6
Vol. 5 9 , N o . 1 2 PPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 1993, p . 4031-4036 0099-2240/93/124031-06$02.00/0 Copyright © ) 1993, American Society f o r Microbiology Stimulation o f Ligninolytic Peroxidase Activity b y Nitrogen Nutrients i n t h e White Rot Fungus Bjerkandera s p . Strain BOS55 ERWIN E . J . KAAL, ED D E JONG, A N D JI M A . FIELD* Division o f Industrial Microbiology, Department o f Food Science, P . O . Bo x 8129, Wageningen Agricultural University, 6700 EV Wageningen, Th e Netherlands Received 2 2 June 1993/Accepted 8 September 1993 Bjerkandera s p . strain BOS55, a newly isolated wild-type white r o t fungus, produced lignin peroxidase (LiP) i n nitrogen (N)-sufficient glucose-peptone medium, whereas n o L i P w a s detectable i n N-limited medium. T h e production of LiPwas induced b y t h e peptide-containing components o f this medium a n d also b y s o y bean protein. Furthermore, t h e production o f manganese-dependent peroxidase w a s stimulated b y organic N sources, although lower production wa also evident i n N-limited medium. Further research showed that t h e induction of L i P depended o n t h e combination o f p H a n d t h e type o f N source. A n amino acid mixture a n d ammonium induced Li P only a t either p H 6 o r 7.3, respectively. Peptone induced L i P activity a t a l l pH values tested; however, t h e highest activity w a s observed a t p H 7.3. T h e results presented here indicate that Bjerkandera spp. a r e distinct from t h e model white ro t fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which produces ligninolytic peroxidases i n response t o N limitation. Only a fe w groups o f microorganisms a r e capable of degrading complex lignin polymers, a n d they a re best exem- plified by t h e white r o t fungi, which cause the greatest degree o f mineralization. T he degradation o f lignin by these fungi h a s aroused interest i n i t s potential applications, such a s biopulping ( 5 ) a n d removal o f environmental pollutants (16, 17). T h e white r o t fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium h as been used extensively a s a model organism t o study t h e physiological requirements f o r lignin biodegradation (ligni- nolysis) (23). T h e extracellular machinery involved i n lignin a n d xenobiotic degradation b y P . chrysosporium is com- posed o f lignin peroxidases (LiPs) a nd manganese-depen- dent peroxidases (MnPs), a s well a s H202-producing oxi- dases (23). In liquid cultures o f P . chrysosporium, lignin i s degraded only during secondary (idiophasic) metabolism ( 5 , 23), which i s triggered by limitation o f N (21, 25), C , o r S (20). Likewise, P . chrysosporium h as found t o produce ligninolytic peroxidases only i n response t o nutrient deple- tion (13, 1 9 , 38). Ligninolysis a nd ligninolytic peroxidase production i n P. chiysosponum a r e suppressed a nd delayed by high concentrations o f N ( 5 , 13, 15, 2 1 , 2 5 , 35). T h e fact that this fungus is ligninolytic while starving means that i t produces only small amounts o f L i P f o r commercial appli- cations (29). T he results obtained i n defined cultures o f P. chrysosporium have been widely accepted a s t h e paradigm f o r t h e physiology of ligninolysis among most white r o t fungi (234). However, lignin mineralization b y some white r o t fungi ( [ 1 C]-lignin t o GO2), e.g., Pleurotus ostreatus (18, 27), Lentinus edodes (27), a n d an unidentified coprophilous ba - sidiomycete (18), is n o t repressed b y high N concentrations. With some mutants of P. chrysosporium, e.g., INA-12 ( 6 , 3 6 ) a n d PSBL-1 (29, 40), t he L i P production w a s even lated b y N . Others have observed that i n unsubmerged cultures o f wild-type P. chrysosporium, immobilized o n * Corresponding author. 4031 pieces o f polyurethane foam, t h e level o f L i P activity i n - creased a t very high ammonium concentrations ( 7 , 12). Results from t h e screening of many white r o t fungi b y using t h e N-limited BIII medium (39) indicate that many white r o t fungi have n o detectable L i P activity ( 2 , 9 , 2 8 , 41). Curiously, some of these LiP-negative white r o t fungi d o possess t h e L i P genes (22, 37). On e such fungus, Bjerkan- dera adusta, only produces L i P i n a rich glucose-peptone medium (22), whereas almost n o L i P activity wa s observed i n N-limited BIII media ( 9 , 22, 41). T h e objective o f this study wa s t o determine which component(s) o f t h e glucose-peptone medium wa s responsi- bl e f o r inducing the production o f L i P a n d other ligninolytic enzymes i n Bjerkandera s p . strain BOS55. This strain, which wa s isolated from decaying wood buried i n the litter layer of a beech forest, i s a n outstanding degrader of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16). Aside from LiP, t he fungus produces M n P ( 9 ) a n d a novel manganese-independent per- oxidase (MIP) (10). MATERIALS AND METHODS Microorganism. Bjerkandera sp strain BOS55 wa s iso- lated from forest soil samples with a selective medium containing hemp (Cannabis sativa L . ) stem wood, guaiacol, a n d benomyl (9). T h e fungus wa s maintained o n malt extract agar plates (per liter: 15.0 g o f agar, 3 . 5 g o f malt extract, a n d 5. 0 g o f glucose) a t 4°C, from which they were transferred t o n e w malt extract agar plates incubated a t f o r 4 t o 6 days before u s e i n experiments i n this study. I n a l l cases, single 6-mm-diametermycelium-agar plugs (obtained along a uniform circumference) from t h e plates were used a s t h e inocula. Media. Th e standard basal medium used i n t h e experi- ments wa s N limited (2.2 m M NH4+-N; added a s diammo- nium tartrate) BIII mineral medium (39), with 1 0 g of glucose liter-' a s t h e primary substrate a n d 2 m g of thiamine liter-' i n a 2 0 m M 2,2-dimethylsuccinate ( p H 4.5) buffer. Different media were prepared with extra N from various sources a n d

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V o l . 5 9 , N o . 1 2PPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 1 9 9 3 , p . 4031-4036

0 0 9 9 - 2 2 4 0 / 9 3 / 1 2 4 0 3 1 - 0 6 $ 0 2 . 0 0 / 0C o p y r i g h t © ) 1 9 9 3 , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y

S t i m u l a t i o n o f L i g n i n o l y t i c P e r o x i d a s e A c t i v i t y b y N i t r o g e n

N u t r i e n t s i n t h e W h i t e R o t F u n g u s B j e r k a n d e r a s p .S t r a i n BOS55

ERWIN E . J . KAAL, ED DE JONG, AND JIM A . FIELD*

D i v i s i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l M i c r o b i o l o g y , D e p a r t m e n t o f Food S c i e n c e , P . O . Bo x 8 1 2 9 ,

W a g e n i n g e n A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , 6 7 0 0 EV W a g e n i n g e n , T h e N e t h e r l a n d s

R e c e i v e d 2 2 J u n e 1 99 3/ A cc ep t ed 8 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 3

B j e r k a n d e r a s p . s t r a i n B O S 5 5 , a n e w l y i s o l a t e d w i l d - t y p e w h i t e r o t f u n g u s , p r o d u c e d l i g n i n p e r o x i d a s e ( L i P )i n n i t r o g e n ( N ) - s u f f i c i e n t g l u c o s e - p e p t o n e m e d i u m , w h e r e a s n o L i P w a s d e t e c t a b l e i n N - l i m i t e d m e d i u m . T h e

p r o d u c t i o n o f L i P w a s i n d u c e d b y t h e p e p t i d e - c o n t a i n i n g c o m p o n e n t s o f t h i s medium a n d a l s o b y s o y b e a n

p r o t e i n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m a n g a n e s e - d e p e n d e n t p e r o x i d a s e w a s s t i m u l a t e d b y o r g a n i c Ns o u r c e s , a l t h o u g h l o w e r p r o d u c t i o n w a s a l s o e v i d e n t i n N - l i m i t e d m e d i u m . F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h s h o w e d t h a t t h e

i n d u c t i o n o f L i P d e p e n d e d o n t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f pH a n d t h e t y p e o f N s o u r c e . An a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e a n d

ammonium i n d u c e d L i P o n l y a t e i t h e r pH 6 o r 7 . 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . P e p t o n e i n d u c e d L i P a c t i v i t y a t a l l pH v a l u e s

t e s t e d ; h o w e v e r , t h e h i g h e s t a c t i v i t y w a s o b s e r v e d a t pH 7 . 3 . T h e r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n d i c a t e t h a t

B j e r k a n d e r a s p p . a r e d i s t i n c t f r o m t h e m o d e l w h i t e r o t f u n g u s , P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o r i u m , w h i c h p r o d u c e sl i g n i n o l y t i c p e r o x i d a s e s i n r e s p o n s e t o N l i m i t a t i o n .

O n l y a f e w g r o u p s o f m i c r o o r g a n i s m s a r e c a p a b l e o f

d e g r a d i n g c o m p l e x l i g n i n p o l y m e r s , a n d t h e y a r e b e s t exem-

p l i f i e d b y t h e w h i t e r o t f u n g i , w h i c h c a u s e t h e g r e a t e s t

d e g r e e o f m i n e r a l i z a t i o n . T h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f l i g n i n b y t h e s e

f u n g i h a s a r o u s e d i n t e r e s t i n i t s p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s , s u c h

a s b i o p u l p i n g ( 5 ) a n d r e m o v a l o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t a n t s( 1 6 , 1 7 ) .

T h e w h i t e r o t f u n g u s P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o r i u m h a s

b e e n u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y a s a m o d e l o r g a n i s m t o s t u d y t h e

p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r l i g n i n b i o d e g r a d a t i o n ( l i g n i -n o l y s i s ) ( 2 3 ) . T h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r m a c h i n e r y i n v o l v e d i n l i g n i na n d x e n o b i o t i c d e g r a d a t i o n b y P . c h r y s o s p o r i u m i s com-

p o s e d o f l i g n i n p e r o x i d a s e s ( L i P s ) a n d m a n g a n e s e - d e p e n -d e n t p e r o x i d a s e s ( M n P s ) , a s w e l l a s H 2 0 2 - p r o d u c i n g o x i -d a s e s ( 2 3 ) .

I n l i q u i d c u l t u r e s o f P . c h r y s o s p o r i u m , l i g n i n i s d e g r a d e do n l y d u r i n g s e c o n d a r y ( i d i o p h a s i c ) m e t a b o l i s m ( 5 , 2 3 ) , w h i c hi s t r i g g e r e d b y l i m i t a t i o n o f N ( 2 1 , 2 5 ) , C , o r S ( 2 0 ) .L i k e w i s e , P . c h r y s o s p o r i u m h a s b e e n f o u n d t o p r o d u c el i g n i n o l y t i c p e r o x i d a s e s o n l y i n r e s p o n s e t o n u t r i e n t d e p l e -t i o n ( 1 3 , 1 9 , 3 8 ) . L i g n i n o l y s i s a n d l i g n i n o l y t i c p e r o x i d a s ep r o d u c t i o n i n P . c h i y s o s p o n u m a r e s u p p r e s s e d a n d d e l a y e d

b y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f N ( 5 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 2 1 , 2 5 , 3 5 ) . T h e f a c tt h a t t h i s f u n g u s i s l i g n i n o l y t i c w h i l e s t a r v i n g means t h a t i t

p r o d u c e s o n l y s m a l l amounts o f L i P f o r c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i -c a t i o n s ( 2 9 ) . T h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n d e f i n e d c u l t u r e s o f P .

c h r y s o s p o r i u m h a v e b e e n w i d e l y a c c e p t e d a s t h e p a r a d i g mf o r t h e p h y s i o l o g y o f l i g n i n o l y s i s among most w h i t e r o t f u n g i( 2 3 4 ) . H o w e v e r , l i g n i n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n b y s o me w h i t e r o t f u n g i( [ 1 C ] - l i g n i n t o G O 2 ) , e . g . , P l e u r o t u s o s t r e a t u s ( 1 8 , 2 7 ) ,L e n t i n u s e d o d e s ( 2 7 ) , a n d a n u n i d e n t i f i e d c o p r o p h i l o u s b a -

s i d i o m y c e t e ( 1 8 ) , i s n o t r e p r e s s e d b y h i g h N c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .W i t h some m u t a n t s o f P . c h r y s o s p o r i u m , e . g . , I N A - 1 2 ( 6 , 3 6 )a n d P S B L - 1 ( 2 9 , 4 0 ) , t h e L i P p r o d u c t i o n wa s even s t i m u -

l a t e d b y N . O t h e r s h a v e o b s e r v e d t h a t i n u n s u b m e r g e dc u l t u r e s o f w i l d - t y p e P . c h r y s o s p o r i u m , i m m o b i l i z e d on

* C o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r .

4 0 3 1

p i e c e s o f p o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m , t h e l e v e l o f L i P a c t i v i t y i n -c r e a s e d a t v e r y h i g h ammonium c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 7 , 1 2 ) .

R e s u l t s f r o m t h e s c r e e n i n g o f many w h i t e r o t f u n g i by

u s i n g t h e N - l i m i t e d B I I I m e d i u m ( 3 9 ) i n d i c a t e t h a t manyw h i t e r o t f u n g i h a v e n o d e t e c t a b l e L i P a c t i v i t y ( 2 , 9 , 2 8 , 4 1 ) .C u r i o u s l y , some o f t h e s e L i P - n e g a t i v e w h i t e r o t f u n g i d op o s s e s s t h e L i P g e n e s ( 2 2 , 3 7 ) . One s u c h f u ng u s , B j er k a n-d e r a a d u s t a , o n l y p r o d u c e s L i P i n a r i c h g l u c o s e - p e p t o n e

medium ( 2 2 ) , w h e r e a s a l m o s t n o L i P a c t i v i t y wa s o b s e r v e d

i n N - l i m i t e d B I I I m e d i a ( 9 , 2 2 , 4 1 ) .T h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s t u d y wa s t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h

c o m p o n e n t ( s ) o f t h e g l u c o s e - p e p t o n e medium wa s r e s p o n s i -

b l e f o r i n d u c i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f L i P a n d o t h e r l i g n i n o l y t i ce n z y m e s i n B j e r k a n d e r a s p . s t r a i n B O S 5 5 . T h i s s t r a i n , w h i c hwa s i s o l a t e d f r o m d e c a y i n g wood b u r i e d i n t h e l i t t e r l a y e r o f

a b e e c h f o r e s t , i s a n o u t st a nd i n g d e g r a d e r o f p o l y cy c l i c

a r o m a t i c h y d r o c a r b o n s ( 1 6 ) . A s i d e f r o m L i P , t h e f u n g u s

p r o d u c e s MnP ( 9 ) a n d a n o v e l m a n g a n e s e - i n d e p e n d e n t p e r -

o x i d a s e ( M I P ) ( 1 0 ) .

MATERIALS A N D M E TH O DS

M i c r o o r g a n i s m . B j e r k a n d e r a s p . s t r a i n BOS55 wa s i s o -l a t e d f r o m f o r e s t s o i l s a m p l e s w i t h a s e l e c t i v e medium

c o n t a i n i n g hemp ( C a n n a b i s s a t i v a L . ) s t e m w o o d , g u a i a c o l ,a n d b e n o m y l ( 9 ) . T h e f u n g u s wa s m a i n t a i n e d o n m a l t e x t r a c t

a g a r p l a t e s ( p e r l i t e r : 1 5 . 0 g o f a g a r , 3 . 5 g o f m a l t e x t r a c t , a n d

5 . 0 g o f g l u c o s e ) a t 4 ° C , f r o m w h i c h t h e y w e r e t r a n s f e r r e d t onew m a l t e x t r a c t a g a r p l a t e s a n d i n c u b a t e d a t 3 0 ° C f o r 4 t o 6

d a y s b e f o r e u s e i n e x p e r i m e n t s i n t h i s s t u d y . I n a l l c a s e s ,

s i n g l e 6 - m m - d i a m e t e r m y c e l i u m - a g ar p l u g s ( o b t a in ed a l o n g a

u n i f o r m c i r c u m f e r e n c e ) f r o m t h e p l a t e s w e r e u s e d a s t h e

i n o c u l a .M e d i a . Th e s t a n d a r d b a s a l medium u s e d i n t h e e x p e r i -

m e n t s wa s N l i m i t e d ( 2 . 2 mM NH4+-N; a d d e d a s d i a m m o -

n i u m t a r t r a t e ) B I I I m i n e r a l medium ( 3 9 ) , w i t h 1 0 g o f g l u c o s el i t e r - ' a s t h e p r i m a r y s u b s t r a t e a n d 2 m g o f t h i a m i n e l i t e r - 'i n a 2 0 mM 2 , 2 - d i m e t h y l s u c c i n a t e ( p H 4 . 5 ) b u f f e r . D i f f e r e n tm e d i a w e r e p r e p a r e d w i t h e x t r a N f r o m v a r i o u s s o u r c e s a n d

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APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL.

s e t a t s e v e r a l pH v a l u e s . T h e e x t r a N s o ur ces u s e d were a

m i x t u r e o f 2 0 L - a m i n o a c i d s ( A l a , A r g , A s n , A s p , C y s , G l y ,

G l u , G l n , H i s , I l e , L e u , L y s , M e t , P h e , P r o , S e r , T h r , T r p ,

T y r , a n d V a l ) , p e p t o n e , y e a s t e x t r a c t , s o y b e a n p r o t e i n ,d i a m m o n i u m t a r t r a t e , o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e . T h e m e d i a

w i t h t h e m i x t u r e o f L - a m i n o a c i d s c o n t a i n e d a f i n a l c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n o f 0 . 2 5 g o f e a c h a m i n o a c i d l i t e r - 1 . T h e m e d i a were

a d j u s t e d t o pH v a l u e s o f 4 . 5 , 6 . 0 , o r 7 . 3 b y NaOH a d d i t i o n .Th e g l u c o s e - p e p t o n e medium u s e d i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t s was

m o d i f i e d f r o m t h a t o f Kimura e t a l . ( 2 2 ) a n d c o n t a i n e d ( p e rl i t e r ) 1 0 g o f g l u c o s e , 5 g o f p e p t o n e , 2 g o f y e a s t e x t r a c t , 1g o f KH2PO4, a n d 0 . 5 g o f MgSO4. 7H20 ( p H 4 . 5 ) .

A l l m e d i a were f i l t e r s t e r i l i z e d ( S c h l e i c h e r & S c h u e l l FP

0 3 0 / 3 ; pore s i z e , 0 . 2 , u m ) .C u l t u r e c o n d i t i o n s . A l i q u o t s ( 5 m l ) o f m e d i a were p l a c e d i n

l o o s e l y c a p p e d 2 5 0 - m l serum b o t t l e s . T h e b o t t l e s were

i n c u b a t e d s t a t i c a l l y u n d e r a n a i r a t m o s p h e r e a t 3 0 ° C i nc o m p l e t e d a r k n e s s . T h e 2 5 0 - m l serum b o t t l e s u s e d f o r CO2

e v o l u t i o n measurements, on t h e c o n t r a r y , were s e a l e d w i t h

g a s - i m p e r m e a b l e r u b b e r s e p t a . Th e h e a d s p a c e s o f t h e c u l -t u r e s were a s e p t i c a l l y f l u s h e d w i t h a i r a t t h e t i m e o f i n o c u -

l a t i o n a n d a f t e r e a c h g a s s a m p l i n g .

Enzyme assays. L i P a c t i v i t y was a s s a y e d w i t h v e r a t r y la l c o h o l as d e s c r i b e d b y T i e n a n d K i r k ( 3 9 ) b u t was c o r r e c t e d

f o r v e r a t r y l a l c o h o l o x i d a s e a c t i v i t y ( i . e . , a c t i v i t y i n t h e

a b s e n c e o f H 2 0 2 ) . MnP a c t i v i t y was m e a s u r e d b y a m e t h o d

m o d i f i e d f r o m t h a t o f P a s c z y n s k i e t a l . ( 3 0 ) . T h e r e a c t i o n

m i x t u r e c o nt a i ne d 5 0 mM s o d i u m m a l o n a t e ( p H 4 . 5 ) , 1 mM2 , 6 - d i m e t h o x y p h e n o l , 1 mM MnSO4, a n d up t o 6 0 0 p l o f

c u l t u r e b r o t h i n a t o t a l v o l u m e o f 1 m l . T h e r e a c t i o n was

i n i t i a t e d b y a d d i n g 0 . 4 mM H 2 0 2 , a n d MnP was c o r r e c t e d f o rl a c c a s e a c t i v i t y a n d f o r MIP a c t i v i t y . MIP a c t i v i t y was

m e a s u r e d b y a m e t h o d m o d i f i e d f r o m t h a t o f d e J o n g e t a l .

( 1 0 ) . Th e r e a c t i o n m i x t u r e c o n t a i n e d 5 0 mM s o d i u m m a l -

o n a t e ( p H 4 . 5 ) , 1 mM 2 , 6 - d i m e t h o x y p h e n o l , 1 mM EDTA,a n d up t o 5 5 0 p l o f c u l t u r e b r o t h i n a t o t a l v o l u m e o f 1 m l .

Th e r e a c t i o n was i n i t i a t e d by t h e a dd i t i o n o f 0 . 4 mM H 2 0 2 .

C a r b o n d i o x i d e a n a l y s i s . C a r b o n d i o x i d e e v o l u t i o n was

d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e h e a d s p a c e b y g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y w i t h aP a c k a r d 4 2 7 ( P a l o A l t o , C a l i f . ) a p p a r a t u s f i t t e d w i t h a t h e r m a l

c o n d u c t i v i t y d e t e c t o r ( 1 4 0 ° C ) . T h e c o l u m n ( H a y e s e p Q ;

C h r o m p a c k , M i d d e l b u r g , Th e N e t h e r l a n d s ) was m a i n t a i n e d

a t 1 1 0 ° C , a n d h e l i u m was u s e d as a c a r r i e r g a s ( 3 0 m l m i n - 1 ) .

Th e i n j e c t i o n p o r t was m a i n t a i n e d a t 1 1 0 ° C . T h e i n j e c t i o nv o l u m e was 1 0 0 , u l .

C h e m i c a l s . M y c o l o g i c a l p e p t o n e ( 9 . 5 % t o t a l n i t r o g e n ) ,y e a s t e x t r a c t ( 1 1 . 0 % t o t a l n i t r o g e n ) , a n d s o y b e a n p r o t e i n

( 1 4 . 7 % t o t a l n i t r o g e n ) were o b t a i n e d , r e s p e c t i v e l y , f r o mO x o i d L t d . ( B a s i n g s t o k e , H a m p s h i r e , E n g l a n d ) , L i f e T e c h -

n o l o g i e s L t d . ( P a i s l e y , U n i t e d K i n g d o m ) , a n d P u r i n a P r o t e i n

E u r o p e ( B r u s s e l s , B e l g i u m ) . T h e L - a m i n o a c i d s were o b -

t a i n e d f r o m e i t h e r Merck ( D a r m s t a d t , G e r m a n y ) o r J a n s s e nC h i m i c a ( G e e l , B e l g i u m ) . A l l o t h e r c h e m i c a l s were commer-

c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e a n d were u s e d w i t h o u t any f u r t h e r p u r i f i c a -

t i o n .

RESULTS

Th e e f f e c t o f v a r i o u s N s u p p l e m e n t s on t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

l i g n i n o l y t i c enzymes ( L i P , MnP, a n d MIP) a n d t h e m e t a b o l i c

a c t i v i t y ( a s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e CO2 p r o d u c t i o n ) a f t e r 5 , 7 , a n d1 2 d a y s are s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 . A l l o f t h e N s u p p l e m e n t s

c a u s e d h i g h e r CO 2 p r o d u c t i o n . E x t r a g l u c o s e , i n s t e a d o f

e x t r a N , d i d n o t s t i m u l a t e t h e m e t a b o l i c a c t i v i t y . Th e

a c t i v i t y o f MnP a n d MIP was s t i m u l a t e d by o r g a n i c f o r m s o f

N . T h e B I I I , p r e s e n t i n t h e b a s a l m e d i u m , g r e a t l y s t i m u l a t e d

TABLE 1 . E f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s N s u p p l e m e n t s o n t h e l i g n i n o l y t i ce n z y m e a c t i v i t y a n d t h e CO 2 p r o d u c t i o n a t pH 4 . 5

Da y a n d C u m u l a t i v e A c t i v i t y ( n m o l m i n - ' m l - ' )m e d i u m a C O 2 ( > m o l ) Mn P MI P L i P

Da y 5

B - g 1 2 0 8 1 1 3 3 4 1 1 ±1 0

B- G 1 1 6 2 2 7 4 2 7 1 2 2 0B - g - N 1 4 3 1 2 2 2 0 2 7 2 5 5 0

B - g - S 6 4 7 7 7 8 4 9 4 2 4 9 5 1 1 ± 3

B - g - Y 3 9 5 4 8 5 4 2 7 6 2 5 6 6 ± 2

B - g - P 7 0 6 4 3 1 , 2 3 9 1 8 4 5 7 4 9 ± 2

B - g - P - Y 6 9 8 + 7 1 1 , 4 8 6 + 2 0 0 1 2 7 + 4 0 1 2 ± 2

g - Y 3 1 1 2 7 4 0 1 2 2 3 6 1 3 ± 2

g - P - Y 8 1 3 7 4 4 6 1 5 4 2 2 2 1 6 9 ± 1 1

Da y 7

B - g 2 0 3 1 5 2 4 0 ± 3 7 1 6 ± 6 0

B- G 2 0 9 ± 3 2 1 4 9 ± 3 1 1 6 ± 1 0

B - g - N 3 3 5 ± 6 4 NDb ND 0

B - g - S 1 , 3 6 9 ± 3 0 9 9 8 ± 1 5 2 3 6 ± 2 2 6 ± 2

B - g - Y 8 1 5 ± 1 9 4 4 8 ± 8 8 1 3 ± 4 0

B - g - P 1 , 2 3 5 ± 5 6 6 3 0 ± 1 5 4 6 5 ± 6 4 1 ± 4

B - g - P - Y 1 , 3 7 1 + 4 2 8 8 2 ± 1 8 2 1 4 1 ± 1 3 6 8 ± 3 1

g - Y 6 0 8 ± 5 9 8 ± 7 1 5 ± 7 0g - P - Y 1 , 3 9 0 ± 6 9 2 1 7 ± 2 1 1 5 0 ± 2 2 6 7 ± 1 0

Da y 1 2

B - g 4 0 0 ± 8 1 9 2 ± 4 6 1 1 ± 3 0

B- G 4 1 7 ± 5 7 2 5 4 ± 1 8 1 3 ± 3 0

B - g - N 1 , 0 9 8 ± 5 7 ND ND 0

B - g - S 1 , 8 7 0 ± 4 6 3 0 6 ± 1 3 1 9 8 ± 1 7 6 3 ± 4

B - g - Y 1 , 4 0 9 ± 3 5 7 0 ± 1 0 6 ± 5 0

B - g - P 1 , 7 4 5 ± 7 6 2 2 3 ± 7 9 5 3 ± 1 2 9 ± 6

B - g - P - Y 1 , 9 2 3 ± 9 2 4 8 0 ± 1 0 4 1 0 8 ± 3 8 6 1 ± 2 0

g - Y 1 , 0 8 4 ± 6 2 1±1 4±4 0

g - P - Y 1 , 7 3 9 ± 1 2 0 6 3 ± 3 0 4 1 ± 1 0 1 4 ± 4

a B , B I l l p l u s 2 . 2 mM N H 4 + - N ; g , 1 0 g o f g l u c o s e p e r l i t e r ; G , 2 0 g o fg l u c o s e p e r l i t e r ; N , 3 4 . 0 mM N H 4 , - N ; S , 5 g o f s o y b e a n p r o t e i n ( 5 2 . 5 mM N )

p e r l i t e r ; P , 5 g o f p e p t o n e ( 3 4 . 0 mM N ) p e r l i t e r ; Y , 2 g o f y e a s t e x t r a c t ( 1 5 . 7mM N ) p e r l i t e r .

bND , n o t d e t e r m i n e d .

t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f MnP, w h e r e a s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f L i P wa s

o n l y d e l a y e d b y B I I I . T h e L i P a c t i v i t y wa s i n d u c e d b y a l l o f

t h e o r g a n i c N s o u r c e s ( p e p t o n e , y e a s t e x t r a c t , a n d s o y b e a np r o t e i n ) . No L i P a c t i v i t y wa s d e t e c t e d i n t h e c u l t u r e f l u i d s o f

t h e b a s a l medium a n d t h e b a s al m e d i a s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h

e i t h e r e x t r a d i a m m o n i u m t a r t r a t e ( N H 4 + - N ) o r e x t r a g l u c o s e

( T a b l e 1 ) .P e p t o n e , y e a s t e x t r a c t , a n d s o y b ea n p r o t e i n a r e u n d e f i n e d

s o u r c e s o f o r g a n i c N . T w e n t y L - a m i n o a c i d s w e r e s c r e e ne d

f o r i n d u c i n g L i P a c t i v i t y i n t h e b a s a l medium ( p H 4 . 5 ) , i no r d e r t o f i n d a d e f i n e d o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n s o u r c e w h i c h c a n

i n d u c e L i P . O n l y L - a s p a r a g i n e i n d u c e d L i P a c t i v i t y a t pH 4 . 5

( r e s u l t s n o t s h o w n ) . L - H l s t i d i n e a l s o i n d u c e d L i P a c t i v i t y ,b u t o n l y when t h e i n i t i a l pH o f t h e m e d i u m wa s u n c o r r e c t e d

( p H 6 . 0 ) a n d n o t when s e t a t pH 4 . 5 ( r e s u l t s n o t s h o w n ) .

A p p a r e n t l y , b o t h t h e t y p e o f N s o u r c e a n d t h e pH e f f e c t sw e r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t .

The r o l e o f N s u p p l e m e n t s a t d i f f e r e n t pH v a l u e s o n t h e

C O 2 p r o d u c t i o n a n d L i P a c t i v i t y wa s e v a l u a t e d . T h e CO2p r o d u c t i o n wa s a l m o s t n o t i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e i n i t i a l pH a n dt h e k i n d o f N n u t r i e n t t h a t wa s s u p p l e m e n t e d . T h e a m o u n t o f

N , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , wa s o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e C O 2p r o d u c t i o n . T h e N - s u f f i c i e n t m e d i a s u p p o r t e d d i s t i n c t l yh i g h e r m e t a b o l i c r a t e s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h o s e i n t h e l o w -

4 0 3 2 KAAL ET AL .

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NITROGEN STIMULATION OF L i P 4 0 3 3

2000

0

0

0E1-

C

0

0

~ 00 -

0 .

0

1 5 0 0

1000

5 0 0

0 1 0 0 2 0 0 300

Time ( h o u r s )F I G . 1 . E f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s N s o u r c e s a t pH 6 s u p p l e m e n t e d t o t h eb a s a l medium ( 2 . 2 mM NH4+-N) o n t h e CO2 p r o d u c t i o n : 0 , n o

s u p p l e m e n t ; 0 , 3 4 . 0 mM N H 4 + - N ; * , 5 g o f p e p t o n e ( 3 4 . 0 mM N )p e r l i t e r ; a n d A , 5 g o f L - a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e ( 5 7 . 1 mM N ) p e r l i t e r .

ammonium N b a s a l m e d i u m , a s s h o w n i n F i g . 1 f o r pH 6 ,c o n f i r m i n g t h a t t h e b a s a l medium wa s N l i m i t e d . F i g u r e 2 Aa n d B show t h a t i n t h e N H 4 + - N - c o n t a i n i n g m e d i a , L i P wa s

o n l y d e t e ct e d i n t h o s e w i t h a n i n i t i a l pH o f 7 . 3 . T h e p e a k L i Pa c t i v i t y i n t h e medium s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h 3 4 . 0 mM NH4+-No c c u r r e d a t d a y 5 , w h i l e a l o w e r p e a k o c c u r r e d a t d a y 8 i nt h e b a sa l medium c o n t a i n i n g 2 . 2 mM NH4+-N. I n t h e m e d i as u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h p e p t o n e , t h e f i r s t a n d a l s o h i g h e s t L i P

a c t i v i t y p e a k wa s a l s o o b s e r v e d i n t h e pH 7 . 3 medium a n do c c u r r e d a t d a y 5 . H o w e v e r , h i g h l e v e l s o f L i P a c t i v i t y were

a l s o p r o d u c e d i n t h e p e p t o n e m e d i a a t l o w e r pH v a l u e s . I nt h e m e d i a s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h t h e m i x t u r e o f t w e n t y L - a m i n oa c i d s , h i g h L i P a c t i v i t y wa s o n l y f o u n d i n t h e medium w i t ha n i n i t i a l pH o f 6 . 0 . The L i P a c t i v i t y p e a k i n t h i s mediumo c c u r r e d a t d a y 5 . T h e pH d u r i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t i s g i v e n i nF i g . 3 . Th e p H , i n i t i a l l y s e t a t pH 6 . 0 a n d 7 . 3 , g r a d u a l l yd e c l i n e d , s o t h a t by d a y 1 0 t h e pH v a l u e s i n a l l t r e a t m e n t s

w e r e i n t h e r a n g e o f 4 . 5 t o 5 . 5 . H o w e v e r , o n d a y 5 , when L i Pa c t i v i t y f i r s t a p p e a r e d , t h e pH h a d o n l y d e c l i n e d b y a b o u t 0 . 5a n d 1 . 0 U i n t h e m e d i a w i t h s t a r t i n g pH v a l u e s o f 6 . 0 a n d 7 . 3 ,r e s p e c t i v e l y .

D u r i n g t h e pH e x p e r i m e n t , t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f MnP a n dMIP wa s a l s o m o n i t o r e d ( r e s u l t s n o t s h o w n ) . A g a i n , i t wa s

f o u n d t h a t o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n s o u r c e s s t i m u l a t e t h e MnP a n dMIP p r o d u c t i o n . V e r y h i g h s t i m u l a t i o n o f MnP p r o d u c t i o no c c u r r e d u n d e r t h o s e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t i n d u c e d L i P p r o d u c -t i o n , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e N s o u r c e s w e r e o r g a n i c .

DISCUSSION

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r e s e n t - d a y p a r a d i g m , w h i t e r o t f u n g ip r o d u c e o n l y l i g n i n o l y t i c e n z y m e s i n r e s p o n s e t o n u t r i e n tl i m i t a t i o n . T h e m o s t - s t u d i e d s y s t e m i s t h e t r i g g e r i n g o f L i P

p r o d u c t i o n b y N d e p l e t i o n ( 5 , 2 3 ) . H o w e v e r , K i m u r a e t a l .( 2 2 ) f o u n d t h a t w i l d - t y p e B . a d u s t a p r o d u c e d L i P o n l y i n a n

o r g a n i c N - r i c h m e d i u m . I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i r r e s u l t s ,o r g an i c N - r i c h m e d i a i n d u c e d L i P p r o d u c t i o n i n B j e r k a n d e r as p . s t r a i n B O S 5 5 . Th e L i P p r o d u c t i o n c o u l d a l s o b e i n d u c e dby s o y b e a n p r o t e i n a n d y e a s t e x t r a c t , b u t n o t w i t h h i g hNH4+-N a t pH 4 . 5 . From t h e s e r e s u l t s i t c a n b e c o n c l u d e dt h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f L i P wa s i n d u c e d b y p e p t i d e s a n dp r o t e i n s a n d n o t by t h e v i t a m i n s o r b y t h e m i n e r a l s i n t h e

g l u c o s e - p e p t o n e m e d i u m . T h e s e c o m p o n e n t s a l s o s t i m u l a t e dt h e p r o d u c t i o n o f MnP a n d M I P , a l t h o u g h some p r o d u c t i o no f MnP a n d MIP wa s o b s e r v e d i n t h e b a s a l m e d i u m . E x t r ag l u c o s e d i d n o t s t i m u l a t e CO2 p r o d u c t i o n , w h e r e a s a l l o f t h en u t r i e n t n i t r o g e n s u p p l e m e n t s d i d ; t h e g r o w t h t h e r e f o r e i nt h e b a s a l medium wa s t r u l y N l i m i t e d . U n d e r t h e N - l i m i t e d

c o n d i t i o n s o f t h i s s t u d y a n d o t h e r s t u d i e s ( 9 , 2 2 , 4 1 ) , no L i Pa c t i v i t y w a s f o u n d i n B j e r k a n d e r a s p p . , i n d i c a t i n g a d i s t i n c tr e g u l a t i o n o f L i P p r o d u c t i o n i n t h i s g e n u s c o m p a r e d w i t h

t h a t i n P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o n i u m w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h ed e p l e t i o n o f n i t r o g e n n u t r i e n t s .

I n w i l d - t y p e s t r a i n s o f P . c h r y s o s p o r i u m , h i g h l e v e l s o f

c o m p l e x N n u t r i e n t s s u c h a s p e p t o n e , y e a s t e x t r a c t , a n dp r o t e i n s d o n o t c a u s e d r a s t i c r e p r e s s i o n s i n t h e l i g n i n o l y t i ca c t i v i t y ( [ 1 4 C ] l i g n i n t o 1 4 C O 2 ) ( 3 3 , 3 4 ) . I n some c a s e s , t h ec o m p l e x N n u t r i e n t s s t i m u l a t e t h e i n i t i a l r a t e o f l i g n i nm i n e r a l i z a t i o n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t i n N - l i m i t e d b a s a l m e -d i u m ( 3 3 , 3 4 ) . A s s u m i n g t h a t p e r o x i d a s e s w e r e r e q u i r e d f o rt h e o b s e r v e d l i g n i n o l y s i s ( 2 4 ) , P . c h r y s o s p o r i u m p r o b a b l yp r o d u c e s l i g n i n o l y t i c p e r o x i d a s e s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f c o m p l e xo r g a n i c N n u t r i e n t s , a s we a n d K i m u r a e t a l . ( 2 2 ) h a v e f o u n d

f o r B j e r k a n d e r a s p p . D o s o r e t z e t a l . ( 1 2 ) o b s e r v e d t h a tu n s u b m e r g e d c u l t u r e s o f P . c h t y s o s p o r i u m o v e r p r o d u c e dL i P ( 8 0 0 n m o l l i t e r - l m i n - ' ) i n m e d i u m w i t h v e r y h i g hNH4+-N ( 4 5 m M) when t h e c a r b o n b e c a m e l i m i t i n g , c o r r e -s p o n d i n g t o t h e moment when t h e f u n g u s ' o wn e n d o g e n o u sn i t r o g e n w a s b e i ng d e g r a de d . T h e c o m p l e x o r g a n i c n i t r o g e ns u p p l e m e n t s c o u l d h a v e a r o l e i n i m i t a t i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n st h a t t h e f u n g u s e n c o u n t e r s d u r i n g C l i m i t a t i o n . To t e s t t h i sh y p o t h e s i s , f u t u r e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s s h o u l d d e t e r m i ne w h e t h e ra m i n o a c i d s a n d p e p t i d e s r e l e a s e d f r o m t h e a u t o l y s i s o f c e l l

c o n s t i t u e n t s c a n i n d u c e L i P p r o d u c t i o n .T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f L i P i n B j e r k a n d e r a s p . s t r a i n BOS55was pH d e p e n d e n t . A t pH 4 . 5 , a s p a r a g i n e wa s t h e o n l yL - a m i n o a c i d t h a t i n d u c e d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f L i P . H i s t i d i n ei n d u c e d L i P p r o d u c t i o n a t pH 6 . 0 b u t n o t a t pH 4 . 5 . T h e pHg r e a t l y i n f l u e n c e d t h e L i P p r o d u c t i o n i n m e d i a s u p p l e m e n t e dw i t h NH4+-N, a m i x t u r e o f a m i n o a c i d s , o r p e p t o n e . I nc o n t r a s t , t h e pH h a d n o e f f e c t o n t h e m e t a b o l i c a c t i v i t y o f

t h e f u n g u s a s e v i d e n c e d f r o m t h e C O 2 p r o d u c t i o n d a t a .R o c h e e t a l . ( 3 6 ) c o n d u c t e d r e s e a r c h o n t h e e f f e c t o f pH a n d1 3 mM L - a s p a r a g i n e o n t h e L i P p r o d u c t i o n b y t h e m u t a n t

s t r a i n P . c h r y s o s p o r i u m I N A - 1 2 . T h e h i g h e s t L i P a c t i v i t ywa s d e t e c t e d a t pH 5 . 4 . T h e s e f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t L i Pa c t i v i t y i n d u c t i o n i n N - d e r e g u l a t e d m u t a n t s o f P . c h r y s o -s p o n u m i s a l s o pH d e p e n d e n t .

T h e B I I I m i n e r a l n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n , p r e s e n t i n t h e b a s a l

m e d i u m , g r e a t l y s t i m u l a t e d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f MnP. B I I Ic o n t a i n s M n ( I I ) , a n d t h u s i n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f man-

g a n e s e p r o b a b l y l e d t o i n c r e a s e d MnP p r o d u c t i o n , a s wa s

f o u n d p r e v i o u s l y w i t h o t h e r w h i t e r o t f u n g i ( 2 , 4 , 3 1 ) . S ome

r e s e a r c h e r s r e p o r t e d t h a t s m a l l a d d i t i o n s o f m a n g a n e s e a l s os t i m u l a t e L i P p r o d u c t i o n ( 4 , 2 3 ) ; h o w e v e r , o t h e r s r e p o r t t h a th i g h m a n g a n e s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n h i b i t e d L i P p r o d u c t i o n ( 2 ,3 1 ) . I n t h i s s t u d y i t wa s o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f L i P

was o n l y d e l a y e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f B I I I .MnP p r o d u c t i o n i n B j e r k a n d e r a s p . s t r a i n B O S 5 5 wa s

g r e a t l y s t i m u l a t e d i n m e d i a c o n t a i n i n g p e p t o n e o r t h e a m i n oa c i d m i x t u r e u n d e r t h o s e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t c a u s e d h i g h p r o -

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Time ( h o u r s ) Time ( h o u r s )F I G . 2 . E f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s N sources ( n o n e [ A ] , 3 4 . 0 mM NH4+-N [ B ] , 5 g o f p e p t o n e [ 3 4 . 0 mM N ] pe r l i t e r [ C ] , and 5 g o f L - a m i n o a c i d

m i x t u r e [ 5 7 . 1 mM N ] pe r l i t e r [ D ] ) s u p p l e m e n t e d t o t h e b a s a l medium ( 2 . 2 mM NH4+-N) on L i P p r o d u c t i o n . Th e s u p p l e m e n t s were t e s t e d

w i t h t h r e e d i f f e r e n t i n i t i a l pH v a l u e s o f t h e m e d i a ; pH 4 . 5 ( - ) , pH 6 . 0 ( 0 ) , a n d pH 7 . 3 ( A ) .

d u c t i o n s o f L i P as w e l l . A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n i s a p a r a l l e lr e g u l a t i o n o f t h e L i P a n d MnP p r o d u c t i o n i n r e s p o n s e t o

o r g a n i c N . H o w e v e r , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e e x t r a MnPa c t i v i t y i s o n l y a n a r t i f a c t , s i n c e , L i P , t o g e t h e r w i t h v e r a t r y l

a l c o h o l , i s a b l e t o o x i d i z e M n ( I I ) t o M n ( I I I ) i n v i t r o ( 3 , 3 2 ) .V er a t r y l a l c oh o l i s p r o d u c e d by B j e r k a n d e r a sp . s t r a i nBOS55 ( 1 1 ) .

B j e r k a n d e r a spp. ar e w i l d - t y p e s t r a i n s t h a t p r o d u c e L i P i nresponse t o N - s u f f i c i e n t c o n d i t i o n s . S i n c e t h e g r o w t h i s a l s os t i m u l a t e d b y N , upon f u r t h e r o p t i m i z a t i o n i t may b e p o s s i -b l e t o o b t a i n c o m m e r c i a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g y i e l d s o f t h e l i g n i -

n o l y t i c e n z y m e s . H o w e v e r , t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f N s t i m u l a -

t i o n i n n a t u r e i s n o t c l e a r , b e c a u s e t h e N c o n t e n t o f m o s t

wood i s very l o w ( 1 4 ) . C e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e f u n g i

c o u l d h a v e a ccess t o h i g h l e v e l s o f N c o u l d o c c u r n a t u r a l l y .S o m e N 2 - f i x i n g b a c t e r i a are a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e m a j o r d e -

cay f u n g i i n wo o d ( 1 , 2 6 ) . C o w l i n g a n d M e r r i l l ( 8 ) s u g g e s t e dt h a t n i t r o g e n f r o m i n s i t u N2 f i x a t i o n m i g h t s u p p l e m e n tt h e e x i s t i n g a n d me ag er N resources i n wo o d a v a i l a b l e t o

t h e f u n g i . F u r t h e r m o r e , l o t s o f wood b e i n g d e c a y e d by w h i t e

r o t f u n g i i s b u r i e d i n t h e n i t r o g e n - r i c h l i t t e r l a y e r o f f o r e s t

s o i l s .

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NITROGEN STIMULATION OF L i P 4 0 3 5

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Time ( h o u r s )

F I G . 3 . T h e pH o f t h e b a s a l m e d i a s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h v a r i o u s

n u t r i e n t n i t r o g e n so urces t h a t were i n i t i a l l y s e t a t 4 . 5 , 6 . 0 , o r 7 . 3 .Th e s u p p l e m e n t s were none (., 3 4 . 0 mM NH4+-N ( ) , 5 g o f

peptone pe r l i t e r ( ), a n d 5 g o f L - a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e pe r l i t e r

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

T h e work p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t was f u n d e d i n p a r t by t h e R o y a l

N e t h e r l a n d s Academy o f A r t s a n d S c i e n c e s .

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p a t h o l o g y 6 4 : 1 4 1 3 - 1 4 2 0 .

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1 1 . d e J o n g , E . , J . A . F i e l d , J . A . F . M . D i n g s , J . B . P . A . W j n b e r g ,a n d J . A . M . d e B o n t . 1 9 9 2 . D e - n o v o b i o s y n t h e s i s o f c h l o r i n a t e da r o m a t i c s b y t h e w h i t e r o t f u n g u s B j e r k a n d er a s p . B O S 5 5 :f o r m a t i o n o f 3 - c h l o r o - a n i s a l d e h y d e f r o m g l u c o s e . FEBS L e t t .

3 0 5 : 2 2 0 - 2 2 4 .1 2 . D o s o r e t z , C . G . , N . R o t h s c h i l d , a n d Y . H ad ar . 1 9 9 3 . O v e r p r o -d u c t i o n o f l i g n i n p e r o x i d a s e b y P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o r i u m( B K M - F ) u n d e r n o n l i m i t i n g n u t r i e n t c o n d i t i o n s . A pp l . E n v i r on .

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1 3 . F a i s o n , B . D . , a n d T . K . K i r L 1 9 8 5 . F a c t o r s i n v o l v e d i n t h er e g u l a t i o n o f a l i g n i n a s e a c t i v i t y i n P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o -s p or i u m. A pp l . E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l . 4 9 : 2 9 9 - 3 0 4 .

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u l t r a s t r u c t u r e , r e a c t i o n s . W a l t e r d e G r u y t e r & C o . , B e r l i n .1 5 . F e n n , P . , a n d T . K . K i r k . 1 9 8 1 . R e l a t i o n s h i p o f n i t r o g e n t o t h e

o n s e t a nd s u pp r es s i o n o f l i g n i n o l y t i c a c t i v i t y a n d s e c o n d a r ym e t a b o l i s m i n P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o r i u m . A r c h . M i c r o b i o l .1 3 0 : 5 9 - 6 5 .

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S c r e e n i n g f o r l i g n i n o l y t i c f u n g i a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e b i o d e g r a d a t i o n

o f x e n o b i o t i c s . T i b t e c h . 1 1 : 4 4 4 9 .1 8 . F r e e r , S . N . , a n d R . W. D e t r o y . 1 9 8 2 . B i o l o g i c a l d e l i g n i f i c a t i o n

o f " 4 C - l a b e l e d l i g n o c e l l u l o s e s b y b a s i di o m yc e te s : d e gr a da t i ona n d s o l u b i l i z a t i o n o f t h e l i g n i n a n d c e l l u l o s e c o m p o n e n t s . M y -c o l o g i a 7 4 : 9 4 3 - 9 5 1 .

1 9 . G o l d , M. H . , M. K u w a h a r a , A . A . C h i u , a n d J . K . G l e n n . 1 9 8 4 .P u r i f i c a t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f a n e x t r a c e l l u l a r H 2 0 2 - r e -

q u i r i n g d i a r y l p r o p a n e o x y g en as e f r om t h e w h i t e r o t b a s i d i o -m y c e t e , P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o n u m . A r c h . B i o c h e m . B i o -p h y s . 2 3 4 : 35 3- 3 62 .

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r e g u l a t i o n o f l i g n i n d e g r a d a t i o n b y P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s -

p o r i u m . A p p l . E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l . 4 2 : 2 9 0 - 2 9 6 .

2 1 . K e y s e r , P . , T . K . K i r k , a n d J . G . Z e i k u s . 1 9 7 8 . L i g n i n o l y t i c

e n z y m e s y s t e m o f P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o r i u m : s y n t h e s i z e d

i n t h e a b s e n c e o f l i g n i n i n r e s p o n s e t o n i t r o g e n s t a r v a t i o n . J .B a c t e r i o l . 1 3 5 : 7 9 0 - 7 9 7 .

2 2 . K i m u r a , Y . , Y . A s a d a , a n d M. K u w a h a r a . 1 9 9 0 . S c r e e n i n g o f

b a s i d i o m y c e t e s f o r l i g n i n p e r o x i d a s e g e n e s u s i n g a DNA p r o b e .

A p p l . M i c r o b i o l . B i o t e c h n o l . 3 2 : 4 3 6 4 4 2 .

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2 4 . K i r k , T . K . , a n d K . E . H a m m e l . 1 9 9 2 . What i s t h e p r i m a r y a g e n t

o f l i g n i n d e g r a d a t i o n i n w h i t e - r o t f u n g i ? , p . 5 35 - 5 4 0 . I n M.

Kuwahara a n d M. S h i m a d a ( e d . ) , B i o t e c h n o l o g y i n p u l p a n dp a p e r i n d u s t r y . U n i P u b l i s h i n g C o . , L t d . , T o k y o .

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f i x a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h wood d e c a y e d b y s o m e common f u n g ii n w e s t e r n M o n t a n a . C a n . J . F o r . R es . 8 : 3 4 1 - 3 4 5.

2 7 . L e at h a m , G . F . , a n d T . K . K i r k 1 9 8 3 . R eg u l a t i o n o f l i g n i n o l y t i ca c t i v i t y by n u t r i e n t n i t r o g e n i n w h i t e - r o t b a s i d i o m y c e t e s . FEMS

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6 6 0 .

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l i g n i n - d e g r a d i n g e n z y m e s by a n i s o l a t e o f P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y -s o s p o n i u m . A p p l . E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l . 5 7 : 2 5 9 1 - 2 5 9 6 .

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V O L . 5 9 , 1 9 9 3

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4 0 3 6 KAAL ET AL. A P P L . E N V I R O N . M I C R O B I O L .

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p e r o x i d a s e o xi d a ti on o f M n 2 " i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f v e r a t r y la l c o h o l , m a l o n i c o r o x a l i c a c i d , a n d o x y g e n. B i o ch e mi s t r y

2 9 : 1 0 4 7 5 - 1 0 4 8 0 .3 3 . R e i d , I . D . 1 9 8 3 . E f f e c t s o f n i t r o g e n s u p p l e m e n t s o n d e g r a d a t i o n

o f a s p e n wood l i g n i n a n d c a r b o h y d r a t e c o m p o n e n t s b y P h a n e r -o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p or i u m . A pp l . E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l . 4 5 : 8 3 0 - 8 3 7 .

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s y n t h e t i c l i g n i n d e g r a d a t i o n b y P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o r i u m .A p p l . E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l . 4 5 : 8 3 8 - 8 4 2 .

3 5 . R e i d , I . D . 1 9 9 1 . N u t r i t i o n a l r e g u l a t i o n o f s y n t h e t i c l i g n i n ( D H P )d e g r a d a t i o n b y P h l e b i a ( M e r u l i u s ) t r e m e l l o s a : e f f e c t s o f n i t r o -g e n . C a n . J . B o t . 6 9 : 1 5 6 - 1 6 0 .

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p e r o x i d a s e p r o d u c t i o n b y s t r a i n s o f P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s -

ponum g r o w n o n g l y c e r o l . A p p l . M i c r o b i o l . B i o t e c h n o l . 3 1 : 5 8 7 -

5 9 1 .3 7 . R f u t t i ma nn , C . , E . S c h w e m b e r , L . S a l a s , D . C u l l e n , a n d R .

V i c u n a . 1 9 9 2 . L i g n i n o l y t i c e n z y m e s o f t h e w h i t e r o t b a s i d i o -m y c e t e s P h l e b i a b r e v i s p o r a a n d C e np o r i o p s i s s u b v e r m i s p o r a .

B i o t e c h n o l . A p p l . B i o c h e m . 1 6 : 6 4 - 7 6 .3 8 . T i e n , M . , a n d T . K . K i r k . 1 9 8 4 . L i g n i n - d e g r a d i n g e n z y m e f r o m

P h a ne r o c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o n u m : p u r i f i c a t i o n , c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n ,a n d c a t a l y t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f a u n i q u e H 2 0 2 - re q u i r in g o x y g e n a s e .

P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . US A 8 1 : 2 2 8 0 - 2 2 8 4 .

3 9 . T i e n , M . , a n d T . K . K i r k . 1 9 8 8 . L i g n i n p e r o x i d a s e o f P h a n e r o -c h a e t e c h r y s o s p o r i u m . M e t h o d s E n z y m o l . 1 6 1 : 2 3 8 - 2 4 8 .

4 0 . T i e n , M . , a n d S . B . M y e r . 1 9 9 0 . S e l e c t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o no f m u t a n t s o f P h a n e r o c h a e t e c h r y s os p o r i u m e x h i b i t i n g l i g n i -n o l y t i c a c t i v i t y u n d e r n u t r i e n t - r i c h c o n d i t i o n s . A p p l . M i c r o b i o l .B i o t e c h n o l . 5 6 : 2 5 4 0 - 2 5 4 4 .

4 1 . W a l d n e r , R . , M. S . A . L e i s o l a , a n d A . F i e c h t e r . 1 9 8 8 . C o m p a r -i s o n o f l i g n i n o l y t i c a c t i v i t i e s o f s e l e c t e d w h i t e - r o t f u n g i . A p p l .

M i c r o b i o l . B i o t e c h n o l . 2 9 : 4 0 0 - 4 0 7 .