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Canadian Geography Canadian Geography

Chapter 7 WaterChapter 7 Water

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The oceans cover 70% of our planetThe oceans cover 70% of our planet

Our bodies contain 65% waterOur bodies contain 65% water

Water is one of Canada’s most valuable Water is one of Canada’s most valuable resources( we have 9% of the world’s total resources( we have 9% of the world’s total renewable fresh waterrenewable fresh water

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1. Hydrologic Cycle1. Hydrologic Cycle

Is the constant movement and evaporation of Is the constant movement and evaporation of water from the oceans , lakes and other bodies water from the oceans , lakes and other bodies of water.( Cycling and recycling of water)of water.( Cycling and recycling of water)

Questions : Refer to fig7.5 pg. 107.Questions : Refer to fig7.5 pg. 107.

A. Sketch the diagram and be sure to label A. Sketch the diagram and be sure to label

B. List 5 ways people use water as it moves B. List 5 ways people use water as it moves through the hydrologic cycle?through the hydrologic cycle?

C. Explain why water is a renewable resource.C. Explain why water is a renewable resource.

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Animation:Animation:http://www.nwlg.org/pages/resources/geoghttp://www.nwlg.org/pages/resources/geog/hydro_cycle/hydro/cycle.htm/hydro_cycle/hydro/cycle.htm

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The hydrologic cycle begins with the The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporationevaporation of of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, water from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor it cools and water vapor condensescondenses to form clouds. to form clouds. Moisture is Moisture is transportedtransported around the globe until it returns around the globe until it returns to the surface as to the surface as precipitationprecipitation. Once the water reaches . Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur; 1) some of the ground, one of two processes may occur; 1) some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or 2) the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or 2) the water may penetrate the surface and become the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way to into groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way to into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through transpiration. The balance of the atmosphere through transpiration. The balance of water that remains on the earth's surface is runoff, which water that remains on the earth's surface is runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again. back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

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2. Definitions2. Definitions

Students should Students should define define the following the following terms:terms:

Groundwater, drainage basin, water table, Groundwater, drainage basin, water table, aquifer, watershed, oxbow lake, floodplain, aquifer, watershed, oxbow lake, floodplain, sediment, water wealth, transpiration.sediment, water wealth, transpiration.

Definitions found in Definitions found in glossaryglossary or on or on pgs.108-111.pgs.108-111.

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3. Streams in the drainage basin: 3. Streams in the drainage basin: (pg.109-111.)(pg.109-111.)

A. A. Youthful Stream-Youthful Stream- occupy v-shaped occupy v-shaped valleys and they erode down ward into the valleys and they erode down ward into the highest part of the drainage basin.highest part of the drainage basin.

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B. B. Mature StreamMature Stream – the increased water – the increased water flow from the youthful stage causes wide flow from the youthful stage causes wide curves or meanders. These meanders cut curves or meanders. These meanders cut into the stream banks and widen the valley into the stream banks and widen the valley into a narrow u-shape.into a narrow u-shape.

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C. C. Old Age Stage-Old Age Stage- there is one there is one meandering channel and regular flow meandering channel and regular flow

The large meanders become so curved The large meanders become so curved that they cut off to form horseshoe- that they cut off to form horseshoe- shaped water bodies called shaped water bodies called oxbow lakesoxbow lakes..

During heavy rainfall the river might over During heavy rainfall the river might over flow it’s banks.flow it’s banks.

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Animationhttp://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/Animationhttp://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/Riversubjects/geography/rivers/River%20Articles/oxbowlake.htm%20Articles/oxbowlake.htm

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4. Runoff Rates4. Runoff Rates

The runoff rate or amount of water moving over The runoff rate or amount of water moving over the ground determines the size of the water the ground determines the size of the water supply.supply.

Runoff rates are affected by:Runoff rates are affected by:

A. slope of the land A. slope of the land

B. temperatureB. temperature

C. vegetation coverC. vegetation cover

D. soil and rock typesD. soil and rock types

E. intensity of precipitationE. intensity of precipitation

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Open text book to pg.113 and complete Open text book to pg.113 and complete questions 13 and 14.questions 13 and 14.

Go to page 116 and do question 18 and Go to page 116 and do question 18 and 19 a and b.19 a and b.

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5. Classifying water use:5. Classifying water use:

A. Withdrawal- is when water is removed A. Withdrawal- is when water is removed from it’s natural location. ( water used in from it’s natural location. ( water used in homes , farms, businesses and industry.)homes , farms, businesses and industry.)B. Instream- is when demand does not B. Instream- is when demand does not remove the water from it’s natural location.remove the water from it’s natural location.

(fishing, swimming, canoeing and shipping)(fishing, swimming, canoeing and shipping)Q. Identify 10 ways in which water is used Q. Identify 10 ways in which water is used

and indicate whether it is withdrawal or and indicate whether it is withdrawal or instream?instream?

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6.Two problems with our water 6.Two problems with our water supply:supply:

A. Water supply is too small to meet the A. Water supply is too small to meet the demands placed upon it.demands placed upon it.

B. The quality of our water is reduced as a B. The quality of our water is reduced as a result of misuse or pollution.result of misuse or pollution.

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7. Dams and diversions7. Dams and diversions

Uses of Dams:Uses of Dams:

A. To store the excess flow of rivers during A. To store the excess flow of rivers during wet periods for use in drier season.wet periods for use in drier season.

B. They also divert water from one B. They also divert water from one drainage basin to another.drainage basin to another.

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8. Climate change and water 8. Climate change and water supplysupply

Global warming- many scientists believe Global warming- many scientists believe that rising levels of carbon dioxide in the that rising levels of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere will bring major earth’s atmosphere will bring major climatic changes to countries like Canada.climatic changes to countries like Canada.

One predicted change is an increase in One predicted change is an increase in temperatures of 1.5 to 4.5 degrees over temperatures of 1.5 to 4.5 degrees over the next fifty years.the next fifty years.

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Animation:http://www.epa.gov/Animation:http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/kids/globalwarming/kids/

global_warming_version2.htmlglobal_warming_version2.html

Refer to pages 121 and122 and list four Refer to pages 121 and122 and list four positive and four negative effects of global positive and four negative effects of global warming?warming?

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9. Canadian water exports9. Canadian water exports

Arguments for:Arguments for:

U.S. will pay for the construction of canals U.S. will pay for the construction of canals and pipelines to move water south. Drier and pipelines to move water south. Drier regions in Canada could avail of the water regions in Canada could avail of the water as well.as well.

U.S. would employ Canadians thus U.S. would employ Canadians thus creating hundreds of thousands of jobs creating hundreds of thousands of jobs during construction.during construction.

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About 50% of the equipment and materials About 50% of the equipment and materials required for the project would be sourced required for the project would be sourced in Canada.in Canada.Water is a resource and we already export Water is a resource and we already export other resources and this could create other resources and this could create employment and generate revenueemployment and generate revenueMuch of our freshwater flows unused in Much of our freshwater flows unused in the north and why not divert it and make the north and why not divert it and make money money

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Arguments against:Arguments against:

Perhaps we will need this water in future Perhaps we will need this water in future years. If we start exporting it will be difficult years. If we start exporting it will be difficult to stop the exporting.to stop the exporting.

If lake levels fall because of the If lake levels fall because of the greenhouse effect , Canadians may greenhouse effect , Canadians may require this water require this water

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The waters of Southern Ontario are The waters of Southern Ontario are already polluted and if we continue to already polluted and if we continue to contaminate other waters we may need contaminate other waters we may need the pollution free water from the north.the pollution free water from the north.

Americans need better water management Americans need better water management and conservation, there needs can be and conservation, there needs can be satisfied internally.satisfied internally.

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10. Problem of water quality10. Problem of water quality

Question:Question:

Refer to fig7.21 on pg.125 and list four Refer to fig7.21 on pg.125 and list four ways in which toxic chemicals enter and ways in which toxic chemicals enter and pass through the hydrologic cycle.pass through the hydrologic cycle.

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11. Four (4) steps for cleaning up 11. Four (4) steps for cleaning up the Great Lakesthe Great Lakes

A. identify the most seriously polluted A. identify the most seriously polluted areasareas

B. track down the sources of the B. track down the sources of the contaminantscontaminants

C. restrict the release of these toxins into C. restrict the release of these toxins into the environmentthe environment

D. clean up those areas that were already D. clean up those areas that were already contaminatedcontaminated