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Home NetworkingHome NetworkingResidential GatewayResidential Gateway

Dwight BorsesDwight Borses

Member of the Technical StaffMember of the Technical StaffField Applications EngineerField Applications Engineer

Irvine Field Sales OfficeIrvine Field Sales Office

Joint Meeting May 21, 2001Joint Meeting May 21, 2001OCCS and OC ComSigSocOCCS and OC ComSigSoc

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-- Residential Gateways ( Broadband to the home ) are the main reason for home networking. -- Popular physical media for connecting the gateway to the rest of the home: phone line, power line, and Wireless. -- Technical issues involved in high-data rate transmission over above media. In all three cases, the same spread-spectrum modulation technique has been adopted. -- Comparison of the data rate, cost, reliability, etc. of the three choices of media.

Outline of Talk Outline of Talk (as Advertised)(as Advertised)

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Topics Under DiscussionTopics Under Discussion

• Basic definitions of a GatewayBasic definitions of a Gateway• Value to Consumer & Service ProviderValue to Consumer & Service Provider• Connectivity optionsConnectivity options• ProtocolsProtocols• Software Software • InterfacesInterfaces

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A gateway MUST…A gateway MUST…

• What it is: A Residential Gateway is a bridge What it is: A Residential Gateway is a bridge between media.between media.– Media can be networks, interfaces, or even Media can be networks, interfaces, or even

data formats.data formats.

• What it does: A gateway enables the exchange What it does: A gateway enables the exchange of data between devices.of data between devices.

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A gateway CAN…A gateway CAN…

• Gateways CAN include many other optional features…Gateways CAN include many other optional features…– Data, Video, Audio Servers Data, Video, Audio Servers – Additional user interfaces (CRT, TV out)Additional user interfaces (CRT, TV out)– Extra software (Applications, games)Extra software (Applications, games)– Fax ServerFax Server– Print ServerPrint Server– Data vaultData vault

……as long as they don’t limit the primary gateway function!as long as they don’t limit the primary gateway function!

• These are NON-ESSENTIAL features, and may even These are NON-ESSENTIAL features, and may even reduce the true value of the gateway, by impacting reduce the true value of the gateway, by impacting system MTBF, configuration, throughput, etc.system MTBF, configuration, throughput, etc.

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Impact of added featuresImpact of added features

• Each added feature carries a burdenEach added feature carries a burden– Hardware componentHardware component– Software componentSoftware component– Configuration componentConfiguration component– Management componentManagement component– System MTBF impactSystem MTBF impact

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Why do I want one?Why do I want one?

• Few people Few people ‘want’‘want’ a gateway a gateway– Let’s see…juice, eggs, Let’s see…juice, eggs, gatewaygateway, toothpaste…, toothpaste…

• Many people NEED gatewaysMany people NEED gateways– Secure access to the WebSecure access to the Web– Multiple devices need to communicateMultiple devices need to communicate– Multiple network types used in the homeMultiple network types used in the home– Sharing connections to the outside worldSharing connections to the outside world– Consolidation of data transport into/out from the homeConsolidation of data transport into/out from the home

• Not Not NEEDEDNEEDED if you only have one device in the home if you only have one device in the home (exception: gateways that split multiple functions coming (exception: gateways that split multiple functions coming to/from the home, such as voice (telephone) and data to/from the home, such as voice (telephone) and data (Web access).(Web access).

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Value to the ConsumerValue to the Consumer

• Secure connections to the Internet (firewall)Secure connections to the Internet (firewall)• Secure telecommuting (VPN)Secure telecommuting (VPN)• Sharing of broadband Internet accessSharing of broadband Internet access• Seamless connectivity for ALL in-home devices, across ALL Seamless connectivity for ALL in-home devices, across ALL

network typesnetwork types• Easy to setup and useEasy to setup and use

– Automatic configurationAutomatic configuration– Remote feature managementRemote feature management– Automatic updatesAutomatic updates

• Security and SafetySecurity and Safety– Remote monitoring of intrusion and fire alarmsRemote monitoring of intrusion and fire alarms

• Home AutomationHome Automation– Controlling devices in the home locally and remotelyControlling devices in the home locally and remotely

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Value to the Service ProviderValue to the Service Provider

• Consolidate delivery of services to the homeConsolidate delivery of services to the home– TelephonyTelephony– Internet accessInternet access– Audio / Video contentAudio / Video content

• Enable new servicesEnable new services– Remote monitoring and control for Utilities and Remote monitoring and control for Utilities and

alarms (meter reading, power managing, security alarms (meter reading, power managing, security services)services)

– On-demand feature expansion (additional phone On-demand feature expansion (additional phone lines, faster data access, movie rental)lines, faster data access, movie rental)

• Reduced on-site service (no truck rolls)Reduced on-site service (no truck rolls)

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Requirements for GatewaysRequirements for Gateways

• Always onAlways on• High MTBFHigh MTBF• Self diagnosing Self diagnosing (not fault tolerant – fault ‘aware’)(not fault tolerant – fault ‘aware’)• ExpandableExpandable

– Point-of-manufacture expansion (fixed, internal)Point-of-manufacture expansion (fixed, internal)– Consumer expansion (hot pluggable, external)Consumer expansion (hot pluggable, external)

• Quiet, non-obtrusiveQuiet, non-obtrusive• Cost effective at a system level (BOM cost doesn’t Cost effective at a system level (BOM cost doesn’t

necessarily = system cost)necessarily = system cost)• Network agnosticNetwork agnostic

– The gateway should support any interface the customer choosesThe gateway should support any interface the customer chooses– The customer shouldn’t be restricted by an enabling device!The customer shouldn’t be restricted by an enabling device!

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Problems with GatewaysProblems with Gateways

• No single standardNo single standard• Many proposed standardsMany proposed standards• Gateways don’t play well togetherGateways don’t play well together

– DHCP server / client configurationDHCP server / client configuration– DNS server / client configurationDNS server / client configuration– May interfere with Discovery servicesMay interfere with Discovery services– ‘‘gateway behind a gateway’ hard to remotely managegateway behind a gateway’ hard to remotely manage

• Must be Must be consumer friendlyconsumer friendly (nearly foolproof) (nearly foolproof)– Automatic, remote, or simple non-technical setupAutomatic, remote, or simple non-technical setup– Fault ‘aware’Fault ‘aware’– Automatic recovery from transient faultsAutomatic recovery from transient faults– Automatic ‘fail-over’ for lifeline services (POTS)Automatic ‘fail-over’ for lifeline services (POTS)– Hot plug external expansionHot plug external expansion

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Firewalls Firewalls

• WhyWhy– Same reasons as the lock on your front doorSame reasons as the lock on your front door

• HowHow– Gateway monitors all traffic from WANGateway monitors all traffic from WAN– Allows client requests to pass from LAN to Allows client requests to pass from LAN to

WANWAN– Allows server responses to pass into LANAllows server responses to pass into LAN– Ignores requests that originate on WAN, Ignores requests that originate on WAN,

unless the request can be authenticatedunless the request can be authenticated

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VPN –Virtual Private Network VPN –Virtual Private Network

• What is it?What is it?– A method for securely exchanging data across A method for securely exchanging data across

unsecure networksunsecure networks• How does it work?How does it work?

– Gateways on both ends agree on encryption keyGateways on both ends agree on encryption key– Each IP that is destined for the private network is Each IP that is destined for the private network is

encryptedencrypted– Then the encrypted packet is encapsulated within Then the encrypted packet is encapsulated within

an unencrypted IP packet, and sent across the an unencrypted IP packet, and sent across the Internet to the other gatewayInternet to the other gateway

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Connections to the Outside Connections to the Outside

• Common for most Broadband connections:Common for most Broadband connections:– Always on ( or < 2 second ‘connect’)Always on ( or < 2 second ‘connect’)– High data ratesHigh data rates– Not intrusive (doesn’t consume a resource Not intrusive (doesn’t consume a resource

(e.g. phone line))(e.g. phone line))– Enables new usage models for InternetEnables new usage models for Internet

• Streaming audio / videoStreaming audio / video• Highly interactive gamingHighly interactive gaming• Remote security / monitoringRemote security / monitoring

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Connections to the Outside Connections to the Outside

• DSL (ADSL, G.lite, IDSL, SDSL,VDSL)DSL (ADSL, G.lite, IDSL, SDSL,VDSL)– ADSLADSL

• 1 Mbps up/ 8 Mbps down, 500 Kbps typ.1 Mbps up/ 8 Mbps down, 500 Kbps typ.• Operates up to 18k ft. from COOperates up to 18k ft. from CO

– G.liteG.lite• 512 Kbps up, 1.5 Mbps down512 Kbps up, 1.5 Mbps down• Splitterless (potential for consumer install)Splitterless (potential for consumer install)

– SDSLSDSL• Symmetric up/down speed, up to 3 MbpsSymmetric up/down speed, up to 3 Mbps

– IDSLIDSL• Uses ISDN coding, 144 Kbps, symmetricUses ISDN coding, 144 Kbps, symmetric

– VDSLVDSL• 2.5 –10 Mbps up, 30 –42 Mbps down2.5 –10 Mbps up, 30 –42 Mbps down• Operates up to 4500 ft. from COOperates up to 4500 ft. from CO

• Protocol is ATM (data link layer) for all DSLProtocol is ATM (data link layer) for all DSL

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Connections to the Outside Connections to the Outside

• Cable Cable – DOCSIS compliance testing improves DOCSIS compliance testing improves

interoperabilityinteroperability– 3-10 Mbps up / 27-56 Mbps down, 3 Mbps typ. 3-10 Mbps up / 27-56 Mbps down, 3 Mbps typ.

(varies)(varies)– Protocol is 802.2 (data link layer of Ethernet)Protocol is 802.2 (data link layer of Ethernet)

• ISDNISDN– Digital service (requires ‘adapter’ to use Digital service (requires ‘adapter’ to use

analog phones in the home)analog phones in the home)– 2B(data) + 1D(signalling) = 128Kbps 2B(data) + 1D(signalling) = 128Kbps

(64k/channel)(64k/channel)

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Connections to the Outside Connections to the Outside

• Fixed Wireless (terrestrial)Fixed Wireless (terrestrial)– Wide range of speeds: 128Kbps to 2MbpsWide range of speeds: 128Kbps to 2Mbps– Transceiver and antenna mounted on houseTransceiver and antenna mounted on house

• 2-way Satellite2-way Satellite– Similar to satellite TV, except box also contains transmitterSimilar to satellite TV, except box also contains transmitter– Speeds 256Kbps – 2Mbps (not verified)Speeds 256Kbps – 2Mbps (not verified)– Possible latency issues may affect voice services, since Possible latency issues may affect voice services, since

RTT is ~0.5 seconds!RTT is ~0.5 seconds!• FTTH (Fiber To The Home) & FTTC (Fiber To The Curb)FTTH (Fiber To The Home) & FTTC (Fiber To The Curb)

– In trials in US (infancy)In trials in US (infancy)– Single delivery point for all home services (telephone, data, Single delivery point for all home services (telephone, data,

cable TV, etc)cable TV, etc)

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Connections on the InsideConnections on the Inside

Existing wires (No New Wires)Existing wires (No New Wires)– Telephone wiringTelephone wiring

• HPNAHPNA– Rev 1.0 is ~1Mbps ethernetRev 1.0 is ~1Mbps ethernet– Rev 2.0 is ~10 Mbps, with QoS enhancementsRev 2.0 is ~10 Mbps, with QoS enhancements

– Electrical wiring Electrical wiring Why A Powerline Bus....Because Its Everywhere! Why A Powerline Bus....Because Its Everywhere! • HomePlugHomePlug

– Estimated 20MbpsEstimated 20Mbps• X10X10

– Old, one-way (no ack) 50bps protocolOld, one-way (no ack) 50bps protocol• Lonworks Power Line InterfaceLonworks Power Line Interface

– 5.4Kbps5.4Kbps– Protocol, devices, SW, controlled by EchelonProtocol, devices, SW, controlled by Echelon

• CEBusCEBus– 7Kbps, using CAL protocol7Kbps, using CAL protocol

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Powerline TechnologyPowerline Technology

• Most pervasive medium with multiple outlets in Most pervasive medium with multiple outlets in every room every room – Cost effective Cost effective – Availability worldwide Availability worldwide – Easy to adopt by consumers Easy to adopt by consumers – Easy to install Easy to install – Utilizes Utilizes existingexisting power source for power source for

communications communications

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CEBus® Standard's CEBus® Standard's Powerline Carrier TechnologyPowerline Carrier Technology

• Uses the home's 120v, 60 cycle, electrical wiring to Uses the home's 120v, 60 cycle, electrical wiring to transport messages between household devices.transport messages between household devices.

• Uses Spread Spectrum technology to overcome Uses Spread Spectrum technology to overcome communication impediments found within the home's communication impediments found within the home's electrical powerline. electrical powerline.

– Spreads its signal over a range from 100Hz to 400Hz during each bit Spreads its signal over a range from 100Hz to 400Hz during each bit in the packet. in the packet.

– Instead of frequency hopping or direct sequence spreading, CEBus Instead of frequency hopping or direct sequence spreading, CEBus sweeps through a range of frequencies as it istransmitted.sweeps through a range of frequencies as it istransmitted.

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HomePlugHomePlug

• The HomePlug PHY uses orthogonal frequency division The HomePlug PHY uses orthogonal frequency division

multiplexing (multiplexing (OFDMOFDM) as the basic transmission technique. ) as the basic transmission technique. • HomePlug uses OFDM in a HomePlug uses OFDM in a burst modeburst mode rather than in rather than in

continuous mode. continuous mode. • HomePlug technology also uses concatenated Viterbi and HomePlug technology also uses concatenated Viterbi and

Reed Solomon Reed Solomon FECFEC with with interleavinginterleaving for payload data, and for payload data, and

turbo product coding (TPC) for sensitive control data fields.turbo product coding (TPC) for sensitive control data fields.

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Connections InsideConnections Inside

• New wires requiredNew wires required– EthernetEthernet

• 10/100/10/100/10001000 Mbps ( Mbps (AppleApple))• It’s ethernet, need I say more?It’s ethernet, need I say more?

– IEEE 1394IEEE 1394• 400Mbps – 3.2Gbps(rev b)400Mbps – 3.2Gbps(rev b)• Used primarily for video & storage (today)Used primarily for video & storage (today)• Supports peer – peer transactionsSupports peer – peer transactions

– Lonworks twisted pair transceivers (obscure)Lonworks twisted pair transceivers (obscure)– RS485 (obscure)RS485 (obscure)

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Connections InsideConnections Inside

• Wireless Wireless – 802.11a/b802.11a/b

• 802.11b802.11b widely available today widely available today– 11Mbps, stepping to 5.5, 2, and 1Mbps11Mbps, stepping to 5.5, 2, and 1Mbps– 2.4GHz, DSSS2.4GHz, DSSS– Apple AirPortApple AirPort

• 802.11a802.11a available 2H/01 available 2H/01– 54Mbps54Mbps– Shares MAC w/ 802.11bShares MAC w/ 802.11b

• MAC currently under revisionMAC currently under revision to add QoS & to add QoS & higher security (802.11e)higher security (802.11e)

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Connections InsideConnections Inside

• Wireless Wireless – BluetoothBluetooth

• PAN, not LAN!!PAN, not LAN!!– 1 master, 7 active slaves, 256 sync’d devices1 master, 7 active slaves, 256 sync’d devices

• Short range (10m) IRDA-like themeShort range (10m) IRDA-like theme• Will be ubiquitousWill be ubiquitous, if low $$ achieved, if low $$ achieved• 2.4GHz, FHSS2.4GHz, FHSS

– HomeRFHomeRF• 1.0 is 1Mbps (now)1.0 is 1Mbps (now)• 2.0 is 10Mbps (soon)2.0 is 10Mbps (soon)• Has support for voice channelsHas support for voice channels• Too late! Loses to 802.11Too late! Loses to 802.11• 2.4GHz, FHSS2.4GHz, FHSS

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Connections InsideConnections Inside

• Wireless Wireless – DECTDECT

• Originally designed for cordless telephonesOriginally designed for cordless telephones• Being (ill)extended to other LAN-like functionsBeing (ill)extended to other LAN-like functions• 1.8GHz (2.4GHz in US)1.8GHz (2.4GHz in US)• TDMA, up to 12 voice slotsTDMA, up to 12 voice slots• 552Kbps max., using all slots552Kbps max., using all slots• Speed enhancements proposedSpeed enhancements proposed• Good for voice, loses to 802.11 or Bluetooth for Good for voice, loses to 802.11 or Bluetooth for

datadata

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Protocol Soup – OSI LayersProtocol Soup – OSI Layers

Layer Name Purpose Protocols

7 Application Programs that use data HTTP, FTP, Telnet,SNMP, DNS, DHCP

6 Presentation Data is extracted, formatted, decrypted

ASCII, EBCDIC

5 Session Defines period during which data can be exchanged

4 Transport Moving the data TCP, UDP3 Network Sending packets on the

networkIP,ARP

2 Data link Format of the data frame Ethernet, X.25, PPP, ATM

1 Physical Electrical signaling conventions 802.3, RS232, DSL

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Protocol SoupProtocol Soup• General info:General info:

– PPPPPP (Point to Point Protocol) (Point to Point Protocol)• Commonly used for dialup connectionsCommonly used for dialup connections• Now being used in broadband networks, since the dialup Now being used in broadband networks, since the dialup

model is well understoodmodel is well understood– IPIP is a ‘best effort’ service (no guarantees) is a ‘best effort’ service (no guarantees)– UDPUDP is simplest, but only ‘best effort’ is simplest, but only ‘best effort’– TCPTCP is most complex, most reliable is most complex, most reliable

• Connection oriented, reliable (error checking)Connection oriented, reliable (error checking)• Handshake ‘acks’ to open connection, send data, close Handshake ‘acks’ to open connection, send data, close

connectionconnection– Multiple levels of encapsulationMultiple levels of encapsulation make the job of sending data make the job of sending data

over a network easier (use what is already proven to work), at over a network easier (use what is already proven to work), at the expense of efficiency.the expense of efficiency.

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Voice Services: IntroductionVoice Services: Introduction

• Large interest in using the gateway to provide digital Large interest in using the gateway to provide digital voice services to the homevoice services to the home

• Quality of Service (QoS) is THE largest factor for Quality of Service (QoS) is THE largest factor for providing these services to the gatewayproviding these services to the gateway

• Voice servicesVoice services consist of two basic parts: consist of two basic parts:– Voice Voice datadata: digitized, sometimes compressed, has strict : digitized, sometimes compressed, has strict

requirements on minimum bandwidth and maximum requirements on minimum bandwidth and maximum jitter / latencyjitter / latency

– SignalingSignaling information: Provides network with necessary information: Provides network with necessary information to initiate and terminate the call. information to initiate and terminate the call.

• Designed to Designed to utilize existing networksutilize existing networks (Internet, or PSTN (Internet, or PSTN [[POTSPOTS and and PANSPANS] –Public Switched Telephone Network)] –Public Switched Telephone Network)

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Voice Services: IntroductionVoice Services: Introduction

• The standards for The standards for Voice over broadbandVoice over broadband networks:networks:– cVoDSL - channelized Voice over DSLcVoDSL - channelized Voice over DSL– VoATM - Voice over ATMVoATM - Voice over ATM– VoMBN - Voice over Multiservice Broadband VoMBN - Voice over Multiservice Broadband

Networks, or Networks, or VoIPVoIP - Voice over IP - Voice over IP• All attempt to allow for All attempt to allow for mixed data/voice traffic mixed data/voice traffic

across same interfaceacross same interface• There is a separate standard for digitized voice There is a separate standard for digitized voice

over analog modem (over POTS line)over analog modem (over POTS line)

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Voice Services: DifferencesVoice Services: Differences

• VoIP VoIP – Most forward-looking standard, sinceMost forward-looking standard, since all data is contained all data is contained

within standard IP packets within standard IP packets – Utilizes resilient nature of Internet to route trafficUtilizes resilient nature of Internet to route traffic– Currently, QoS is not toll quality across Internet, since Currently, QoS is not toll quality across Internet, since

existing protocols do not provide prioritization of existing protocols do not provide prioritization of isochronous (real time) data over asynchronous (bulk) data.isochronous (real time) data over asynchronous (bulk) data.

– Quality should improve when IPv6 is deployedQuality should improve when IPv6 is deployed– Of greatest interest to non-telco service providers, as it Of greatest interest to non-telco service providers, as it

provides means of supplying telephony services to the provides means of supplying telephony services to the home without needing to access existing telephone network home without needing to access existing telephone network (PSTN) infrastructure(PSTN) infrastructure

– VoIP is feasible today on closed networksVoIP is feasible today on closed networks

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Operating SystemsOperating Systems

• No ‘best’ gateway OSNo ‘best’ gateway OS• We (We (NSCNSC)are OS agnostic )are OS agnostic • All the usual suspects…All the usual suspects…

– Microsoft (many flavors)Microsoft (many flavors)– Linux (many flavors)Linux (many flavors)– QNX (RTOS)QNX (RTOS)– Wind River (RTOS)Wind River (RTOS)– CP/M (CP/M (just kiddingjust kidding…)…)

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Gateway ArchitecturesGateway Architectures

Some basic gateway types:Some basic gateway types:

• Non-expandableNon-expandable (network processor based) (network processor based)– Lowest initial costLowest initial cost– Difficult to integrate with other gatewaysDifficult to integrate with other gateways

• Full-featuredFull-featured– High initial costHigh initial cost– Lower cost per interface, due to integration at time of Lower cost per interface, due to integration at time of

manufacturemanufacture• Configurable, expandableConfigurable, expandable

– Low initial costLow initial cost– Can function as single gateway for all interfacesCan function as single gateway for all interfaces– Most versatile, feature set fits exact customer needsMost versatile, feature set fits exact customer needs

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Gateway ArchitecturesGateway Architectures

• InternalInternal low cost, popular, Interfaces: low cost, popular, Interfaces:– PCIPCI– IDEIDE– USBUSB– LPCLPC

• External External SW friendly, hot-pluggable Interfaces:SW friendly, hot-pluggable Interfaces:– USBUSB– 13941394– 10/100baseT Ethernet10/100baseT Ethernet

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Gateway ArchitecturesGateway Architectures

Core Compute Engine

(X86)

ExternalExpansionInterfaces

USB

1394

UserExpansionModules

(External)

OS/Applicationstorage

IDE

UserExpansionModules

(External)

MFGExpansion(Internal)

InternalExpansionInterfaces

USB

LPC

PCIMFG

Expansion(Internal)

MFGExpansion(Internal)

Systemmicrocontroller

Clocks

PWR regulation

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Pieces We (NSC)HavePieces We (NSC)Have

• Compute engineCompute engine– Several classes of processorsSeveral classes of processors

• GX/55XXGX/55XX• SCx200SCx200• CR16CR16

• Interface ComponentsInterface Components• 13941394

• Networking ComponentsNetworking Components– MacPhyter 10/100 EthernetMacPhyter 10/100 Ethernet– HPNA 1.0HPNA 1.0– Bluetooth (in development)Bluetooth (in development)– 802.11a (in development)802.11a (in development)– HomeRF (RF portion)HomeRF (RF portion)

• All the All the supporting functionalitysupporting functionality (power management - (power management - regulation, environment monitoring) for a complete systemregulation, environment monitoring) for a complete system

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And people that have ‘em…And people that have ‘em…

Manufacturer 802.11b

HPNA 2.0 HomePlug V.90 ADSL

Cable Modem 802.11a Processors Ethernet HomeRF Bluetooth Voice Comments

Positioned as

CompetitorNational rev 1.0 x x x RF only xAgere x (MAC) x x x Philips RF

Analog Devices x x x x xAtmel x (MAC) x x Silabs RF

Broadcom x x xConexant x x x x x x

Globespan xIntersil x Large shareIntel x x x x x

Motorola x x x x x xTI x x x x x

Virata x x

X

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Thank You!

Q&A