKH�)UHQFK�UH�asserted their control. In

��/DRV�ZDV�JUDQWHG�VHPL�DXWRQRP\�DV�DQ�³DVVRFLDWHG�VWDWH´�ZLWKLQ�WKH�)UHQFK�8QLRQ��7KH�)UHQFK�UHPDLQHG�LQ�FRQWURO�XQWLO��ZKHQ�/DRV�JDLQHG�IXOO�LQGHSHQGHQFH�DV�D�FRQVWLWXWLRQDO�monarchy.

'XULQJ�WKH�9LHWQDP�:DU�D�FLYLO�ZDU�VWDUWHG�LQ�/DRV��7KH�1RUWK�9LHWQDPHVH�DUP\�VXSSRUWHG�WKH�3DWKHW�/DR�LQVXUJHQF\��7KH�1RUWK�9LHWQDPHVH�$UP\�LQYDGHG�DQG�RFFXSLHG�SRUWLRQV�RI�HDVWHUQ�/DRV��7KH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�ERPEHG�/DRV�LQ�RUGHU�WR�WU\�WR�GHVWUR\�1RUWK�9LHWQDPHVH�EDVHV�LQ�/DRV�

,Q��WKH�1RUWK�9LHWQDPHVH�$UP\�DWWDFNHG�WKH�5R\DO�/DR�$UP\��7KH�ZDU�FRQWLQXHG�IRU�PDQ\�\HDUV��,Q��WKH�FRPPXQLVW�3DWKHW�/DR�RYHUWKUHZ�WKH�UR\DOLVW�JRYHUQPHQW��7KH\�ZHUH�KHOSHG�E\�WKH�6RYLHW�8QLRQ�DQG�WKH�1RUWK�9LHWQDPHVH�$UP\��.LQJ�6DYDQJ�9DWWKDQD�abdicated��7KH�3DWKHW�/DR�JRYHUQPHQW�VLJQHG�DJUHHPHQWV�WKDW�JDYH�9LHWQDP�WKH�ULJKW�WR�VHQG�PLOLWDU\�IRUFHV�DQG�WR�DSSRLQW�DGYLVRUV�WR�KHOS�LQ�RYHUVHHLQJ�WKH�FRXQWU\��&RQWURO�E\�9LHWQDP�ZDV�VORZO\�UHSODFHG�E\�D�UHOD[DWLRQ�RI�HFRQRPLF�UHVWULFWLRQV�LQ�WKH��V�DQG�DGPLVVLRQ�LQWR�$6($1�LQ��

A. Which countries have controlled Laos throughout its history?

B. How did the Vietnam War affect Laos?

A. Was Laos at war with the US?B. Why did the Soviet Union and the

North Vietnamese Army support the communist Pathet Lao?

A. Which of the challenges described on page 55 did Laos face?

B. Which of the challenges described on page 55 did East Timor face?

Exercise

Skills: Giving reasons

Discussion

Map 17: Laos


Exercise

Free Writing

Spend up to 15-20 minutes writing about how your country freed itself from colonialisation. What challenges did your country face then? What challenges does your country face now?

If you don’t want to write about your own country, pick any country in Southeast Asia to write about.

3.7 REVIEW

Comprehension Answer the following questions without looking at your book:

1. What were the two major trade routes through Southeast Asia?2. Before the arrival of the European colonialists, who travelled through Southeast Asia?3. What was the most important item of trade for Europeans?4. Why did nationalism start in Southeast Asia?5. What did the early nationalists want?

58

��:KR�¿UVW�FRORQLVHG�9LHWQDP"�:KR�FRORQLVHG�9LHWQDP�QH[W"7. What happened to Vietnam after WWII?��:KR�¿UVW�FRORQLVHG�(DVW�7LPRU"�:KR�FRORQLVHG�(DVW�7LPRU�QH[W"


1. Why was the spice trade so important for Europeans?2. What were some advantages and disadvantages of living on the Straits of Malacca in ancient

times?��'HVFULEH�WKH�¿UVW�VWDJH�RI�WKH�(XURSHDQ�H[SDQVLRQ�LQWR�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�4. Describe the second stage of the European expansion into Southeast Asia.5. Why did many Southeast Asians welcome Japanese imperialism during World War II?6. Describe the economic, social, and political impacts of colonial rule on Southeast Asia.7. Describe the two different styles of colonial rule.��+RZ�GLG�9LHWQDP�¿QDOO\�JDLQ�LQGHSHQGHQFH"��'HVFULEH�DW�OHDVW�¿YH�FKDOOHQJHV�WKDW�QHZ�QDWLRQV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�RIWHQ�IDFHG�DIWHU�JDLQLQJ�

independence.

'H¿QLWLRQV :ULWH�D�GH¿QLWLRQ�LQ�\RXU�RZQ�ZRUGV�IRU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�WHUPV�

1. Conquest and settlement2. Colonialism

��6HOI�VXI¿FLHQW4. Nationalist

Explaining

Reasons for Independence

Political Social Economic

1.

��3.

1.

��3

1.

��3.

Explain, in your own words, why many people in Southeast Asia wanted LQGHSHQGHQFH�IURP�WKHLU�FRORQLVHUV�E\�¿OO�LQ�WKH�IROORZLQJ�WDEOH�

Explaining Write a description for each picture which explains the second phase of European colonialism in Southeast Asia

1 2

3

45

6

7

5. Example: European colonies produce raw materials.

59

4. Modern Southeast Asia


��DERXW�WKH�$VVRFLDWLRQ�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�QDWLRQV��KRZ�LW�VWDUWHG� DQG�WKH�FKDOOHQJHV�LW�IDFHV�WRGD\��WKH�UROH�RI�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD�LQ�PRGHUQ�GD\�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��UHFHQW�SROLWLFDO�FKDQJH�LQ�,QGRQHVLD��(DVW�7LPRU��7KDLODQG�DQG� &DPERGLD


��GHVFULEH�WKH�PDLQ�JRDOV�DQG�DFWLYLWLHV�RI�$6($1��LGHQWLI\�VRPH�VWUHQJWKV�DQG�ZHDNQHVVHV�RI�$6($1��LGHQWLI\�VRPH�VLPLODULWLHV�DQG�GLIIHUHQFHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�� HFRQRPLHV�RI�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD��GHVFULEH�WKH�SROLWLFDO�DQG�HFRQRPLF�UHODWLRQVKLSV�EHWZHHQ�,QGLD� DQG�&KLQD�DQG�RWKHU�FRXQWULHV�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��LGHQWLI\�WKH�NH\�IDFWRUV�ZKLFK�OHDG�WR�6XKDUWR¶V�GRZQIDOO�LQ�� ,QGRQHVLD��GHVFULEH�KRZ�(DVW�7LPRU�UHVSRQGHG�WR�LW¶V�SRVW�FRORQLDO�� FKDOOHQJHV��DQDO\VH�UHFHQW�SROLWLFDO�HYHQWV�LQ�7KDLODQG��GHVFULEH�WKH�FRQVHTXHQFHV�RI�&DPERGLD¶V�FLYLO�ZDU

60

4.1 THE ASSOCIATION FOR SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

Exercise

ASEAN General Knowledge Quiz

a. +RZ�PDQ\�FRXQWULHV�MRLQHG�ZKHQ�$6($1�ZDV�¿UVW�IRUPHG"�&DQ�\RX�QDPH�them?

b.� ,I�\RX�WRRN�DQ�DLUSODQH�IURP�6UL�/DQND�WR�+RQJ�.RQJ�\RX�ZRXOG�SDVV�RYHU�¿YH�countries. Name any two.

c. 7UXH�RU�)DOVH��$6($1�PHPEHUV�DUH�DOO�GHPRFUDWLF�JRYHUQPHQWV�d. Which of the following countries is a member of ASEAN?

� � D��&KLQD�� E��,QGLD�� F��-DSDQ"e. 7UXH�RU�)DOVH��VRPH�$6($1�PHPEHUV�KDYH�PRUH�SRZHU�RYHU�JURXS�GHFLVLRQV�

than others.

f. What are some of ASEAN’s main objectives?

g. ��:KLFK�$6($1�PHPEHUV�KDYH�KDG�FLYLO�FRQÀLFW�LQ�WKH�SDVW�WHQ�\HDUV"h. Which ASEAN members have had economic problems in the past ten years?

i. :KLFK�QDWLRQ�KRVWHG�WKH�6RXWKHDVW�$VLDQ�JDPHV�LQ��"

Test your basic knowledge about Southeast Asia by taking this short quiz. Don’t worry if you don’t have all the answers now. You’ll learn more soon.

KEY WORDSalliance (n) – the joining of two or more groups in order achieve an objective togetherdeclaration (n) – a statement or an announcementinitiative (n) –��WKH�¿UVW�VWHS�LQ�D�SURFHVVnuclear (adj) – a chemical reaction which can produce highly destructive power, e.g. for nuclear weaponshaze pollution (n) – impure air caused by too much smoke, dust or other dry particle, usually � FDXVHG�E\�WUDI¿F��LQGXVWU\�RU�¿UHV�

ASEAN: Background

,Q��WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV��0DOD\VLD�DQG�7KDLODQG�MRLQHG�WRJHWKHU�in an alliance called the Association of South East Asia (ASA).

7KH�$6$�EHFDPH�D�SODWIRUP�IRU�WKH�%DQJNRN�Declaration, an

DJUHHPHQW�VLJQHG�E\�¿YH�FRXQWULHV��,QGRQHVLD��0DOD\VLD��WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV��6LQJDSRUH�DQG�7KDLODQG��$6($1�FDPH�IURP�WKH�JHR�SROLWLFDO�DQG�HFRQRPLF�DUUDQJHPHQWV�VHW�RXW�LQ�WKH�%DQJ�NRN�'HFODUDWLRQ��,Q��%UXQHL�'DUXVVDODP�MRLQHG�WKH�JURXS��9LHWQDP�EHFDPH�WKH�VHYHQWK�PHPEHU�LQ��IROORZHG�E\�/DRV�DQG�0\DQPDU��&DPERGLD�MRLQHG�$6($1�DIWHU�UHVROYLQJ�LWV�RZQ�SROLWLFDO�VWUXJJOHV�LQ��

A. Why do you think the ASEAN was started?B. What issues do you think it would be involved in?C. What do you think are the successes or problems might be of an organisation of countries working together like this?

Skills: Prediction

Discussion

61

A. What kind of agreement was the Bangkok Declaration?B. Who were the members of ASEAN in 1999?

ASEAN: Objectives

,Q�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ��$6($1�KDG�IRXU�PDLQ�REMHFWLYHV��WR�LQFUHDVH�HFRQRPLF�JURZWK��HQFRXUDJH�social progress, develop local culture, and protect peace and stability in the region.

,Q��WKHUH�ZDV�D�¿QDQFLDO�FULVLV�LQ�$VLD��$6($1�PHPEHUV�PHW�WR�GLVFXVV�WKHLU�HFRQRPLF�REMHFWLYHV�LQ�&KLDQJ�0DL��7KH\�GHFLGHG�WR�LQWHJUDWH�WKH�VPDOOHU�$6($1�HFRQRPLHV�ZLWK�WKH�ODUJHU�HFRQRPLHV�LQ�WKH�UHJLRQ�VXFK�DV�&KLQD��-DSDQ�DQG�6RXWK�.RUHD��

In order to preserve peace and stability, ASEAN members signed the Southeast Asian Nuclear-:HDSRQ�)UHH�=RQH�7UHDW\�LQ��7KH�WUHDW\�DLPV�WR�ULG�WKH�UHJLRQ�RI�QXFOHDU�ZHDSRQV�

,Q��$6($1�PHPEHUV�UHFRJQLVHG�WKDW�GHPRFUDF\�ZDV�D�NH\�HOHPHQW�WR�UHJLRQDO�VWDELOLW\�E\�VLJQLQJ�WKH�%DOL�&RQFRUG�,,��7KH�&RQFRUG�VWDWHV�WKDW�DOO�$6($1�PHPEHUV�EHOLHYH�LQ�WKH�GHPRFUDWLF�SURFHVV��1RQ�GHPRFUDWLF�PHPEHUV�DOO�DJUHHG�WKDW�PHPEHUV�VKRXOG�WU\�WR�DFKLHYH�democratic processes.

,Q�WKH��st century, ASEAN added the protection of the environment to their list of objectives. In

order to reduce haze pollution in Southeast Asia, members signed the ASEAN Agreement on

7UDQV�ERXQGDU\�+D]H�3ROOXWLRQ�LQ��8QIRUWXQDWHO\�WKH�initiative was not successful and haze

has continued to be a large problem.


Exercise

Using both of the texts about ASEAN, explain in your own words what important events happened in Southeast Asia on each of the following dates:

a) 1967b) 1984c) 1997d) 2002e) 2003


restating information

Exercise

Complete the mind map below with the information from the text about the activities of ASEAN and add more ideas of your own on what kinds of issues ASEAN would or should be involved in.

ASEAN

Peace & Stability Cultural Development

Economic Growth

trust building

peaceful discussion

better integration

Skills: Mind-mapping

Groupwork

62

ASEAN: Challenges

Many ASEAN members gained independence fairly recently and began the process of nation

building. Since many ASEAN members are also quite small in size, this can lead to a sense of

vulnerability among members.

When countries join together to achieve common objectives, they often have to compromise

LQ�RUGHU�WR�FRPH�WR�DQ�DJUHHPHQW��&RPSURPLVH�PHDQV�VRPHWLPHV�JLYLQJ�XS�ZKDW�\RX�ZDQW�RU�some power that you have. Smaller countries may be fearful of the larger countries, and may not

want to give up power to them.

�,Q�RUGHU�WR�ZRUN�WRJHWKHU��WKHUHIRUH��$6($1�PHPEHUV�KDYH�DJUHHG�WR�SULQFLSOHV�RI�QRQ�inter-ference, consensus��QRQ�XVH�RI�IRUFH��DQG�QRQ�confrontation��7KH�SULQFLSOH�RI�FRQVHQVXV�PHDQV�that every member of the organisation has the right to veto a decision. Every member must agree

EHIRUH�DQ\�GHFLVLRQ�LV�PDGH��1RQ�LQWHUIHUHQFH�PHDQV�WKDW�QR�FRXQWU\�ZLOO�JHW�LQYROYHG�ZLWK�another country’s problems unless they are asked to help by that country.

&ULWLFV�RI�$6($1�VD\�WKDW�FRQVHQVXV�DPRQJ�VR�PDQ\�LQGHSHQGHQW�QDWLRQV�LV�WRR�GLI¿FXOW�WR�PDLQWDLQ�DQG�ZLOO�LQWHUIHUH�ZLWK�WKH�JURXS¶V�DELOLW\�WR�PDNH�GHFLVLRQV��7KH\�VD\�WKDW�FRQVHQVXV�ZHDNHQV�$6($1�DQG�LWV�LPDJH��7KH�SULQFLSOH�RI�QRQ�LQWHUIHUHQFH�KDV�PDNH�$6($1�LQFDSDEOH�of dealing with big problems such as haze pollution in Indonesia and Malaysia. In these

situations, many say countries should intervene.

KEY WORDSconfrontation (n) – a hostile face to face disagreementconsensus (n) – general agreementto intervene (v) – to enter into a situation to change its course or resolve itinterference (n) – unwanted involvement in the affairs of others vulnerability (n) – a feeling of weakness or of being open to attack

A. :K\�LV�LW�GLI¿FXOW�IRU�GLIIHUHQW�QDWLRQV�WR�ZRUN�WRJHWKHU"B. Describe in your own words how ASEAN members make decisions.C. What are two advantages of non-interference, consensus and non-confrontation?

What are two disadvantages?

Using the text, what is another way to say the following:

a) compromiseb) consensusc) non-interference


Exercise

Skills: Making GH¿QLWLRQV

Exercise

Skills: Creating cartoons

Exercise In 2009, Thailand’s Department of ASEAN Affairs created a cartoon book to teach children about ASEAN’s history, goals and activities. The car-toon is about an alien who makes ten friends, one from each ASEAN member country.

Draw a cartoon to illustrate what you have learned so far about ASEAN.

63

4.2 MODERN DAY INDIA AND CHINA

KEY WORDS

condemn (v) – to criticise, blame or express strong disapprovalto impose (v) – to make somebody or something accept a rule or a statusinvestment (n) ±�VSHQGLQJ�PRQH\�WR�EULQJ�SUR¿W�RU�IRU�LQFRPHmilitant (n) – a person who acts aggressively or violently to support a political or social causepartition (n) – the process of dividing a region into partsreform (n) – improvements made by removing problems or weaknessesrival (n) – an enemy or opponentsanction (n) – penalty, pressure or punishment (of/on a country) for breaking an international law

Brainstorm What do you know about recent issues and events in China and India?

Read through the following outline of the most recent events in India and match the titles below to the appropriate section of the outline.Skills: Matching

titles and information

Exercise

A. Economic Development

B. Resources

C. 3HDFH�DQG�&RQÁLFW

D. Nuclear Activity

:KHQ�,QGLD�JDLQHG�LQGHSHQGHQFH�LQ��3DNLVWDQ�ZDV�VHSDUDWHG�LQWR�D�QHZ�FRXQWU\�WKURXJK�D�process called partition. Since that time, India and Pakistan have been rivals�¿JKWLQJ�RYHU�ODQG�DORQJ�WKHLU�VKDUHG�ERUGHU��.DVKPLU��)LJKWLQJ�LQ�.DVKPLU�FRQWLQXHG�RQ�DQG�RII�XQWLO��ZKHQ�WKH�FRXQWULHV�EHJDQ�ZRUNLQJ�WRZDUGV�SHDFH��7KH�SHDFH�SURFHVV�ODVWHG�XQWLO�1RYHPEHU��ZKHQ�D�ERPE�H[SORGHG�LQ�0XPEDL��,QGLDQ�SROLFH�EODPHG�WKH�ERPE�RQ�3DNLVWDQL�militants and

the peace process has been on pause since that time.

1.

64

$W�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH��¶V��,QGLD�EHJDQ�HFRQRPLF�reforms including opening up the country to

foreign investment. Economic relations between India and most of the world’s most powerful

economic forces are good. Since the reforms began, India’s middle class has grown and so has its

skilled workforce.

,Q�0D\��,QGLD�FDUULHG�RXW�QXFOHDU�WHVWV��:HHNV�ODWHU��3DNLVWDQ�GLG�WKH�VDPH��%RWK�WHVWV�were condemned by international community and many people were concerned about regional

stability. Reacting to the nuclear activity, America imposed sanctions.

India has the third largest reserves of coal in the world as well as oil reserves off the coast. As the

country develops, however, India cannot keep up with the demand for more energy. Internal oil

SURGXFWLRQ�DFFRXQWV�IRU�RQO\��SHU�FHQW�RI�GHPDQG��7KH�QHHG�WR�LPSRUW�VXFK�ODUJH�TXDQWLWLHV�RI�RLO�DQG�QDWXUDO�JDV�KDV�LQÀXHQFHG�,QGLD¶V�SROLWLFDO�UHODWLRQVKLSV�ZLWK�FRXQWULHV�LQ�WKH�UHJLRQ�

2.

3.

4.

KEY WORDS

collective farm (n) – A farm or a group of farms organised and managed and worked cooperatively by a group of workers under state supervision, especially in communist countriescorruption (n) – the use of someone’s power or trust for dishonest gain or the accepting of money by someone in a position of power to do something illegal or immoral.enterprise (n) – a business activityeviction (n) – to force somebody to move off a piece of land or propertyto execute (v) – to kill or to put someone to death as punishmentto export (v) – to send a product to another country for saleinvade (v) – enter or attack a territory by forcelabour camp (n) – a camp for holding prisoners who are forced to do physical labour or workto oppose (v) ±�WR�DUJXH�RU�¿JKW�DJDLQVWstrained (adj) – tense, not natural or relaxedsurplus (n) – amount left over after what is needed has been usedpiracy (n) – the illegal copying, distribution or use of a productseizure (n) – the action of taking hold of something, the capture of something

Read through the following outline of the most recent events in China and write your own titles for each section of the outline.

,Q�WKH�HDUO\��V�&KLQD�UHPRYHG�collective farming and allowed private enterprise. Now it

is one of the world’s top exporters�DQG�IRUHLJQ�LQYHVWPHQW�LV�YHU\�H[WHQVLYH��,W�LV�DOVR�LQYHVWLQJ�billions of dollars abroad.

Relations with trading partners have been strained�EHFDXVH�RI�&KLQD¶V�KXJH�WUDGH�surplus and

the piracy�RI�JRRGV��&KLQD�FXUUHQWO\�SURGXFHV�ODUJH�QXPEHUV�RI�JRRGV�IRU�IDLUO\�ORZ�SULFHV��7UDGH�SDUWQHUV�ZRXOG�OLNH�&KLQD�WR�LQFUHDVH�WKH�YDOXH�RI�FXUUHQF\�DQG�UHGXFH�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LWV�H[SRUWV��

1.

2.

Skills: Making titles

Exercise

65

6RPH�SHRSOH�EHOLHYH�WKDW�WKH�FKDQJH�IURP�VWDWH�RZQHG�LQGXVWU\�WR�SULYDWH�HQWHUSULVH�KDV�KDG�ERWK�HFRQRPLF�EHQH¿WV�DQG�VRFLDO�FRVWV��&KLQD�KDV�VHHQ�LQFUHDVLQJ�XQHPSOR\PHQW�DQG�VRFLDO�LQVWDELOLW\��8UEDQ�DUHDV�KDYH�EHQH¿WHG�PXFK�PRUH�WKDQ�UXUDO�DUHDV�IURP�WKH�HFRQRPLF�FKDQJHV��In rural areas, corruption, land seizures and evictions are common.

&KDQJHV�LQ�WKH�&KLQHVH�HFRQRP\�KDYH�LQFUHDVHG�WKH�FRXQWU\¶V�HQHUJ\�UHTXLUHPHQWV��(YHU\�\HDU��&KLQD�VSHQGV�ELOOLRQ�RI�GROODUV�RQ�LPSRUWLQJ�HQHUJ\�VXSSOLHV��&KLQD�KDV�EHHQ�LQYHVWLQJ�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�K\GURSRZHU�SURMHFWV�LQFOXGLQJ�VSHQGLQJ��ELOOLRQ�RQ�WKH�7KUHH�*RUJHV�'DP�project.

7KH�ELJJHVW�SROLWLFDO�SDUW\�LQ�WKH�ZRUOG�UXOHV�&KLQD��7KH�&RPPXQLVW�3DUW\�NHHSV�VWULFW�FRQWURO�RYHU�WKH�SRSXODWLRQ�RI�&KLQD�DQG�SXQLVKHV�WKRVH�ZKR�GLUHFWO\�oppose their politics as well as

WKRVH�ZKR�DUH�VHHQ�DV�WKUHDWHQLQJ��&LYLOLDQV�FDQ�EH�VHQW�WR�labour camps and hundreds of people

every year are executed.

3.

4.

5.

The information about China and India was mostly about… (circle two)a) Politics b) Geography c) Culture e) Economics f) History

A. What are the main challenges faced by India and China today?B. What have been some of the achievements made by India and China recently?C. Which country do you think has more power over Southeast Asia today, India or

China?

Skills: Main idea

Exercise


Exercise

KEY WORDS

entrepreneurship (n) – the action of starting one’s own business or enterpriseliteracy (n) – the ability to read or writemultinational corporation (n) – A company operating in more than two countriesper Capita GDP (n) – a country’s total yearly income divided by its populationper Capita GNP (n) – the total market value of all the goods and services produced by a country

Comparing the economies of China and India

%RWK�&KLQD�DQG�,QGLD�ZRXOG�OLNH�WR�LQFUHDVH�WKHLU�SROLWLFDO�DQG�HFRQRPLF�SRZHU�LQ�WKH�international community.

&KLQD�LV�SROLWLFDOO\�SRZHUIXO�RQ�WKH�ZRUOG�VWDJH�DQG�LV�D�SHUPDQHQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�81�6HFXULW\�&RXQFLO�DORQJ�ZLWK�)UDQFH��5XVVLD��WKH�8QLWHG�.LQJGRP�DQG�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�

%RWK�&KLQD�DQG�,QGLD�KDYH�H[SHULHQFHG�VWURQJ�HFRQRPLF�JURZWK�VLQFH��%RWK�FRXQWULHV�KDYH�RSHQHG�XS�WKHLU�HFRQRPLHV�WR�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�WUDGH�DQG�LQYHVWPHQW��&KLQD�KDV�VWUXJJOHG�WR�develop private entrepreneurship�ZKLOH�,QGLD�KDV�KDG�GLI¿FXOW\�HQFRXUDJLQJ�multinational corporations to operate in the country.

%HWZHHQ��DQG��&KLQD¶V�per capita GDP�JURZWK�DYHUDJHG��SHU�FHQW��,Q�FRQWUDVW��WKH�UDWH�RI�JURZWK�IRU�,QGLD¶V�*'3�GXULQJ�WKH�VDPH�SHULRG�ZDV�KDOI�WKDW��%\��&KLQD¶V�per capita GNP�ZDV��SHU�FHQW�KLJKHU�WKDQ�WKDW�RI�,QGLD��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��&KLQD¶V�HFRQRP\�LV�PRUH�WKDQ�WZLFH�as large as India’s.

66

From the text, complete the table below with information about India and China today. Then decide with your partner which country you think is more powerful.

Indicator China India Winner

International political power

Member of the UN Security Council Member of the UN

International trade and investmentGDP (1980 - 2005)GNP (2003)Size of economyPoverty rateLiteracy rateLife expectancy

Skills: Expressing opinions

Discussion

KEY WORDS

dependant (adj) – relying on something or someone elseforge (v) – to create or makeintense (adj) – very strong or to a high degree

China and India: Rivals or Partners in Southeast Asia?

:KHQ�WKH�&ROG�:DU�HQGHG�DW�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH��V��,QGLD�IDFHG�WZR�PDLQ�FKDOOHQJHV��)LUVW��,QGLD�ORVW�D�VRXUFH�RI�FKHDS�LPSRUWHG�RLO�ZKHQ�WKH�6RYLHW�8QLRQ�IHOO��6HFRQGO\��RLO�SULFHV�URVH�DV�a result of the Gulf War.

7KH�QHHG�WR�¿QG�QHZ�VRXUFHV�RI�RLO�LQ�WKH�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�PDUNHW�FKDQJHG�,QGLD¶V�SROLWLFDO�UHODWLRQVKLSV�ZLWK�RWKHU�FRXQWULHV��,QGLD�MRLQHG�WKH�$VLD�3DFL¿F�(FRQRPLF�&RRSHUDWLRQ��$3(&��and the Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM). India increased its relations with Southeast Asian

countries and attempted to become less dependent on North America and Europe.

ASEAN members also wanted to reduce their dependence on Western countries and welcomed

,QGLD�DV�SDUWQHU�LQ�WKH�¿HOGV�RI�WUDGH��LQYHVWPHQW�DQG�WRXULVP��,Q��,QGLD�EHJDQ�SDUWLFLSDWLQJ�LQ�WKH�$6($1�3RVW�0LQLVWHULDO�&RQIHUHQFHV�DQG�WKH�$6($1�5HJLRQDO�)RUXP��$5)��,Q��India made a particular attempt to forge VWURQJHU�WLHV�ZLWK�&DPERGLD��/DRV��0\DQPDU��and Vietnam.

,Q�WKH�PLGGOH�RI�WKH��V�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�&KLQD�DQG�$PHULFD�LPSURYHG�DQG�FRPSHWLWLRQ�IRU�SRZHU�EHWZHHQ�&KLQD�DQG�,QGLD�EHFDPH�PRUH�intense.

Although India has continued to forge strong ties with regional groups in Southeast Asia,

FRPSHWLWLRQ�ZLWK�&KLQD�FRQWLQXHV�ERWK�SROLWLFDOO\�DQG�HFRQRPLFDOO\�

/LYLQJ�VWDQGDUGV�DUH�EHWWHU�LQ�&KLQD�WKDQ�LQ�,QGLD��7KH�SRYHUW\�UDWH�LV�KLJKHU�LQ�,QGLD�WKDQ�LW�LV�LQ�&KLQD�DQG�WKH�UDWH�RI literacy�DPRQJ�DGXOW�IHPDOHV�LV�ORZHU�LQ�,QGLD��/LIH�H[SHFWDQF\�LQ�&KLQD�LV�eight years higher than that in India.

67

A. Why did India have to pay more for oil after the Cold War?B. What action did India take to regain some of the economic power that it lost after

the Cold War?C. Why was a good relationship between the U.S and China a bad thing for India? D. What projects may have helped to improve relations between India and Southeast

Asia?E. Why are good relations with Southeast Asia important for India? Explain.

A. Which country do you think has gained more power in Southeast Asia: India or China? B. In what way have they been more successful?

KEY WORDS

arms (n) – weaponsmemorandum (n) – a written reminderport (n) – a harbour town or city where ships may take on or unload goods

Case Study: China and India Compete for Burmese Resources

Myanmar’s shoreline stretches almost 1,000 miles from the border of Bangladesh to the coast of

7KDLODQG�DQG�LV�ODUJHO\�XQGHYHORSHG��7KHUH�DUH�DW�OHDVW�WHQ�WULOOLRQ�FXELF�IHHW�RI�QDWXUDO�JDV�LQ�WKH�waters offshore as well as the possibility of oil. Both of these resources hold a lot of interest for

ERWK�,QGLD�DQG�&KLQD�

,QGLD�ZDV�WKH�¿UVW�WR�FRQWDFW�0\DQPDU�DERXW�WKH�SXUFKDVH�RI��WULOOLRQ�FXELF�IHHW�RI�QDWXUDO�JDV�NQRZQ�DV�XQGHUVHD�EORFN�$��7KH�EORFN�LV�ORFDWHG�LQ�WKH�6KZH�JDV�¿HOG��QHDU�WKH�port of Sittwe.

:KLOH�,QGLD�ZDV�LQYHVWLJDWLQJ�WKH�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�RI�D��PLOH�SLSHOLQH�WR�WUDQVSRUW�WKH�QDWXUDO�JDV��&KLQD�EHJDQ�H[SUHVVLQJ�LQWHUHVW��%RWK�&KLQD�DQG�,QGLD�ZRXOG�OLNH�WR�VLJQ�D�memorandum of

XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�ZLWK�0\DQPDU�WR�JHW�RI¿FLDO�DQG�WRWDO�DFFHVV�WR�WKH�JDV�

%RWK�&KLQD�DQG�,QGLD�ZLOO�KDYH�WR�LQYHVW�ELOOLRQV�WR�FUHDWH�D�V\VWHP�WR�WUDQVSRUW�WKH�JDV�DQG�

Skills: Expressing opinions

Discussion


Exercise

ZLWKRXW�D�VHFXUH��\HDU�GHDO�RYHU�ULJKWV�WR�WKH�$��¿HOG��QHLWKHU�FRXQWU\�LV�VXUH�WKH�LQYHVWPHQW�will pay off. India needs to invest about $3

billion to build a pipeline past Bangladesh

to transport the gas to Assam and Mizoram

6WDWHV��&KLQD�ZDQWV�WR�EXLOG�D�SLSHOLQH�XS�the Irrawaddy river valley to take the gas to

<XQQDQ�3URYLQFH�DQG�LQWR�&KLQD�

&KLQD�PD\�EXLOG�D�RLO�SLSHOLQH�LQ�0\DQPDU�HYHQ�LI�LW�GRHVQ¶W�EX\�WKH�$��JDV��$�SLSHOLQH�WKURXJK�0\DQPDU�FRXOG�VDYH�DOPRVW��miles off the current oil transportation route.

India may still build a port in Sitwe even if it

GRHVQ¶W�EX\�WKH�$��JDV��WKH�SRUW�ZLOO�DOORZ�,QGLD�WR�WUDQVSRUW�JRRGV�TXLFNO\�DQG�LQH[SHQ�VLYHO\�XS�WKH�.DODGDQ�ULYHU�DQG�LQWR�QRUWK�eastern India.

Map 17: Myanmar, China and India

68

Who should get the gas in Myanamr? Should the gas be sold to the country with the most money? The country with the most political power or the country that is the best neighbour and good friend of Myanmar? Pick one of the statments below and come up with reasons to defend your opinion.

a) Myanmar should sell the gas to China because...b) Myanmar should sell the gas to India because...c) Myanmar should sell the gas to Thailand because...d) Myanmar should split the gas and sell it to ... and ... because...


Exercise A. What exactly do India and China want from Myanmar?B. What does China need to do to get the gas? What does India need to do?C. What other interests do China and India have in Myanmar?

Skills: Advantages and disadvantages, defending an

opinion

Discussion

4.3 MODERN DAY SOUTHEAST ASIA

Match the form of government (Column A) with its description (Column B) and the countries which currently use that system of government (Column C).

This form of government emphasises the state’s authority. Countries that follow this system are usually called Republics or Unions. In this system non-elected rulers have the most control

although individuals usually have some degree of freedom.

A King, Queen or Sultan is the head of state but their powers are limited by a constitution. The monarch must consult with a

religious or elected group of people before making important decisions

Philippines

Indonesia

Cambodia

Brunei Darussalam

Vietnam

Thailand

Laos

Singapore

4. constitutional monarchy

3. Authoritarianism

2. Democracy

1. Communism

This form of government has two different styles. People either hold political power themselves and directly influence political decisions, or they elect officials to represent their interests and

make decisions for them.

This form of government tries to equalise the social conditions and remove inequalities between people.

Property possession and business ownership are important to followers of this system because they believe that all wealth should belong to everyone equally. As a result, the state may try to take

ownership of everything to make sure that profits are equally shared. When referring to just the economic system of a country,

this way of thinking may be called Socialism.

COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

Skills: Matching information

Exercise

Malaysia

a.

b.

c.

d.

69

Modern Indonesia

After three and a half decades of Dutch rule,

,QGRQHVLD�JDLQHG�LQGHSHQGHQFH�LQ��.XVQR�6RVURGLKDUGMR��DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�6XNDUQR��EHFDPH�WKH�¿UVW�3UHVLGHQW�RI�Indonesia. He began ruling the country in a

democratic style but, over time, he became

increasingly authoritarian.

2Q��6HSWHPEHU��WKHUH�ZDV�DQ�attempted coup against Sukarno which failed.

Sukarno retaliated, killing between 500,000

and one million people.

KEY WORDS

appoint (v) – to assign a duty or responsibility to someoneembezzlement (n) – the theft of money or items by the person entrusted to keep them safegraft (n) – the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to get an illegal advantageloot (v) – to take money or goods illegallyresentment (n) – a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-willretaliate (v) – to act harmfully against a person or group in response to a (real or perceived) wrongdoing; revengesuppress (v) – to put down by force

Even though the coup failed, it still left Sukarno weak. General Suharto took advantage of this

ZHDNQHVV�DQG�VHL]HG�SRZHU�LQ�0DUFK��+H�KDG�WKH�VXSSRUW�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�JRYHUQPHQW�

A. :KDW�IRUP�RI�JRYHUQPHQW�GLG�,QGRQHVLD�KDYH�DIWHU�LQGHSHQGHQFH"�:KR�ZDV�WKH�¿UVW��President?

B. +RZ�ORQJ�GLG�WKH�¿UVW�3UHVLGHQW�UXOH"�C. +RZ�ZDV�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH�¿UVW�3UHVLGHQW¶V�UXOH�GLIIHUHQW�IURP�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ"

7KH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�JRYHUQPHQW�VXSSRUWHG�6XKDUWR�DQG�KLV�JRYHUQPHQW�DW�¿UVW��)RUHLJQ�LQYHVWPHQW�IURP�WKH�86�KHOSHG�HQFRXUDJH�HFRQRPLF�JURZWK�LQ�,QGRQHVLD�IRU�WKH�QH[W�WKUHH�GHFDGHV�

Politically, however, not much changed after Suharto took power. Authoritarian rule continued.

Suharto’s regime was accused of corruption and suppressing SROLWLFDO�RSSRVLWLRQ��2SSRQHQWV�RI�the regime were jailed while Suharto’s family and friends took powerful places in the

government and grew wealthier. Graft and embezzlement of national funds increased.

%\��WKH�KXPDQ�ULJKWV�VLWXDWLRQ�LQ�,QGRQHVLD�EHJDQ�WR�FRQFHUQ�WKH�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�FRPPXQLW\��,Q��IRU�H[DPSOH��D�JURXS�RI�SHRSOH�DVNHG�IRU�WKH�LQGHSHQGHQFH�RI�$FHK�IURP�,QGRQHVLD��6XKDUWR�VHQW�WURRSV�DJDLQVW�WKHP��$V�D�UHVXOW��SHRSOH�GLHG��,Q��,QGRQHVLDQ�WURRSV�NLOOHG�PRUH�WKDQ��FLYLOLDQV�LQ�(DVW�7LPRU��

,Q��,QGRQHVLD�VXIIHUHG�EDGO\�IURP�WKH�$VLDQ�)LQDQFLDO�FULVLV��7KH�SULFHV�RI�EDVLF�JRRGV�OLNH�IRRG�DQG�IXHO�LQFUHDVHG�GXULQJ�WKLV�WLPH�E\�DV�PXFK�DV��SHUFHQW��7KH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�EHJDQ�limiting military aid and the International Monetary Fund would only help Indonesia if political

FKDQJHV�WRRN�SODFH��)RUHLJQ�LQYHVWRUV�EHJDQ�WR�ORVH�FRQ¿GHQFH�LQ�WKH�FRXQWU\�DQG�VWRSSHG�investing, making the economic situation worse.


Exercise

Map 18: Indonesia

70

A. Who was the second President of Indonesia?B. What was Suharto’s job before becoming President?C. How was the end of the second President’s rule different from the beginning?

In the passage, underline the main factors that caused Suharto to lose his Presidency. Complete the Cause and Effect Fishbone diagram below with your ideas. Some ideas are already provided for you.


Exercise

Skills: Cause and effect

Exercise

7KH�HFRQRPLF�SUHVVXUHV�WKH�SHRSOH�RI�,QGRQHVLD�IDFHG�FDXVHG�resentment DJDLQVW�6XKDUWR�DQG�SHRSOH�EHJDQ�WR�SURWHVW�LQ�WKH�VWUHHWV��7KH�SURWHVWV�began as peaceful demonstrations asking for political change but when that

FKDQJH�GLGQ¶W�KDSSHQ��IUXVWUDWLRQ�JUHZ��7KH�SURWHVWV�EHFDPH�YLROHQW�DQG�ULRWV�EURNH�RXW�LQ�WKH�PDLQ�FLWLHV��3HRSOH�VHW�¿UH�WR�EXLOGLQJV�DQG�looted

shops. Between 1,000 and 5,000 people died during the riots.

$V�D�UHVXOW�RI�ERWK�LQWHUQDO�DQG�H[WHUQDO�SUHVVXUHV��6XKDUWR�¿QDOO\�UHVLJQHG�and appointed %-�+DELELH�DV�3UHVLGHQW�LQ��

A. Who colonised East Timor?B. After the European colonisers left East Timor, what happened?C. Who is Fretilin and what do they want?

Review

KEY WORDS

famine (n) – a period of widespread hunger and starvationinfrastructure (n) – the basic structures needed to operate an organised society such as bridges, roads, schools, etc.organic (adj) – grown naturally without the assistance of pesticides or chemical fertilisers

71

Modern East Timor

)UHWLOLQ�KHOSHG�(DVW�7LPRU�JDLQ�LQGHSHQGHQFH�IURP�3RUWXJDO�LQ�1RYHPEHU��2QO\�D�IHZ�weeks later, however, Indonesian troops occupied the country, with the support of Australia. It is

HVWLPDWHG�WKDW��SHRSOH�LQ�(DVW�7LPRU�GLHG�GXULQJ�WKH�VWDUW�RI�WKH�FRQÀLFW��IURP�¿JKWLQJ��disease and famine.

$W�¿UVW�)DODQWLO��)UHWLOLQ¶V�PLOLWDU\�ZLQJ��KDG�VRPH�VXFFHVV��DW�¿UVW��%XW�,QGRQHVLD�ZDV�VWLOO�DEOH�WR�NHHS�¿UP�FRQWURO�RYHU�(DVW�7LPRU�XQWLO��,Q��,QGRQHVLDQ�WURRSV�NLOOHG�DQ�HVWLPDWHG��SURWHVWHUV�LQ�(DVW�7LPRU��7KH�NLOOLQJV�ZHDNHQHG�,QGRQHVLD¶V�FRQWURO�RYHU�WKH�UHJLRQ�DQG�HPEDUUDVVHG�,QGRQHVLD�LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\��&KDQJH�¿QDOO\�KDSSHQHG�ZKHQ�6XKDUWR¶V�UHJLPH�LQ�Indonesia fell.

7KH�QHZ�,QGRQHVLDQ�SUHVLGHQW��0U��+DELELH��DQQRXQFHG�D�UHIHUHQGXP�LQ�(DVW�7LPRU�WR�DVN�SHRSOH�LI�WKH\�ZDQWHG�LQGHSHQGHQFH��7KH�UHIHUHQGXP�ZDV�VXSSRUWHG�E\�WKH�8QLWHG�1DWLRQV��7KH�UHVXOWV�ZHUH�FOHDU��2Q�$XJXVW��WK��SHU�FHQW�RI�YRWHUV�FKRVH�LQGHSHQGHQFH�IURP�,QGRQHVLD�

,QGRQHVLD�UHVSRQGHG�WR�WKH�UHVXOWV�RI�WKH�UHIHUHQGXP�ZLWK�YLROHQFH��$Q�HVWLPDWHG��7LPRUHVH�SHRSOH�ZHUH�NLOOHG�DQG�DQRWKHU��SHRSOH�ÀHG�WR�:HVW�7LPRU�DV�UHIXJHHV��'XULQJ�WKLV�WLPH��important infrastructure was destroyed including bridges, government buildings, shops,

telecommunication and power installations.

,W�WRRN�LQWHUYHQWLRQ�E\�D�PXOWLQDWLRQDO�SHDFHNHHSLQJ�IRUFH��,17(5)(7��WKH�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�)RUFH�IRU�(DVW�7LPRU��WR�VWRS�WKH�YLROHQFH��7KH�FRXQWU\�ZDV�DGPLQLVWHUHG�E\�WKH�8QLWHG�1DWLRQV�IURP�6HSWHPEHU��XQWLO��

2Q��0D\��WKH�8QLWHG�1DWLRQV�JDYH�FRQWURO�RI�(DVW�7LPRU�WR�WKH�7LPRUHVH�SHRSOH��7KH�¿UVW�SUHVLGHQW�ZDV�WKH�IRUPHU�OHDGHU�RI�)DODQWLO��;DQDQD�*XVPDR��DQG�WKH�¿UVW�SULPH�PLQLVWHU�was Mari Alkatiri, the former leader of Fretilin.

Post-Independence East Timor6RPH�SUREOHPV�WKDW�H[LVWHG�LQ�(DVW�7LPRU�SULRU�WR�LQGHSHQGHQFH�FRQWLQXHG�DIWHUZDUGV��3RYHUW\�was one of the biggest challenges the new democracy had to face and people’s frustration over

continuing economic problems led to riots in the capital, Dili.

7RGD\��WKH�(DVW�7LPRUHVH�JRYHUQPHQW�LV�H[SORULQJ�ERWK�H[WHUQDO�DQG�LQWHUQDO�PHWKRGV�RI�improving the economy, but progress is slow.

7KHUH�DUH�RLO�DQG�JDV�UHVHUYHV�LQ�WKH�7LPRU�6HD�ZKLFK�PD\�KHOS�GHYHORS�WKH�FRXQWU\¶V�HFRQRP\�LQ�WKH�IXWXUH��&RIIHH�LV�DQRWKHU�RI�(DVW�7LPRU¶V�UHVRXUFHV��(DVW�7LPRUHVH�FRIIHH�LV�VRPH�RI�WKH�most popular coffee in the world because it is organically�JURZQ��7KH�FRXQWU\¶V�HFRQRP\�is partially the cause of this, since coffee farmers

VLPSO\�FDQ¶W�DIIRUG�IHUWLOLVHUV�RU�SHVWLFLGHV��7KH�coffee industry currently employs about 50,000

people and production is increasing.

Although people have been scared away from

YLVLWLQJ�(DVW�7LPRU�EHFDXVH�RI�WKH�SROLWLFDO�XQUHVW�there, tourism is another possibly source of income

for the country.

$W�WKH�PRPHQW��(DVW�7LPRU�LV�YHU\�GHSHQGHQW�RQ�foreign aid to develop the economy. Australia is one

RI�WKH�FRXQWU\¶V�ELJJHVW�GRQRUV��%HWZHHQ��DQG��$XVWUDOLD�SURYLGHG��PLOOLRQ�LQ�2I¿FLDO�Development Assistance funds.

72

A. How did the people of East Timor try to make political change after Portugal left?B. :KDW�HYHQW�LQ�,QGRQHVLD�PRVW�LQÀXHQFHG�(DVW�7LPRU¶V�SROLWLFDO�KLVWRU\"C. How did Indonesia respond to the referendum for independence in East Timor?D. What was the economic impact of that response?E. :KR�KHOSHG�(DVW�7LPRU�¿QDOO\�JDLQ�SROLWLFDO�LQGHSHQGHQFH�IURP�,QGRQHVLD"F. Why did the people of East Timor riot after they gained independence from Indonesia?


Exercise

G. What is the main challenge facing East Timor today?

H. Name three ways the government is responding to that challenge.

A. According to the cartoon on the right, what are the main causes of problems in East Timor?

B. Why is East Timor pictured as a volcano?

Skills: interpreting

political cartoons

Exercise

KEY WORDSdissent (n) – disagreement or protestimplement (v) – apply or put into effectintellectual (n) – a person who uses his/her mind creatively, a thinker, someone who has studied a subject in great detailmonument (n) – a place or structure which helps people remember an important person or eventsuspected (v) – those believed to be guilty but without proof

Modern Cambodia

)URP��WR��&DPERGLD�ZDV�LQ�D�VWDWH�RI�FLYLO�ZDU��2Q�RQH�VLGH�ZHUH�FRPPXQLVW�IRUFHV��VXSSRUWHG�E\�1RUWK�9LHWQDP��DQG�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�VLGH�ZHUH�&DPERGLDQ�JRYHUQPHQW�IRUFHV��VXSSRUWHG�E\�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�DQG�6RXWK�9LHWQDP��$W�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH�FLYLO�ZDU��WKH�FRPPXQLVWV�WRRN�FRQWURO�RI�&DPERGLD��7KH\�IRUPHG�WKH�JURXS�ZKLFK�ZRXOG�ODWHU�EHFRPH�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�.KPHU�5RXJH�

,Q��XQGHU�WKH�.KPHU�5RXJH��&DPERGLD�EHFDPH�WKH�VWDWH�RI�'HPRFUDWLF�.DPSXFKHD�DQG�started implementing drastic changes. All private possessions became state owned. Families

were separated into different work groups and forcibly relocated to the countryside to become

DJULFXOWXUDO�ODERUHUV��2YHU�WZR�PLOOLRQ�SHRSOH�ZHUH�PRYHG�IURP�FLWLHV�WR�UXUDO�DUHDV��&DPERGLDQV�were forced to work for up to twelve hours a day, often with little food or rest. Between one to

WZR�PLOOLRQ�SHRSOH�GLHG�IURP�H[HFXWLRQ��RYHUZRUN��VWDUYDWLRQ�RU�GLVHDVH�GXULQJ�WKH�UHLJQ�RI�WKH�.KPHU�5RXJH�

7KH�.KPHU�5RXJH�GLG�QRW�DFFHSW�SROLWLFDO�dissent��7KRVH�suspected of connections with either

WKH�IRUPHU�&DPERGLDQ�JRYHUQPHQW�RU�ZLWK�IRUHLJQ�JRYHUQPHQWV�ZHUH�H[HFXWHG��7KH�UHJLPH�also killed and arrested intellectuals and professionals, including many of the country’s doctors,

teachers and lawyers.

73

,Q��9LHWQDPHVH�IRUFHV��WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�WKH�8QLWHG�)URQW�IRU�WKH�1DWLRQDO�6DOYDWLRQ�RI�.DPSXFKHD�DWWDFNHG�&DPERGLD��LQ�DQ�DWWHPSW�WR�VWRS�WKH�NLOOLQJV��7KRXVDQGV�GLHG�DQG�WKH�¿JKWLQJ�FRQWLQXHG�XQWLO��ZKHQ�D�SHDFH�DJUHHPHQW�ZDV�VLJQHG�LQ�3DULV�

7KH�OHDGHU�RI�WKH�.KPHU�5RXJH�GXULQJ�WKLV�SHULRG�ZDV�3RO�3RW��7RGD\��PDQ\�SHRSOH�YLVLW�ZKDW�LV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�.LOOLQJ�)LHOGV�RI�&DPERGLD��ZKHUH�ODUJH�QXPEHUV�RI�SHRSOH�ZHUH�H[HFXWHG��7KH�.KPHU�5RXJH�ORVW�SRZHU�WR�DQ�HOHFWHG�JRYHUQPHQW�LQ��DQG�¿QDOO\�FROODSVHG�LQ��

A. Who fought in Cambodia’s Civil War?B. Who won?C. :KDW�ZDV�WKH�DLP�RI�&DPERGLD¶V�¿UVW�JRYHUQPHQW"D. What political system did they use?

A How were Cambodians affected by the new rules of the Khmer Rouge?B. Over a million people died during the rule of the Khmer Rouge but the government

especially wanted to kill intellectuals such as doctors, teachers and lawyers. Why do you think this might be?

C. What might have been some short and long term effects of these killings on Cambodia as a whole?


Exercise

Skills: Analysing information, Cause

and effect

Exercise

Life after Khmer Rouge7KH�SHRSOH�RI�&DPERGLD�VXIIHUHG�JUHDWO\�XQGHU�WKH�KDQGV�RI�WKH�.KPHU�5RXJH�DQG�KDYH�EHHQ�ZRUNLQJ�WR�UHSDLU�WKH�FRXQWU\�VLQFH��0DQ\�ZHUH�NLOOHG�XQGHU�WKH�UHJLPH�DQG�E\��WKUHH�TXDUWHUV�RI�WKH�SRSXODWLRQ�RI�&DPERGLD�ZHUH�FKLOGUHQ�

&DPERGLD¶V�\RXQJHU�JHQHUDWLRQ�GLG�QRW�H[SHULHQFH�WKH�.KPHU�5RXJH�GLUHFWO\��VR�PDQ\�RI�WKHP�learned about what happened from word of mouth. For a long time, the government did not

UHTXLUH�WKDW�WHDFKHUV�FRYHU�WKH�.KPHU�5RXJH�SHULRG�LQ�VFKRROV��7KH�(GXFDWLRQ�0LQLVWU\�KDV�SODQV�WR�EHJLQ�WHDFKLQJ�.KPHU�5RXJH�KLVWRU\�LQ�KLJK�VFKRROV�EHJLQQLQJ�LQ��

“By 2005, three quarters of the population of Cambodia were children.” Explain to someone who doesn’t know the history of Cambodia why this is true.

Some people think it is important to learn history and remember the past. Other people say the past, especially a bad past, is better forgotten. What do you think?

Skills: Explaining in your own words,

expressing an opinion

Exercise

Skills: Analysing cartoons

Exercise Read again what happened to the Cambodian people when Pol Pot was in control of the Khmer Rouge, then look at the picture above. The sign at the bottom of the hill says “Monument to Pol Pot.” What is the “monument?” Why do you think the artist drew the monument this way?

Does your opinion apply to the situation in Cambodia? Do you think children in Cambodia should learn about the Khmer Rouge in school or are they better off not knowing?

74

KEY WORDS

alleviate (v) – to lighten or lessen pain and sufferinganti-retroviral (adj) – medication for the treatment of viruses like HIVcriticise (v) – to comment on the faults of someone or somethingexport demand (n) – the amount that other countries want to buy goods from your country.hand-out (n) – something that is given for freeHIV (n) – a virus in that attacks the immune systeminterest (n) – the fee that you pay when you borrow moneylandslide (adj) – used to describe winning by a large number of votesmicro-credit (n) ±�D�VPDOO�¿QDQFLDO�ORDQ�JLYHQ�WR�SHRSOH�OLYLQJ�LQ�SRYHUW\�VR�WKDW�WKH\�FDQ� become self-employed and make an income in order to exit povertyrevival (n) – bringing new attention to an old activity or thingsubsidised (adj) ±�KDYLQJ�¿QDQFLDO�VXSSRUW�IURP�WKH�JRYHUQPHQW

Modern Thailand3HUKDSV�WKH�PRVW�ZHOO�NQRZQ�¿JXUH�LQ�7KDL�SROLWLFV�WRGD\�LV�7KDNVLQ�6KLQDZDWUD��7KDNVLQ�¿UVW�HQWHUHG�7KDL�SROLWLFV�LQ��)RXU�\HDUV�ODWHU��KH�IRXQGHG�KLV�RZQ�SROLWLFDO�SDUW\��WKH�SRSXOLVW�7KDL�5DN�7KDL��757��SDUW\��7KDNVLQ¶V�SDUW\�ZRQ�LQ�D landslide�HOHFWLRQ�LQ��PDNLQJ�KLP�WKH�3ULPH�0LQLVWHU�RI�7KDLODQG��+H�EHFDPH�WKH�¿UVW�SULPH�PLQLVWHU�LQ�WKH�KLVWRU\�RI�WKH�FRXQWU\�WR�serve a full term.

7KDNVLQ�LV�PRVW�NQRZQ�IRU�KLV�DWWHPSWV�WR�alleviate rural poverty through his universal health

care scheme and his economic policies and for his war on drugs.

Universal health care: 7KDNVLQ�FKDQJHG�WZR�NH\�SDUWV�RI�WKH�7KDL�PHGLFDO�V\VWHP��)LUVW��KH�subsidised XQLYHUVDO�KHDOWK�FDUH�DQG�VHFRQG��KH�HQVXUHG�ORZ�FRVW�XQLYHUVDO�DFFHVV�WR�anti-retroviral HIV PHGLFDWLRQ��$59V��7KDNVLQ¶V��EDKW�SHU�YLVLW�XQLYHUVDO�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURJUDP�ZDV�SRSXODU�ZLWK�WKH�JHQHUDO�SXEOLF��EXW�ZDV�FULWLFLVHG�E\�PDQ\�GRFWRUV�DQG�RI¿FLDOV��7KH�program allowed many people to access health care who could not afford to do so before. But

because so many more people were using the health care system, it made more work for doctors.

As a result, some doctors left public hospitals for better paid jobs in private hospitals. Some

people say the program is a good idea, but is not adequately funded.

Economic policies: 7KDNVLQ¶V�JRYHUQPHQW�VWDUWHG�PDQ\�QHZ�SURJUDPV�WR�SURPRWH�GHYHORSPHQW�LQ�SRRU�UXUDO�DUHDV��6RPH�RI�WKHVH�SURJUDPV�LQFOXGHG�YLOODJH�PDQDJHG�micro-credit GHYHORSPHQW�IXQGV��ORZ�interest agricultural loans, and direct inputs of cash into village

GHYHORSPHQW�IXQGV��2WKHU�HFRQRPLF�SURJUDPV�LQYROYHG�LQIUDVWUXFWXUH�GHYHORSPHQW��DQG�WKH�2QH�7DPERQ�2QH�3URGXFW��2723��UXUDO�VPDOO�DQG�PHGLXP�HQWHUSULVH�GHYHORSPHQW�SURJUDP��

7KDNVLQ¶V�HFRQRPLF�SROLFLHV�IRU�WKH�ZKROH�FRXQWU\�KHOSHG�DFFHOHUDWH�7KDLODQG¶V�HFRQRPLF�UHFRYHU\�IURP�WKH��$VLDQ�)LQDQFLDO�&ULVLV�DQG�VLJQL¿FDQWO\�UHGXFHG�SRYHUW\��*'3�JUHZ�IURP��WULOOLRQ�%DKW�DW�WKH�HQG�RI��WR��WULOOLRQ�%DKW�DW�WKH�HQG�RI��7KDLODQG�UHSDLG�LWV�GHEWV�WR�WKH�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�0RQHWDU\�)XQG�WZR�\HDUV�DKHDG�RI�VFKHGXOH��%HWZHHQ��DQG��LQFRPH�LQ�WKH�SRRUHVW�SDUW�RI�WKH�FRXQWU\��WKH�1RUWKHDVW��URVH��SHU�FHQW�ZKLOH�QDWLRQZLGH�SRYHUW\�IHOO�IURP��SHU�FHQW�WR��SHU�FHQW��7KH�6WRFN�([FKDQJH�RI�7KDLODQG�RXWSHUIRUPHG�other markets in the region.

(FRQRPLVWV�IURP�WKH�7KDLODQG�'HYHORSPHQW�5HVHDUFK�,QVWLWXWH�DUJXH�WKDW�RWKHU�IDFWRUV��VXFK�DV�a revival in export demand��ZHUH�WKH�SULPDU\�FDXVH�EHKLQG�WKH�HFRQRP\¶V�UHFRYHU\��2WKHUV�claimed that the policies got the rural poor too dependent on the government’s “hand outs”.

The War on Drugs: 2Q��-DQXDU\��7KDNVLQ�ODXQFKHG�D�FDPSDLJQ�WR�ULG�³HYHU\�VTXDUH�LQFK�RI�WKH�FRXQWU\´�RI�GUXJV�ZLWKLQ�WKUHH�PRQWKV��2WKHU�SROLWLFLDQV�KDG�PDGH�VLPLODU�SURPLVHV�DQG�

75

used education, sports and peer pressure programs to do so. Most

of these programs were seen as failures.

7KDNVLQ¶V�SURJUDP�ZDV�PXFK�PRUH�GLUHFW��+H�FKDQJHG�WKH�punishment for convicted drug addicts. In addition, he set targets

for the number of arrests and drug seizures provinces should make

HDFK�PRQWK��7KRVH�ZKR�PHW�WDUJHWV�ZHUH�DZDUGHG��WKRVH�ZKR�GLG�not were threatened with punishments.

$FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�1DUFRWLFV�&RQWURO�%RDUG��WKH�SROLF\�ZDV�effective in reducing drug consumption, especially in schools,

because the policies increased the market price of most drugs.

7KH�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�FRPPXQLW\��KRZHYHU��criticised the war on

drugs because it resulted in human rights abuses. According to

A. What was Thaksin’s main goal?B. Fill in the table below with information from the previous text. For each policy, the

text provides some reasons why it was good (success) and some reasons why it was bad (criticism.) After collecting the information, decide for yourself. Put a check ( ) in the “your opinion” box if you support the policy or a cross ( ) if you disagree with the policy.

Skills: Organising information,

expressing an opinion

Exercise

+XPDQ�5LJKWV�:DWFK��LQ�WKH�¿UVW�WKUHH�PRQWKV�RI�7KDLODQG¶V�:DU�RQ�'UXJV��SHRSOH�ZHUH�killed. Human rights critics say that most of the deaths occurred without trial or fair judicial

process.

PolicyAims/

ObjectivesPrograms Successes Criticisms Your Opinion

Universal Health Care

a. 30b per visitb. Subsidised HIV drugs.

War on DrugsDecrease drug use and sales in Thailand

Economic Policies

a. Economic �EHQH¿WV�DFWXDOO\ came from other sourcesb.

KEY WORDS

electoral fraud (n) – illegal activity during an election in order to affect the overall resultlèse majesté (n) – disloyalty to or a crime against the monarchytax evasion (n) – the purposeful failure to pay taxes

The 2006 Coup:KHQ�7KDNVLQ�UDQ�LQ�WKH��HOHFWLRQ��KH�ZDV�YHU\�SRSXODU��HVSHFLDOO\�ZLWK�SHRSOH�LQ�WKH�QRUWK�DQG�QRUWKHDVW�RI�7KDLODQG��7KH�HOHFWLRQ�KDG�WKH�KLJKHVW�QXPEHU�RI�YRWHUV�LQ�7KDL�KLVWRU\�EXW�QRW�HYHU\RQH�ZDV�LQ�IDYRXU�RI�7KDNVLQ�

76

A. Describe in your own words all the things Thaksin has been accused of.B. What is the Yellow Shirt’s political group called?C. What is their main belief?D. What actions have they taken to achieve their aims?E. What is the Red Shirt’s political group called?F. What is their main belief?G. What actions have they taken to achieve their aims?


Exercise

Skills: Analysing information, Cause

and effect

Exercise

7KDNVLQ�<HOORZ�VKLUWV��3$'��DQG�WKH�SUR�7KDNVLQ�5HG�6KLUWV��7KH�1DWLRQDO�8QLWHG�)URQW�RI�'HPRFUDF\�$JDLQVW�'LFWDWRUVKLS��RU�8''�

7KH�5HG�6KLUWV�GLG�ZHOO�LQ�WKH��HOHFWLRQV�EXW�ZHUH�IRUFHG�RXW�DIWHU�WKH�<HOORZ�6KLUWV�WRRN�FRQWURO�RYHU�%DQJNRN¶V�DLUSRUWV�DQG�WZR�JRYHUQPHQW�RI¿FHV��$V�VRRQ�DV�WKH�<HOORZ�6KLUWV�WRRN�SRZHU��WKH�5HG�6KLUWV�EHJDQ�SURWHVWLQJ��7KHLU�PRVW�VLJQL¿FDQW�SURWHVW�WRRN�SODFH�LQ�$SULO��DW�WKH�$6($1�VXPPLW�LQ�3DWWD\D�

A. Imagine you are an expert negotiator and you have been asked to restore democracy and peace to Thailand. What would you say to these two groups?

B. Imagine you are a foreigner reading about Thailand in the newspaper. What would be your opinion of the country?

C. What effect do you think recent political events have had on Thailand politically? Economically?

7KDNVLQ¶V�JRYHUQPHQW�PD\�KDYH�UHGXFHG�UXUDO�SRYHUW\��EXW�WKH\�ZHUH�also accused of corruption, treason, authoritarianism, and controlling the

SUHVV��,Q�SDUWLFXODU�7KDNVLQ�KLPVHOI�ZDV�DFFXVHG�RI tax evasion, selling

national assets to foreign investors and lèse majesté.

$IWHU�KLV�UHHOHFWLRQ��WKRVH�ZKR�RSSRVHG�7KDNVLQ¶V�JRYHUQPHQW�EHJDQ�RUJDQLVLQJ�WKHPVHOYHV��7KH\�EHFDPH�D�JURXS�QDPHG�WKH�3HRSOH¶V�$OOLDQFH�IRU�'HPRFUDF\��3$'��RU�WKH�<HOORZ�6KLUWV��3URWHVWV�OHG�E\�WKH�3$'�EHJDQ�LQ��DQG�HQGHG�ZLWK�D�PLOLWDU\�FRXS�RQ��6HSWHPEHU��

7KH�PLOLWDU\�MXQWD�DFFXVHG�7KDNVLQ�RI�electoral fraud and banned all

PHPEHUV�RI�KLV�SDUW\�IURP�SDUWLFLSDWLQJ�LQ�SROLWLFV�IRU�¿YH�\HDUV��7KH�MXQWD�EHJDQ�ZRUN�RQ�D�FRQVWLWXWLRQ�ZKLFK�EHFDPH�HIIHFWLYH�LQ�$XJXVW��

$�JHQHUDO�HOHFWLRQ�ZDV�KHOG�LQ�'HFHPEHU��DQG�ZDV�ZRQ�E\�WKH�3HRSOH¶V�3RZHU�3DUW\�EXW�7KDLODQG�ZDV�IDU�IURP�UHVXPLQJ�VPRRWK�SROLWLFDO�SURFHVVHV��7ZR�VWURQJ�JURXSV�HPHUJHG�LQ�7KDLODQG��WKH�DQWL�

77

4.4 REVIEW

Comprehension Answer the following questions without looking at your book:

1. Which countries are members of ASEAN?2. What are the main goals of ASEAN today?3. What was India’s strongest motivation for increasing political ties with Southeast Asia?4. Who was Suharto?5. What happened after East Timor gained Independence from Portugal?6. Who or what is Fretilin?7. Which event in Southeast Asia contributed to East Timor’s independence?8. What happened in Cambodia after independence from France?9. What were some of the main actions of the Khmer Rouge?10. Who is Thaksin? What were his main political goals? What were his most famous programs?


1. Describe some strengths and weaknesses of ASEAN.2. In your opinion, which is the more powerful country, India or China? Why?3. India and China sometimes compete in Southeast Asia. Give an example of this competition.4. Describe Suharto’s government.5. Describe at least three reasons for Suharto’s downfall.6. Describe the main effects of the Khmer Rouge.7. In your opinion, were Thaksin’s programs good for Thailand? Why or why not?8. Describe the two largest protest groups in modern Thailand and their goals.

'H¿QLWLRQV :ULWH�D�GH¿QLWLRQ�LQ�\RXU�RZQ�words for the following terms:

1. Compromise2. Consensus3. Non-interference4. Communism5. Democracy6. Authoritarianism7. Constitutional monarchy

ExplainingLook at the picture at

the bottom of this page.

The middle sign says: “Thaksin’s drug war kills 3,000. Thais: a Global Disgrace.”

Imagine that you are a newspaper reporter at the protest shown in the picture. Write a short article about the War on Drugs, explaining both the supporters and the critics points of view.

78

Analysing Cartoons

Look at the cartoon above and answer the following questions:

1. Describe what is happening in this cartoon.2. Look at the faces of each of the people in the drawing. What expressions do you see? How

do these expressions compare to real relationships between countries in Southeast Asia?3. Which of the following statements below do you think is the most true? Give reasons for your

choice.

7KH�$6($1�PLQLVWHUV¶�VKLUWV�DUH�tied together to represent how

ASEAN tries to make the nations

RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�DSSHDU�XQL¿HG�when in reality their hands are free

to act as they like.

7KH�$6($1�PLQLVWHUV¶�shirts are tied together

to represent how nations

can have their own

independence while still

working together.

7KH�$6($1�PLQLVWHUV¶�shirts are tied

together to represent

how powerless the

organisation really is.

Nobody can act.

Analysing Cartoons

Identify each ASEAN member by its cartoon character below:

79


��GLIIHUHQW�LGHDV�DERXW�WKH�IXWXUH�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD


��PDNH�SUHGLFWLRQV�DERXW�WKH�IXWXUH�RI�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��PDNH�FRQQHFWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�SDVW��SUHVHQW�DQG�IXWXUH�HYHQWV��LQWHUSUHW�VLPLOLHV

5. The Future of Southeast Asia

80

5.1 INTRODUCTION


Exercise

KEY WORDSanticipate (v) – to be before others in doing or thinking something emerge (v) – to come from

A. What do leaders want to know about the future?B. What can leaders do if they have a good idea what will happen in the future?C. What makes a prediction a good one?

In this module, you learned about the formation and development of human settlements in

6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��<RX�KDYH�DOUHDG\� OHDUQHG�DERXW� WKH� LPSDFW�RI�(XURSHDQ�FRORQLDOLVDWLRQ�RQ� WKH�Southeast Asian region and about how many new nations emerged from a nationalist struggle

against colonialism. New nations in Southeast Asia had to face many challenges in the modern era

DQG�WKHUH�DUH�VWLOO�PRUH�FKDOOHQJHV�DKHDG�RI�WKHP�\HW��%XW�ZKDW�H[DFWO\�GRHV�WKH�IXWXUH�KROG�IRU�Southeast Asia?

Making predictions about the future of a country or a region is a very important skill. Every world

leader wants to know what will happen to the world economy, what political problems are waiting

LQ�WKH�IXWXUH��DQG�ZKDW�VRFLHW\�LV�JRLQJ�WR�EH�OLNH��/HDGHUV�ZKR�FDQ�anticipate the future are better

SUHSDUHG�WR�IDFH�LW��7KH\�FDQ�WKLQN�RI�VROXWLRQV�WR�SUREOHPV�EHIRUH�WKH\�RFFXU�DQG�VRPHWLPHV��WKH\�can work to prevent problems from happening all together. A good prediction is usually one that is

EDVHG�RQ�D�JRRG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�WKH�SDVW�DQG�KDV�JRRG�UHDVRQV�DQG�H[DPSOHV�WR�VXSSRUW�WKH�LGHD��/HDGHUV�VRPHWLPHV�PDNH�LPSRUWDQW�GHFLVLRQV�IRU�WKHLU�FRXQWU\�EDVHG�RQ�WKHVH�NLQGV�RI�SUHGLFWLRQV�

7KH�big pictures for Southeast Asia’s future do not bring too many

ZRUULHV��7KH�JURZWK�RI�SRSXODWLRQ�LV�XQGHU�FRQWURO��PLOOLRQ�LQ��DQG��H[SHFWHG�LQ��7KH�HFRQRP\�LV�prosperous and the

gross national income��*1,��DFFRXQWV�IRU��%LOOLRQ�LQ��$OO�WKHVH�FRXQWULHV�H[SHULHQFHG�D�VWURQJ�LQFUHDVH�EHWZHHQ��DQG��WKH�RXWSXW�JUHZ�E\��SHU�\HDU��8QIRUWXQDWHO\��WKH�¿QDQFLDO�FULVLV�LQ��DQG�WKH�KLJK�WHFK�FULVLV�LQ��ZHUH�YHU\�GDPDJLQJ��7RGD\��most Southeast Asian countries are faced with strong competition from

&KLQD��$V�D�UHVXOW��WKH\�FDQQRW�H[SHFW�WKH�VDPH�JURZWK�UDWH�DV�LQ�WKH�SDVW��However, the global prospects remain good and the GNI could attain

��%LOOLRQ�LQ��

KEY WORDSbig picture (idiom) – the overall situation gross national income (n) – the total value produced within a country. It is calculated by adding the gross domestic product and all payments received by other countries (for example aid and interest), minus all payments made to other countries.prospects (n) – the possibility of success in the futureprosperous (adj) – successful or rich

5.2 PERSPECTIVES

Dr. Gerard Price Free World Academy

Read the following quotations from different experts to learn about the future of Southeast Asia.

81

KEY WORDSdisplacement (n) – relocation or movementendeavour (v) – try harderratic (adj) – unpredictable or irregularforecast (v) – predicted or expected for the futureglitch (n) – a small problemlivelihood (n) – the way people get the money they need to livepose (v) – to present or introduceporous (adj) – full of holes which allows things to pass in and outresilience (n)�±�WKH�SRVLWLYH�DELOLW\�WR�UHFRYHU�IURP�VWUHVV�DQG�GLI¿FXOW\

Condaleeza RiceNational Security Advisor, U.S.A (2005 - 2009)

Southeast Asia is a very important front on the war on terrorism.

7HUURULVP�poses a serious threat to the region’s economic prosperity

and political stability. Southeast Asia is a perfect place for terrorists to

meet and organise because borders are porous and law enforcement

LV� QRW� DOZD\V� VWURQJ�� 7KHUH� KDYH� DOUHDG\� EHHQ� WHUURULVW� DWWDFNV� LQ�6RXWKHUQ� 7KDLODQG�� ,QGRQHVLD� DQG� 0DOD\VLD�� 7KHVH� DWWDFNV� FRXOG�spread.

*OREDO�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH�LV�DIIHFWLQJ�WKH�GD\�WR�GD\�livelihoods of people in

6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��DQG�EH\RQG��7KHVH�FKDQJHV�DUH�UHVXOWLQJ�LQ�VHYHUH�HFRQRPLF�costs. Environmental impacts forecasted for the future include more

ÀRRGV�DQG�ULVLQJ�VHD�OHYHOV��5LVLQJ�VHD�OHYHOV�ZLOO�FDXVH�WKH�displacement RI�D�ODUJH�SRSXODWLRQ�LQ�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD��7ZR�RI�WKH�PRVW�YXOQHUDEOH�DUHDV�are the coast of Vietnam and the city of Bangkok. Some areas of Bangkok

are already below sea level.

Isabelle LouiseDirector, WWF International, Singapore

I am optimistic that ASEAN can do more. We are on a journey in a bus.

Bumps on the road and erratic driving on the crowded highway give us

KHDGDFKH�DQG�VWRPDFK�EXWWHUÀLHV��<HW��ZH�DUH�VWLOO�LQ�RQH�EXV�WRJHWKHU��:H�have overcome more severe and bigger problems in the past. ASEAN’s

navigational hazards and travel glitches are not unique and peculiar to

RXU�UHJLRQ��2WKHUV�KDYH�VLPLODU�H[SHULHQFHV��/HW�XV�endeavour and not

underestimate our own resilience, capability and determination to lead

the way forward. Ong Keng YongSecretary General of ASEAN (2003 - 2007)

ASEAN in the future must move forward with more than just the economic

leg. ASEAN must now use both the leg of economic cooperation and the leg of

political cooperation so that it can move forward faster and in a more balanced

manner.

President Megawati Soekarnoputri President of Indonesia (2001-2004)

82

7DONLQJ�DERXW�WHUURULVP�LV�QRW�relevant to most Southeast Asian countries.

Instead, the greatest political and security challenges of the future will

come from within Southeast Asia. In almost all cases these challenges will

EH�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�SURFHVV�RI�QDWLRQ�EXLOGLQJ�IROORZLQJ�FRORQLVDWLRQ��$�KDOI�FHQWXU\�RU�VR�LV�QRW�PXFK�IRU�QDWLRQ�EXLOGLQJ��7KH�SURFHVV�XVXDOO\�takes considerably longer. Virtually all the countries of the region are in the thick RI�WKLV�SURFHVV��7KH�JUHDWHVW�FKDOOHQJH�IRU�WKH�UHODWLYHO\�QHZ�countries in Southeast Asia will be unifying diverse cultural and social

groups into political institutions everyone can agree upon.

Mohamed Jawhar Hassan&KDLUPDQ�DQG�&KLHI�([HFXWLYH�2I¿FHU��

Institute of Strategic and International Studies

Improving people’s quality of life is one of the most important challenges

facing Southeast Asia today. Nations need to raise people from poverty

through more equal development schemes��7R�GR�WKLV��FRXQWULHV�ZLOO�KDYH�to increase productivity in the agricultural sector because most Southeast

Asian countries still rely heavily on agriculture to support their economy.

Nations also need to consider the proper use of their natural resources

DQG�SD\�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW�DV�WKH\�GR�VR��7R�DFKLHYH�HFRQRPLF�development, however, political and social stability are required.

Professor Lim Chong Yah Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

KEY WORDSin the thick (idiom) – in the middle ofrelevant (adj) ±�KDYLQJ�D�VLJQL¿FDQW�UHODWLRQVKLS�WR�VRPHWKLQJscheme (n) – plan or projectvirtually (adv) – almost or nearly

ExerciseSkills:

Restating information

Fill in the blanks to complete the summary about each of the speakers.Example:

Dr. Gerard Price: I think the most important challenge ahead is not the economy because the economy is doing well.

Condoleezza Rice: I think the most important challenge ahead is ____ because ____Isabelle Louise: I think the most important challenge ahead is ____ because ____Ong Keng Yong: I think the most important challenge ahead is ____ because ____President Megawati Soekarnoputri: I think the most important challenge ahead is __ because __Mohamed Jawhar Hassan: I think the most important challenge ahead is ____ because ____Lim Chong Yah: I think the most important challenge ahead is ____ because ____

ExerciseSkills:

Classifying information

Classify each of the speeches on the previous pages by its subject matter (economic, political, social, or environmental).Example:

Dr. Gerard Price: Economic

83

Brainstorm

GroupworkSkills:

Prioritising

A. What were the challenges faced by new nations after colonisation? B. Do nations in Southeast Asia still face those challenges?C. What new challenges do Southeast Asian nations face?

Include your answers from Question C into the table below, then add your own ideas.

Challenges Economic Political Social Environmental

Old

New

A. In a small group of three or four, discuss what you think the future of Southeast Asia looks like. What will happen to the economy? What kind of political change will happen? What will happen to the environment?

B. Imagine that you are an advisor for ASEAN. What is the most important thing for the region to spend money on? Decide on the three most important priorities for ASEAN for the future.

C. Your group has been asked to present your advice at an ASEAN summit. Prepare your presentation. Remember, the most convincing predictions have reasons which are well explained!

Research Project

Your teacher will assign you a topic (for example: trade, development, religion, politics).

*R�EDFN�WKURXJK�WKH�ZKROH�PRGXOH�DQG�WDNH�QRWHV�RQ�HYHU\WKLQJ�\RX�FDQ�¿QG�DERXW�that topic. If you have access to a library or to other resources, you will be expected to add new information to what has been presented in this module.

:KHQ�\RX�KDYH�¿QLVKHG�WDNLQJ�QRWHV��UHZULWH�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�XVLQJ�\RXU�RZQ�ZRUGV�

Finally, write at least three paragraphs giving your predictions for the future of Southeast Asia in this topic area and explaining clearly your reasons why you think your predictions will be correct.

ExerciseSkills:

Creating similes

6RPHWLPHV�SROLWLFLDQV�XVH�VLPLOHV�WR�KHOS�H[SODLQ�GLI¿FXOW�SRLQWV��$�VLPLOH�FRPSDUHV�something that is familiar and easy to understand with something that is unfamiliar or GLI¿FXOW��)LOO�LQ�WKH�EODQNV�EHORZ�WR�KHOS�H[SODLQ�ZKDW�3UHVLGHQW�0HJDZDWL�WKLQNV�DERXW�the future of Southeast Asia.

ASEAN is like a body in motion because ASEAN is moving forward into the future and a body ___________. A body is balanced when it moves forward when it moves on _________. ASEAN will move into the future smoothly if it focuses on ____________.

Now use more of your own words to explain what Ong Keng Yong is talking about.

ASEAN’s journey into the future is like ________ because ________________

Documents

1. Before you Begin