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Protocol vs Manual of Operations Protocol vs Manual of Operations AnalogyAnalogy
• Protocol is general “blueprint” ( 藍圖 ) for– investigators + institutional review boards(IRB)– sponsor– regulatory agencies
• Manual of Procedures is detailed “construction document”– clinic staff– data management staff
3
Desirable Protocol Desirable Protocol CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Clear
• Consistent
• Complete
4
Scale ImplicationsScale Implications
• “Simple”– One investigator, one patient, one encounter
• “Harder”– Multiple investigators, multiple patients,
multiple visits, multiple cultures, multiple languages
5
Considerations Considerations DuringDuring Protocol DevelopmentProtocol Development
For example• Randomization assignment and outcome
ascertainment– how is potential bias minimized?
• Treatment implementation– maximize compliance while minimizing
variation• within and between investigators and clinic staff• patient and their support system• over study follow-up and calendar time
6
Protocol (1)Protocol (1)Should include:
1. Literature Review (Brief)Describe the "state of the art" and motivate rationale for this clinical trial
2. Statement of Objectives• What is the hypothesis that is being tested, and what endpoints or measurements
& observations will be made to evaluate this therapy• e.g. BHAT
To determine whether chronic administration of proprandol to pts with at least one MI will reduce mortality due to all causes significantly over a 2 yr. follow up period.
• There may be more than one objective, some primary and some secondary.
3. Sample Size
Assumptions used, sources of data used & methods used to make the calculations
7
Protocol (2)Protocol (2)4. Study Design
a. Recruitment• Entry Criteria - who are eligible• Exclusion Criteria - among those who are eligible, who should not be further
considered for various reasons• Statement of Informed Consent - patient must agree to all aspects of trial,
particularly to those things which will directly involve himb. Randomization Process
Description of the mechanics of how the patient is to be randomized and when (preferably as late as possible to avoid problems)
c. Baseline Evaluation• Clinical evaluation, history, & physical• Laboratory evaluation (e.g. EKG, X-ray, etc.)
Should describe what measurements are to be maded. Treatment Description
• Describe exactly how the two treatments are to be administered to the assigned patients, how often, dosage, etc.
e. Follow Up Schedule & EvaluationHow often are patients to be seen, by whom & what measurements are to be taken at each visit.
8
Protocol (3)Protocol (3)
5. Data Monitoring
a. Toxicity: look for possible harmful effects; what variables will
be considered
b. Early Stopping: what mechanism, what endpoint will be
watched to assess whether a large early benefit has been detected, what statistical procedures
c. Quality Control: statement of procedures to insure data
obtained is of highest quality, usually involves laboratory
results mainly
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Protocol (4)Protocol (4)
6. Analysis Plans
State at least in rough terms what hypotheses will be tested and how in principle statistical methods will be used to answer these questions.
Avoids criticism of “data dredging” (清淤 )
Useful in pointing out potential problems in the analysis
problems; some may be avoided!
10
Protocol (5)Protocol (5)7. Organizational Structure
Useful because it is then clear to everyone who is in charge of what, lines of authority and what are the governing rules
8. List of Participating Centers and Principle Investigators
"good public relations"
9. Data Monitoring & Committee Membership
10.Publication Policy who is acknowledged
who does the work what is editorial process what is study material and what belongs to each PI time schedule of publications
"Area most sensitive to young PI's"
11
Protocol Example OutlineProtocol Example OutlineDiabetes Control & ComplicationsDiabetes Control & Complications
Trial (DCCT)Trial (DCCT)
12
SUMMARY ii
SECTION page
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1
Scope and Impact of Diabetes 1.1
Background 1.3
Historical Perspective 1.4
Future Directions 1.7
2. OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN 2.1
Objectives 2.1
Design 2.2
3. SAMPLE SIZE 3.1
Introduction 3.1
Basis of Sample Size Calculations 3.2
Contents (DCCT) [1]Contents (DCCT) [1]
13
4. PATIENT SELECTION AND RECRUITMENT 4.1
Introduction 4.1
Eligibility Criteria 4.1
Eligibility Criteria Applicable to Both Categories of Subject 4.1
For Patients Without Retinopathy 4.2
For Patients With Minimal Background Retinopathy 4.3
Exclusion Criteria 4.4
Exclusion Criteria Applicable to Both Categories of Subject 4.4
Exclusion Criteria for Patients Without Retinopathy 4.10
Additional Exclusion Criteria for Patients With Minimal
Background Retinopathy 4.10
Recruitment
5. INFORMED CONSENT 5.1
General Principles 5.1
Sequence of Procedures 5.3
Contents (DCCT) [2]Contents (DCCT) [2]
14
6.0 PRE-RANDOMIZATION EVALUATION 6.1
General Principles 6.1
Laboratory 6.1
Ophthalmologic 6.2
Renal 6.2
Neurologic 6.3
Cardiovascular 6.3
Psychological 6.4
Compliance/Adherence 6.5
Dietary 6.6
Examination Results 6.6
Quality Control 6.6
7.0 RANDOMIZATION 7.1
Phase II Randomization 7.1
Considerations for Phase III 7.3
Ineligible Patients Who Are Randomized 7.4
Contents (DCCT) [3]Contents (DCCT) [3]
15
8.0 METABOLIC CONTROLIntervention Strategy in the Standard Group 8.1
Intervention Strategy 8.1Insulin 8.3Diet 8.4Exercise 8.5Urine Tests 8.5Self Blood Glucose Monitoring 8.5Clinic Visits 8.6Educational Program 8.6Protection of Subjects 8.6
Intervention Strategy in the Experimental Group 8.7General Guidelines 8.7Diet 8.10Exercise 8.10Urine Tests 8.10Self Blood Glucose Monitoring 8.11Clinic Visits 8.11
General Procedures to Maximize Adherence to Protocol 8.12
Contents (DCCT) [4]Contents (DCCT) [4]
16
9. FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES FOR ENDPOINT VISITS 9.1
General Principles 9.1
Blood Glucose Control 9.1
Ophthalmologic 9.2
Renal 9.3
Neurologic 9.3
Cardiovascular 9.4
Psychological 9.4
Compliance/Adherence 9.5
Dietary 9.6
Examination Results 9.6
Missed Visits 9.6
Transfer 9.6
Contents (DCCT) [5]Contents (DCCT) [5]
17
10. MONITORING PERFORMACE 10.1
General Principles 10.1
Central Biochemistry Laboratory & Hemoglobin Alc Laboratory 10.1
Central Ophthalmologic Reading Unit 10.2
Other Central Units 10.3
Local Procedures 10.3
Clinical Centers 10.3
Coordinating Center 10.3
Correction of Deficiencies 10.4
11. MANAGEMENT OF INTERCURENT EVENTS 11.1
General Principles 11.1
Guidelines 11.2
Contents (DCCT) [6]Contents (DCCT) [6]
18
12. DEVIATIONS FROM ASSIGNED TREATMENT 12.1
Introduction 12.1
Deviations for Experimental Treatment 12.1
Mandatory Situations 12.1
Allowable Situations 12.2
Treatment Policy 12.3
Deviations from the Standard Treatment 12.4
Mandatory Situations 12.4
Allowable Situations 12.4
Treatment Policy 12.4
Transfer to Inactive Status (both treatment groups) 12.5
Procedures for Deviation or Transfer to Inactive Status 12.6
13. RESULTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 13.1
General Principles 13.1
Baseline Results and Analyses 13.1
Outcome Variables 13.2
Analysis Plan 13.3
Interim Analyses 13.5
Contents (DCCT) [7]Contents (DCCT) [7]
19
14. PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS 14.1
Introduction 14.1
Duties of the Publications and Presentations Committee 14.1
Implementation 14.3
15. ANCIALLARY STUDIES 15.1
Introduction 15.1
Definition of an Ancillary Study 15.1
Reason for Requirement Approval 15.2
Levels of Approval Required for Ancillary Studies 15.2
Funding of Ancillary Study Results 15.3
Publication of Ancillary Study Results 15.3
Implementation 15.4
16. PROTOCOL CHANGES 16.1
Introduction 16.1
Policy 16.1
Procedures 16.1
Contents (DCCT) [8]Contents (DCCT) [8]
20
17. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE 17.1
Introduction 17.1
Structure 17.1
18. DISPOSITION OF DOCUMENTS, DATA, AND MATERIALS 18.1
Documents 18.1
Data Forms 18.1
Tapes of Data and Analysis Files 18.2
Laboratory Specimens 18.2
Photographs and Other Materials 18.3
Appendix page
A. …………………………………………………………………………… A.1
B. …………………………………………………………………………… B.1
Contents (DCCT) [9]Contents (DCCT) [9]
21
T1303T1303
第四期鼻咽癌誘導式化療加上同步化學放射治療與單獨同步化學放射治療的比較計畫主持人:台大醫院腫瘤部 洪瑞隆 醫師 長庚醫院內科部血液腫瘤科 王正旭 醫師 台大醫院耳鼻喉部 徐茂銘 教授Study Bio-Statistician :Chin-FYu HsiaoLin, Ph.D. 蕭金福博士
22
1. SCHEMA OF THE STUDY....................................................................................................................................5
2. ENGLISH ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................................6
3. CHINESE ABSTRACT (中文摘要)........................................................................................................................7
4. BACKGROUND/RATIONALE .............................................................................................................................8
4.1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................8
4.2. ROLE OF CHEMOTHERAPY IN ADVANCED NPC.....................................................................................................8
4.3. RATIONALE OF MAPFL/MEPFL .........................................................................................................................9
4.4. UNIQUENESS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS STUDY................................................................................................10
23
5. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................ 10
6. STUDY DESIGN....................................................................................................................................................11
7. PATIENT SELECTION........................................................................................................................................11
7.1. INCLUSION CRITERIA ..........................................................................................................................................11
7.2. EXCLUSION CRITERIA .........................................................................................................................................11
8. SCREENING AND REGISTRATION PROCEDURE ......................................................................................11
9. STUDY TREATMENT ASSIGNMENT..............................................................................................................11
9.1. STUDY TREATMENT ASSIGNMENT.......................................................................................................................11
9.2. STRATIFICATION ................................................................................................................................................12
24
10. TREATMENT PLAN ..........................................................................................................................................12
10.1. CHEMOTHERAPY ..............................................................................................................................................12
10.2. RADIOTHERAPY................................................................................................................................................14
10.3. SUPPORTIVE CARE DURING CCRT....................................................................................................................15
10.4. TREATMENT AFTER RECURRENCE ....................................................................................................................15
10.5. WITHDRAWAL OF STUDY AGENTS: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.......................................................................15
11. SCHEDULE OF ASSESSMENT AND FOLLOW-UP PLAN .........................................................................15
11.1. SCREENING VISIT AND PRE-TREATMENT EVALUATION .....................................................................................15
11.2. SCHEDULED VISITS DURING THE STUDY THERAPY ............................................................................................16
11.3. SCHEDULED VISITS AFTER THE STUDY TREATMENT..........................................................................................17
25
12. PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION ..........................................................................................................18
12.1. MITOMYCIN C ..................................................................................................................................................18
12.2. CISPLATIN ........................................................................................................................................................19
12.3. EPIRUBICIN.......................................................................................................................................................22
13. CRITERIA FOR ENDPOINT ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................23
13.1. PRIMARY ENDPOINT .........................................................................................................................................23
13.2. SECONDARY ENDPOINTS...................................................................................................................................24
13.3. RESPONSE CRITERIA .........................................................................................................................................24
26
14. DISCONTINUATION OF STUDY THERAPY................................................................................................ 25
15. TOXICITY ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................................ 25
15.1 TOXICITY CRITERIA: ..........................................................................................................................................25
15.2 SEVERE ADVERSE EVENTS (SAE): .....................................................................................................................25
16. STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS................................................................................................................26
16.1. OBJECTIVES AND STUDY DESIGN ......................................................................................................................26
16.2. DEFINITION OF ENDPOINTS ............................................................................................................................... 27
16.3. GENERAL STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................................................27
16.4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................................28
27
17. DATA MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY CONTROL ...................................................................................29
18. ESTIMATED ACCRUAL RATE.......................................................................................................................30
18.1. ESTIMATION OF ACCRUAL RATE .......................................................................................................................30
18.2. ESTIMATION OF STUDY PERIOD ........................................................................................................................30
19. INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD...............................................................................................................30
20. FORMS TO BE KEPT ........................................................................................................................................30
20.1. REGISTRATION FORM---FOR PATIENT REGISTRATION .......................................................................................30
20.2. CASE REPORT FORMS---....................................................................................................................................30
20.3. ONSTUDY THERAPY FORM ................................................................................................................................31
20.4. OFF STUDY THERAPY FORM ---WHEN PATIENTS ARE OFF STUDY TREATMENT OR DEAD....................................31
20.5. SUMMARY FORM---SUMMARIZE THE OUTCOME OF A PATIENT..........................................................................31
20.6. INFORMED CONSENT FORM (IN CHINESE) .........................................................................................................31
20.7. STATUS FORM---REPORT THE RECENT STATUS OF THE PATIENT........................................................................31
28
21. MONITORING OF THE STUDY......................................................................................................................31
22. PROTOCOL DISCONTINUATION OR CHANGES......................................................................................31
23. REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................................31
24. FLOW SHEET .....................................................................................................................................................33
25. INFORMED CONSENT .....................................................................................................................................33
26. CASE REPORT FORM ......................................................................................................................................33
29
27. APPENDIX ...........................................................................................................................................................34
27.1. ECOG PERFORMANCE STATUS ........................................................................................................................34
27.2. NCI COMMON TOXICITY CRITERIA (VER. 2.0).................................................................................................35
27.3. T1303收案調查回覆表...................................................................................................................................36
27.4. 受試者說明暨同意書 ....................................................................................................................................37
27.5. 鼻咽癌之分期 ................................................................................................................................................41
27.6. WORKING SHEET..............................................................................................................................................42
30
Trial OrganizationTrial Organization
• Components– sponsor– clinical centers– central resource units
• Administration– Steering Committee– Independent Data Monitoring Committee
• responsibilities• composition and independence• physician, statistician, …
31
Central Units (Labs, …)
Clinical Centers
NIH
Institutional Review Board
Policy Board
Data Monitoring Committee
Steering Committee
Coordinating Center
NIH Model
Patients
32
Central Units (Labs, …)
Clinical Centers
Patients
Data Management Center (Sponsor or Contract Research
Organization)
Pharmaceutical Industry Sponsor
Institutional Review Board
Independent Data Monitoring
Committee (IDMC)
Steering Committee
Statistical Analysis Center (SAC)
Regulatory Agencies
Industry-Modified NIH Model
33
Manual of Operations/ProceduresManual of Operations/Procedures
• Multiple may be needed– investigators– central resource units
• laboratory• Events Classification Committee ...
• Purpose - standardization of procedures– laboratory - quality of reagent, equipment
replacement, temporal drift, ...
34
Flowchart Standard Operation for TCOG Statistical Center
Protocol and CRF
Development
TCOG-SOP-SC005-01
Protocol and
CRF Approved
Generation of
Random Codes
TCOG-SOP-SC001-01
TCOG-SOP-SC0014-01
Label of
Investigational Drug
TCOG-SOP-SC004-01
Initiation of Trial
Blinding Procedure
TCOG-SOP-SC002-01
Database
Development
TCOG-SOP-SC003-01
Receiving CRF
TCOG-SOP-SC006-01
Data Entry
TCOG-SOP-SC007-01
Data Checking
TCOG-SOP-SC008-01
TCOG-SOP-SC0011-01
Database Audit
TCOG-SOP-SC009-01
Statistical Analysis
Plan and Programming
TCOG-SOP-SC0010-01
Data Security
TCOG-SOP-SC0013-01
Dictionary Coding
TCOG-SOP-SC0012-01
Locking Database
TCOG-SOP-SC0010-01
Production of Statistical
Tables, Figures and
Patient Listing
TCOG-SOP-SC0010-01
Integrated Clinical
Statistical Report
To be drafted
35
Trial Data CollectionTrial Data Collection
• Data collection forms or Case Report Forms (CRFs)
• Data Completeness• Data Integrity (誠實性 )
• Important Note: Off Treatment does not mean Off Study
36
Database Size (1)Database Size (1)
• Number of subjects– screened– enrolled
• Length of follow-up/ number of subject visits
• Number central resource items– Central blood measurements– Central pathology ( 病理學 )
37
Database Size (2)Database Size (2)• Number of forms/patient
• Amount of coding of free text– adverse events (MEDRA?)– concomitant medications (WHO?)– logs, journals, recalls, ….
• Central adjudication ( 裁定 )– clinical events
• cause of death• severity of bleeding, ...
38
Database RequirementsDatabase Requirements
• Integration of multiple data sources– clinic based– central resources– process
• Unique identification of patient
• Audit trails
39
Data Collection Data Collection Also See Meinert Reference!
• Data collection must cover key questions or aspects1. Recruitment Process/Eligibility Screen2. Baseline Covariates
– Who was studied? (Eligibility)– Trt Balance? (Comparability)
3. Compliance– How did design get implemented?
4. Toxicity5. Primary and Secondary Outcomes6. Ancillary
• Two points in time- At or before randomization- Sometime after randomization
• Most trials collect too much data!
40
Data CollectionData CollectionRecruitmentRecruitment
• Over optimism– Investigators usually overestimate number of patients they can recruit
• Recruitment Goals– Need to establish recruitment goals and have contingency plans– Good planning and interim monitoring
• Review Patient Admissions– Ask investigators to show patient admissions which meet entry
criteria, if possible
• Poor Recruitment Center– Usual reason is not enough patients screened– If a center can't recruit effectively, it may have to be dropped from
further efforts BUT don't throw out enrolled patients
41
Data CollectionData CollectionEligibilityEligibility
• Modify Criteria– Changing entry criteria doesn't usually improve
recruitment that dramatically!
• Big Net– Need to screen "10 to 20" patients for every one
randomized | Big net required
• Can't "catch up”– Patient exposure to treatment lost due to lagging (落後 ) recruitment
42
Baseline Variables Baseline Variables (On Study Information)(On Study Information)
• All baseline data should be measured prior to randomization and start of therapy.
• Uses1. Eligibility (Based on a subset)2. Group comparability3. Stratified randomization4. Subgroup analysis5. Establish prognostic variables6. Evaluate changes from baseline for outcome or toxicity7. Comparing centers & different studies
• TimingShould be measured as close to start of therapy as possibleMay not be able to ascertain some variables
e.g. MILIS "infarct size" not possible at baseline
• May need 2 visits to confirm eligibility
43
Data CollectionData CollectionPrimary-Secondary OutcomePrimary-Secondary Outcome
• Clear definitions
• Complete Ascertainment
• Possible Adjudication
44
Data CollectionData CollectionAdverse EffectsAdverse Effects
• Many possible adverse effects may be monitored.A Multiple Comparisons Problem
• Not always as well defined (too many perhaps)• Anticipated + Unexpected• Natural history effects
BHAT 66% placebo patients shortness of breathonly 6% at baseline had history
Need control group
• Ascertainment– Eliciting ( 誘引 )vs. volunteer response– Length of follow-up– Frequency of patient contact
45
Data CollectionData CollectionSubject ComplianceSubject Compliance
Perfect Compliance Unusual
1. Patients will not absolutely adhere to planned protocolrecruit "good" compliers
2. Try not to enter patients who would not be able to comply (Hard to predict!)
3. Once entered, try to minimize compliance problems
4. Patients can't be dropped from analysis because of non-compliance
5. Patient adherence must be carefully monitoreda. visitsb. pill count, amount of therapy consumedc. physiologic ( 生理 )measurementsd. tracers
6. Off treatment does not mean off study!
46
Data Collection-Data Collection-Quality Control (1)Quality Control (1)
No study is better than quality of its data
focus energy on selected key variables
strategies• Proper data collection forms• Data editing
a. Missing datab. Range checksc. Visual inspectiond. Consistency
47
Data Collection-Data Collection-Quality Control (2)Quality Control (2)
• Training/Certification
a. Sites b. Items- Clinics - Protocol- Central labs - Data forms- Data center - Procedures
- Information flow
• Manual of operations-Clear definitions & instructions
• QC Procedures- Correct problems ASAP
48
Data Form ConstructionData Form Construction
1. Need standard forms
2. Safeguards in construction
• Allow time for developing & testing• Solicit (徵求 ) content advice• Review other RCT forms in similar trials• Pre-test before using
• Research record medical record
• Link each item with stated objective• Require adequate review before adding new items
49
Data Item Construction (1)Data Item Construction (1)1. Every item should force a response
2. Terminology (術語 )
• Keep it simple• Provide key definitions on form• If answer requires judgement or rating, provide basis• Use "yes" to indicate "presence of" (No double negative)• Indicate time frame
50
Data Item Construction (2)Data Item Construction (2)3. Use of Existing Forms
• Don't reinvent the wheel if already used elsewhere• Don't use an entire form just because it exists• Get permission
4. Avoid open form - Use closed form• Use response checklist• Specify units of measurement (lbs. or kg.)• Enough boxes to specify adequate precision __._• Minimize calculations - obtain raw data
5. Use STOP & SKIP instructions
51
Quality AssuranceQuality Assurance
• Timely Review
– Until recently, S.O.P. for industry was to collect data until trial was finished, then try to clean it up or do it in batches as CRAs visited sites
– Now QC can be an ongoing process
• QC Procedures
1. Visual check at clinic 6. Periodic QA reports v feedback
2. Visual check at data center 7. Submission of duplicate records
3. Double data entry 8. Comparison of clinics
4. Computer edit for admissible values 9. Re-certification of clinic personnel
5. Data edit queries back to clinic 10. Minimize lag time patient visit data entry
11. Audits
52
Data EditingData Editing
1. Patient Identification & Record Linkage- Need internal check
2. Legibility
3. Form admissibility- Correct form, correct time window
4. Missing Information
5. Consistency- Consistent answers from form to form- Within one form/section to section
6. Ranges and Code Check- Codes legal- Responses within "acceptable" or "reasonable" range
53
Audits/Data Integrity CheckAudits/Data Integrity Check
1. Comparison of data on computer file to data form (within data center)
2. Comparison of computer file to original medical record(at clinical center)
3. Often 10% random sample used (military audit)
-Do not disclose which 10% ahead of time
4. Data center integrity
54
QC ReportQC Report
• Patient visits on schedule
• Procedures completed
• Timeliness of forms
– Clinic v data center
– Data center v data file
• Edit messages (by form)
– Completeness
– Legibility
– Errors
• Split/duplicate sample
• Audits
55
Quality Assurance ActivitiesQuality Assurance Activities
• Monthly Reports– Clinical studies– Patient accrual information
• Data Corrections– Data monitoring and management– Database management
• Monthly Clinical Activity Summary Reports– Program area– Clinical Disease Group– Treating Physician
59Web
DataFax
Data Collectionand Management
OracleStudy Specific
Database
US Mail
Fax
Clinical Sites Coordinating Center
Data CollectionData CollectionData submitted on paper case report forms
Alternatives
Primary Method
60
Clinical Research Information Clinical Research Information SystemSystem (CRIMS) (CRIMS)
1. System Management 2. Data Definition Platform 3. Data Dictionary 4. Randomization Codes 5. Clinical Operations 6. Clinical Data
Management 7. Summary Reports Generation 8. Statistical Analysis 9. Medicine Management 10. Data Transfer
62
ConclusionConclusion
• Data collection personnel -- no matter how well-trained, careful, and proficient -- should not be expected to resolve all errors before their data are transmitted to a central database management site
• Centrally, someone must have big picture and also the little details
• Not paying attention to this can be the downfall of any trial
64
Informed Consent ProcessInformed Consent Process
• A required process
• Failure to comply can result in serious consequences– Closure of trial– Closure of institution
65
Informed ConsentInformed ConsentBasic ElementsBasic Elements
• Basic description of study• Description of risks• Description of benefits• Alternative therapies• Patient confidentiality• Compensation for injury• Contact Person• Voluntary participation