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'Ek Bhasha' .... Jo Mustarad Kar Di Gai

by

Mirza Khalil Ahmad Beg

7002Y : _0ELZ)09897674550 >R,kZ/|y: : i8-

M6,kw.ZV : -Rs. 125=00 Zq-gz9 : 7

ISBN:

Published by

EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING HOUSE3108, Vakil Street

Kucha Pandit, Lal Kuan

DELHI - 110006 (India)Ph. 23216162, 23214465, Fax: 091-011-23211540

E-mail: [email protected]



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)=y~Z[@*g(~!*]Zzgizg} A History of Hindi Literature Z~XZK[XtgZLLZZn7|&Z-6,9~FZm,Zzgyz&y~!{34 E

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GE!*V~CZc*pZy6,ZZxtc*HZy~6,ZZnXZkK~r#XZ3XLQgz**x7KZy~y7g~X[Ly~

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~5: X/k,tyL*CY,y,8~0Zzw"This Hindi, therefore, or, as it is sometimes called, 'High Hindi' is theprose literary language of those Hindus of Upper India who do not

employ Urdu. It is of modern origin, having been introduced under

English influence at the commencement of the last century. Up till

then, when a Hindu wrote prose and did not use Urdu, he wrote in his

own dialect, Awadhi, Bundeli, Braj Bhakha, or what not. Lallu Lal,

under the inspiration of Dr. Gilchrist, changed all this by writing the

well-known 'Prem Sagar', a work which was, so far as the prose

portions went practically written in Urdu, with Indo-Aryan words

substituted wherever a writer in that form of speech would use Persian

o n e s . " ( P . 4 6 ) .

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28/91

Zq-ZzgZm,'iZ~XZK[Ly~Z[@*g~Zk|qw-VyH:

"Modern 'High Hindi' was developed from Urdu by the exclusion of

Persian and Arabic words and the substitution of those of pure Indian

origin, Sanskrit or Hindi".(P.46).

)=].h+LZdy~Qgz~gZzg!Zp{g`ZzgZy(6,]c*y~{yz*ZZpgX(Z[~z{'h+q:

"Lallu Ji Lal was a Brahman whose family had come originally form

Gujrat, but had long been settled in North India. Under the direction of

Dr. John Gilchrist he and Sadal Mishra were the creators of modern

'High Hindi'. Many dialects of Hindi were, as we have seen, spoken in

North India, but the vehicle of polite speech amongst those who did

not know Persian was Urdu. Urdu, however, had a vocabulary

borrowed largely from the Persian and Arabic languages, which were

specially connected with Muhammadanism. A literary language for

Hindi-speaking people which could commend itself more to Hindus

was very desirable, and the result was produced by taking Urdu and

expelling form it words of Persian or Arabic origin, and substituting

for them words of Sanskrit or Hindi origin."(P.83)

)=YwZq-',aX{0+ZymZ|Z]pdgZi yz*y~j-$Z(gKXeZYy@Ze$6,Z,VwB11V1YCp ].h+LZdy~Xyz*y~6

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ZZpgbX( yzV~Zk5i!*yZEw!*g}~q:"The Hindi of Lallu Ji Lal was really a new literary dialect. This 'High

Hindi', or 'Standard Hindi' as it is also called, has had however a great

success. It has been adopted as the literary speech of millions in North

India. Poetical works still continue to be written in Braj Bhasha, or

Awadhi, or other old dialcts, as High Hindi has not been much used

for poetry. But whereas before this time prose works in Hindi were

very rare, from now onwards an extensive prose literature began to be



29/91

produced."(Pp.83-84).

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~Zk ( )=yMgc*Zzgy~ Indo- Aryan and Hindi C_54-EGGgYZK[gqwZzgyzV~Zgz=q!*g}~:

"The Hindus continued to cultivate Braj-bhakha and Awadhi, when

they wrote poetry. But from the 19th century, Urdu claimed their chief

attention,as the language of the law courts, and as the medium of

instruction in the schools leading to the professions of law, medicine,

engineering, etc. What restricted education was available in North

India before the Universities were established was through Urdu. The

Hindus also accepted this Urdu tradition at school and college from

Panjab to Bihar, when they needed a workable prose in Hindusthani."(Pp. 213-14)

)=yz~fg)',`ZzgZzS',Z',F,gXpZ,~ZgzZy{mz%/0tZpVi!*yZzgZjV~fg$G0Ty

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"Enthuciasts for Nagari Hindi, i.e. Sanskritised Hindi written andprinted in Nagari characters, ordinarily now have no idea about the

origin and evolution of this kind of Hindi half a century ago. It was

difficult to find a clerk in a law court in Panjab, U.P. and Bihar who

could write a plaint or a deed in Nagari letters. Most educated Hindus

read Urdu, although they were just taking a lukewarm interest in

Nagari pracaror movement for the spread of Nagari Hindi in both the

law courts and the schools." (Ibid., p. 215).

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"A knowledge of the Nagree character being comparatively of little use

to the generality of Hindoostanee scholars, I have entirely discarded

it...."

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(~bXZk~} Italic ~XCMZkZm,~pF,iwzs) **/~g\LZEw7Z}:A ^ naqu, f. (from )A she camel.

P ^+^ nagah, Suddenly, unexpectedly, all at

once, unawares.

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S a huns, m.A duck.

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"The other side of the divide came with the beginning of the Hindi

movement in the 1860s when some Hindus began to assert that one

could no longer be a good Hindu and an advocate of Urdu at the same

time. This movement made deliberate changes in Khari Boli which

eventually resulted in a highly Sanskritized Hindi. The split in the

common trunk of Hindi and Urdu, Khari Boli, which began with the

growth of one major branch, Persianized Urdu, now continued withthe growth of another major branch, Sanskritized Hindi. The process

of multi-symbol congruence now commenced in earnest and

culminated in slogans such as 'Hindi, Hindu, Hindustan' whose

creators saw no room for non-Hindi speakers and non-Hindus in

Hindustan. We might go so far as to call this process the

'Sanskritization of Urdu' or at least the 'Sanskritization of Khari Boli'.

"(One Language, Two Scripts, p. 177).

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