11

“ “ I have a dream”I have a dream”

22

Chapter 21 Civil RightsChapter 21 Civil RightsI have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.

33

What does the What does the Declaration of Declaration of Independence and the Independence and the Constitution say about Constitution say about Civil Rights???Civil Rights??? Declaration of Independence-Declaration of Independence---”We --”We

hold these truths to be self evident that hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal”all men are created equal”

Preamble to the Constitution-Preamble to the Constitution---”We --”We the people of the United States in order the people of the United States in order to form a more perfect union, to form a more perfect union, establish establish justice, justice, insure domestic tranquility, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterityourselves and our posterity””

44

What was the purpose of What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights?the Bill of Rights? The original purpose of the Bill of The original purpose of the Bill of

Rights (first 10 Amendments) was to Rights (first 10 Amendments) was to prevent the prevent the national governmentnational government from abusing the liberty of individuals.from abusing the liberty of individuals.

In 1868 Congress and the states In 1868 Congress and the states passed the 14passed the 14thth Amendment Amendment prohibiting the prohibiting the statesstates from denying from denying people the rights mentioned in the Bill people the rights mentioned in the Bill of Rights. of Rights.

55

Constitutional Constitutional Amendments and Civil Amendments and Civil RightsRights 55thth Amendment---”No person shall be Amendment---”No person shall be

deprived of life, liberty, or property deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”without due process of law.”

1313thth Amendment---abolishes slavery Amendment---abolishes slavery 1414thth Amendment--- Amendment---No stateNo state shall deprive shall deprive

any person of life, liberty, or property any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; without due process of law; nor deny nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”equal protection of the laws.”

66

Constitution continuedConstitution continued 1515thth Amendment---The right to vote shall Amendment---The right to vote shall

not be denied on account of race, color, not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.or previous condition of servitude.

1919thth Amendment---Women given the right Amendment---Women given the right to voteto vote

2424thth Amendment---outlawed poll tax Amendment---outlawed poll tax 2626thth Amendment---18 year olds given Amendment---18 year olds given

right to vote.right to vote.

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Dr. King Video----17 Dr. King Video----17 min.min.

88

ReviewReview1. According to Dr. King’s “I have a dream” speech, 1. According to Dr. King’s “I have a dream” speech,

how does he hope his 4 children will be judged?how does he hope his 4 children will be judged?2. What was the original purpose of the Bill of Rights?2. What was the original purpose of the Bill of Rights?3. What does the Declaration of Independence say 3. What does the Declaration of Independence say

about Civil Rights?about Civil Rights?4. What does the Preamble to the Constitution say 4. What does the Preamble to the Constitution say

about Civil Rights?about Civil Rights?5. What importance does each of the following 5. What importance does each of the following

amendments have concerning Civil Rights: 5amendments have concerning Civil Rights: 5thth, 13, 13thth

,14,14thth, 15, 15thth, 19, 19thth, 24, 24thth, 26, 26thth 6. Which Amendments are called the Civil War 6. Which Amendments are called the Civil War

Amendments?Amendments?7. Also study all 10 questions from Dr. King Video.7. Also study all 10 questions from Dr. King Video. and 13 questions from Civil Rights Videoand 13 questions from Civil Rights Video

99

Can government draw Can government draw distinctions (discriminate) distinctions (discriminate) between persons and between persons and groups?groups? Yes, government, private businesses and private Yes, government, private businesses and private groups must be able to discriminate---and they do.groups must be able to discriminate---and they do.

But discrimination should not take place on the basis But discrimination should not take place on the basis of race, color, national origin, and handicap. These of race, color, national origin, and handicap. These types of discrimination are often illegal.types of discrimination are often illegal.

Examples of discrimination that may be legal--Examples of discrimination that may be legal--convicted felons, smokers, students who get higher convicted felons, smokers, students who get higher grades, veterans, people with good credit vs. people grades, veterans, people with good credit vs. people with bad credit, ---these distinctions have been with bad credit, ---these distinctions have been considered reasonable at times by the court.considered reasonable at times by the court.

One of the large issues facing federal, state, and local One of the large issues facing federal, state, and local government is: can people be legally discriminated government is: can people be legally discriminated against based on their sexual preference? (gay against based on their sexual preference? (gay marriage—gays in military)marriage—gays in military)

1010

Can private groups, clubs, Can private groups, clubs, and organizations and organizations discriminate on the basis of discriminate on the basis of race, gender, or national race, gender, or national origin?origin?

Yes---as long as they are truly private Yes---as long as they are truly private and not open to the public in any way.and not open to the public in any way.

Example: all white country clubs (rare Example: all white country clubs (rare these days), all male country clubs these days), all male country clubs (Augusta National)----(Augusta National)----

The courts do allow all male or all The courts do allow all male or all female female privateprivate schools to be open to the schools to be open to the public but with gender restrictions public but with gender restrictions (Hollins, Hampden Sydney).(Hollins, Hampden Sydney).

1111

Can State Schools Can State Schools discriminate on the basis discriminate on the basis of gender?of gender? VMI----Supreme Court rules that VMI----Supreme Court rules that

VMI can not be an all male VMI can not be an all male institution since it is partially institution since it is partially funded by tax payer dollars.funded by tax payer dollars.

1212

History of Civil Rights History of Civil Rights in Americain America It took a civil war to end more than 200 It took a civil war to end more than 200

year of slavery. Slavery was abolished by year of slavery. Slavery was abolished by the 13the 13thth Amendment in 1865. The 14 Amendment in 1865. The 14THTH and and 1515thth Amendments were passed soon after Amendments were passed soon after to make sure that the newly freed slaves to make sure that the newly freed slaves were given their Constitutional Rightswere given their Constitutional Rights

After the 1876 election, the southern After the 1876 election, the southern states were left to govern themselves states were left to govern themselves without interference from the national without interference from the national government. Most southern states began government. Most southern states began to pass “black codes” or “Jim Crow” laws to pass “black codes” or “Jim Crow” laws soon after.soon after.

1313

Did you know?Did you know?

That in 1860 no slave or free That in 1860 no slave or free African American could be seen African American could be seen on the streets of Salem at night, on the streets of Salem at night, nor could they gather in groups. nor could they gather in groups. Penalty--lashingPenalty--lashing

1414

HistoryHistory Prior to the Civil War and the 13Prior to the Civil War and the 13thth

Amendment the Supreme Court ruled Amendment the Supreme Court ruled that a slave was not a citizen therefore that a slave was not a citizen therefore had no right to sue his master for had no right to sue his master for freedom in federal court (freedom in federal court (Dred ScottDred Scott v. v. SanfordSanford 1857). 1857).

After the Civil War and “Reconstruction”, After the Civil War and “Reconstruction”, states, especially southern states, began states, especially southern states, began to pass racial segregation laws. These to pass racial segregation laws. These laws became known as “Jim Crow laws”.laws became known as “Jim Crow laws”.

1515

Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson 18961896

The Constitutionality of Jim Crow laws The Constitutionality of Jim Crow laws was challenged in was challenged in PlessyPlessy v.v. Ferguson.Ferguson.

The Supreme Court ruled that “separate The Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” facilities were not a denial of but equal” facilities were not a denial of equal protection under the law.equal protection under the law.

The result: segregated schools, parks, The result: segregated schools, parks, buses, railroad cars, water fountains, buses, railroad cars, water fountains, bathrooms, restaurants, housing, movie bathrooms, restaurants, housing, movie theaters, hotels, armed services, theaters, hotels, armed services, professional sportsprofessional sports

1616

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education 19541954

The state law of Kansas required that The state law of Kansas required that Linda Brown (7 year old black girl) Linda Brown (7 year old black girl) attend an all black school many miles attend an all black school many miles from her house. She lived much closer from her house. She lived much closer to the white school.to the white school.

She sued the Topeka, Kansas board of She sued the Topeka, Kansas board of education.education.

The Supreme Court reverses The Supreme Court reverses Plessy v.Plessy v. Ferguson Ferguson and rules that separate and rules that separate schools are inherently unequal and schools are inherently unequal and have no place in public education.have no place in public education.

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Brown continuedBrown continued In 1955 the Supreme Court says that In 1955 the Supreme Court says that

integration of public schools should integration of public schools should begin “with all deliberate speed”.begin “with all deliberate speed”.

Most southern states did everything Most southern states did everything they could to not comply, or delay the they could to not comply, or delay the order from the Supreme Court. This order from the Supreme Court. This would become known as “massive would become known as “massive resistance”.resistance”.

1. Little Rock, Arkansas 19571. Little Rock, Arkansas 1957

2. Ole Miss and James Meredith 19622. Ole Miss and James Meredith 1962

3. Virginia closes some public schools.3. Virginia closes some public schools.

1818

Integration in the Roanoke Integration in the Roanoke ValleyValley Prior to the Brown case both Roanoke Prior to the Brown case both Roanoke

City and Roanoke County (which Salem City and Roanoke County (which Salem was a part of) had separate schools for was a part of) had separate schools for African Americans.African Americans.

1. Roanoke City—Addison (Booker T. 1. Roanoke City—Addison (Booker T. Washington and Harrison school earlier)Washington and Harrison school earlier)

2. Roanoke County--- G.W. Carver (1940)2. Roanoke County--- G.W. Carver (1940)Roanoke County and City would integrate Roanoke County and City would integrate

slowly in the mid 60’s.slowly in the mid 60’s.However, especially in Roanoke City they However, especially in Roanoke City they

would go out of their way to keep some would go out of their way to keep some schools all white until 1970-71.schools all white until 1970-71.

1919

1969-70 School Year in 1969-70 School Year in Roanoke City High Roanoke City High SchoolsSchools Jefferson---70% White 30% African AmericanJefferson---70% White 30% African American

William Fleming---80% White 20% African William Fleming---80% White 20% African Am.Am.

Addison---100% African AmericanAddison---100% African American Patrick Henry---100% WhitePatrick Henry---100% White

Addison and Patrick Henry would be integrated Addison and Patrick Henry would be integrated the next year (1970-71)the next year (1970-71)

Eventually Jefferson and Addison would be Eventually Jefferson and Addison would be closed as high schools and the two remaining closed as high schools and the two remaining schools, P.H. and Fleming would be schools, P.H. and Fleming would be integrated.integrated.

2020

Salem/Roanoke Salem/Roanoke CountyCounty African American community south of Main Street African American community south of Main Street

becomes known as Water Street Community. becomes known as Water Street Community. 1872 first public school for African Americans 1872 first public school for African Americans

created on northwest corner of Chapman Avenue created on northwest corner of Chapman Avenue known as School #2.known as School #2.

1890 Roanoke County Training School for African 1890 Roanoke County Training School for African Americans created.Americans created.

1940 George Washington Carver school built for 1940 George Washington Carver school built for African Americans. (Andrew Lewis was built in African Americans. (Andrew Lewis was built in 1934 for White Students only)1934 for White Students only)

1962 Federal Court judge orders Roanoke 1962 Federal Court judge orders Roanoke County/Salem to integrate.County/Salem to integrate.

1966 Carver closed and Andrew Lewis was 1966 Carver closed and Andrew Lewis was integrated.integrated.

2121

Civil Rights movement in Civil Rights movement in SalemSalem

1960 Newberry Department Store 1960 Newberry Department Store diner—African Americans who chose to diner—African Americans who chose to ignore the Whites only sign were ignore the Whites only sign were served without incident.served without incident.

1964 Lakeside Amusement Park had a 1964 Lakeside Amusement Park had a whites only policy. A group of African whites only policy. A group of African Americans were allowed to purchase Americans were allowed to purchase tickets and enter the amusement park tickets and enter the amusement park without incident.without incident.

2222

Integration of Integration of Virginia’s public Virginia’s public universitiesuniversities The University of Virginia was not The University of Virginia was not

racially integrated until 1961. racially integrated until 1961. Women were not allowed in until Women were not allowed in until 1970.Va. Tech allowed women in 1970.Va. Tech allowed women in 1921---African Americans in 1953.1921---African Americans in 1953.

Virginia had developed public Virginia had developed public universities for African Americans. universities for African Americans. Virginia State, and Virginia UnionVirginia State, and Virginia Union

VMI was forced to admit women VMI was forced to admit women in 1998. in 1998.

2323

ReviewReview8. On what basis is discrimination usually illegal?8. On what basis is discrimination usually illegal?9. On what basis is discrimination usually legal?9. On what basis is discrimination usually legal?10. Can private groups discriminate on the basis 10. Can private groups discriminate on the basis

of race or gender?of race or gender?11. Did Salem have racially discriminatory laws in 11. Did Salem have racially discriminatory laws in

1860?1860?12. What is the importance of the following court 12. What is the importance of the following court

cases: Dred Scott, Plessy, Browncases: Dred Scott, Plessy, Brown13. When did Reconstruction occur?13. When did Reconstruction occur?14. What were “Jim Crow” laws?14. What were “Jim Crow” laws?15. What happened in Little Rock, 1957? 15. What happened in Little Rock, 1957? 16.What happened at Ole Miss, 1962?16.What happened at Ole Miss, 1962?17. What was “massive resistance” 17. What was “massive resistance” 18. How did some Virginia school districts react to 18. How did some Virginia school districts react to

court ordered integration? court ordered integration?

2424

ReviewReview19. In 1940 what school was designated as 19. In 1940 what school was designated as

the African American School in Roanoke the African American School in Roanoke County?County?

20. Did schools immediately integrate after 20. Did schools immediately integrate after the Brown decision?the Brown decision?

21. What was the name of the predominantly 21. What was the name of the predominantly African American community in Salem?African American community in Salem?

22. When did Carver close and Lewis 22. When did Carver close and Lewis integrate?integrate?

23. When did UVA integrate? When did UVA 23. When did UVA integrate? When did UVA allow women?allow women?

24. Why was VMI forced to allow women to 24. Why was VMI forced to allow women to attend in 1998?attend in 1998?

2525

De facto segregationDe facto segregation School segregation by law (De Jure segregation) School segregation by law (De Jure segregation)

was determined to be unconstitutional in was determined to be unconstitutional in Brown Brown v. Bd. Of Ed.----v. Bd. Of Ed.----The court would be forced to The court would be forced to answer the question—”What about De facto answer the question—”What about De facto segregation”?segregation”?

De facto segregation -- segregation not because De facto segregation -- segregation not because of any law but because of living patterns. African of any law but because of living patterns. African Americans tended to live in certain areas and Americans tended to live in certain areas and their schools were almost all African American. their schools were almost all African American. Whites tended to live in certain areas and their Whites tended to live in certain areas and their schools tended to be all white. Much of this had schools tended to be all white. Much of this had been caused by “White Flight” to the suburbs.been caused by “White Flight” to the suburbs.

Should the government force integration of these Should the government force integration of these schools? How?schools? How?

2626

Swan v. Charlotte-Swan v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Ed.Mecklenberg Board of Ed. 19711971 Supreme Court ruled Supreme Court ruled

desegregation plans cannot be desegregation plans cannot be limited to walk in schools. limited to walk in schools. Busing Busing should be used to increase the should be used to increase the racial mix in all school districts. racial mix in all school districts.

This could be done on a voluntary This could be done on a voluntary basis or by court order.basis or by court order.

2727

Congress takes action to Congress takes action to protect Civil Rightsprotect Civil Rights

Civil Rights Act of 1964—Civil Rights Act of 1964—

1. Forbids the use of federal funds to aid any 1. Forbids the use of federal funds to aid any state or local government that practices state or local government that practices racial segregation.racial segregation.

2. No person may denied access to or 2. No person may denied access to or refused service in various public refused service in various public accommodations because of race, color, or accommodations because of race, color, or national origin.national origin.

3. The United States Justice Department was 3. The United States Justice Department was directed to file suit against anyone who directed to file suit against anyone who violated the law. violated the law.

2828

Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 19651965

1.1. Abolished literacy test in all states.Abolished literacy test in all states.

2.2. Gave federal government the Gave federal government the power to register voters (rather power to register voters (rather than the state) in any district than the state) in any district where less than 50% of African where less than 50% of African American adults were registered.American adults were registered.

3.3. Selma marchSelma march

2929

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19681968

Sometimes called the “Open Housing Sometimes called the “Open Housing Act”.Act”.

Forbids anyone to refuse to sell or rent a Forbids anyone to refuse to sell or rent a dwelling to any person on grounds of dwelling to any person on grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, race, color, religion, national origin, sex, or disability.or disability.

In 1988 the law was amended to allow In 1988 the law was amended to allow the Justice Department to bring criminal the Justice Department to bring criminal charges against those who violate the charges against those who violate the law.law.

3030

Housing patterns in Housing patterns in the Roanoke Valley the Roanoke Valley todaytoday

Botetourt 96% white 4% blackBotetourt 96% white 4% black Roanoke County 94% white 4% blackRoanoke County 94% white 4% black Roanoke City 71% white 28% blackRoanoke City 71% white 28% black Salem City 93% white 6% blackSalem City 93% white 6% black Total metro area: 85% whiteTotal metro area: 85% white

14% black14% black

Roanoke is the most segregated Roanoke is the most segregated metropolitan area in Virginia.metropolitan area in Virginia.

3131

LandmarksLandmarks Douglas Wilder became the first African American Douglas Wilder became the first African American

Governor in the United States in 1990. Currently Governor in the United States in 1990. Currently the Mayor of Richmond.the Mayor of Richmond.

Noel C. Taylor became the first African American Noel C. Taylor became the first African American Mayor of Roanoke from 1975 to 1992.Mayor of Roanoke from 1975 to 1992.

Thurgood Marshall was the first African American Thurgood Marshall was the first African American Supreme Court Justice. Clarence Thomas is the Supreme Court Justice. Clarence Thomas is the second African American on the Supreme Court.second African American on the Supreme Court.

Barack Obama from Illinois is the only African Barack Obama from Illinois is the only African American currently in the U.S. Senate. (There American currently in the U.S. Senate. (There have been 5 African Americans in the U.S. Senatehave been 5 African Americans in the U.S. Senate—the first two were from Mississippi during —the first two were from Mississippi during Reconstruction)—OBAMA IS running for PresidentReconstruction)—OBAMA IS running for President

There are 40 African American members of the U. There are 40 African American members of the U. S. House of Representatives (out of 435). One S. House of Representatives (out of 435). One African American Representative is from Virginia.African American Representative is from Virginia.

( out of 11)( out of 11)

3232

Title 9 1972Title 9 1972

No person in U.S. shall, on the No person in U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from basis of sex be excluded from participation in, be denied the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any discrimination under any education programs or activity education programs or activity receiving federal financial receiving federal financial assistance.assistance.

3333

Positive and negative Positive and negative effects of Title 9effects of Title 9 In 1972 only 15% of college athletes In 1972 only 15% of college athletes

were women---today 40%.were women---today 40%. In 1972 only 8% of high school In 1972 only 8% of high school

athletes were women---today 40%athletes were women---today 40% In order to increase the number of In order to increase the number of

women athletes colleges have had women athletes colleges have had to increase the number of teams for to increase the number of teams for women and decrease the number of women and decrease the number of teams for men. (football presents a teams for men. (football presents a major problem because of the major problem because of the number of men on the team)number of men on the team)

3434

Gender discrimination Gender discrimination decisions.decisions.

States can not set different ages at which States can not set different ages at which men and women become legal adults.men and women become legal adults.

States may not exclude women from States may not exclude women from juries.juries.

Employers can not require women to take Employers can not require women to take pregnancy leave from work.pregnancy leave from work.

Retirement benefits for men and women Retirement benefits for men and women must be equal.must be equal.

However, men register for the draft and However, men register for the draft and women do not.women do not.

3535

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action

The nations most ambitious attempt to deal The nations most ambitious attempt to deal with its long history of racial and sexual with its long history of racial and sexual discrimination.discrimination.

Presumes that white males in American Presumes that white males in American society have received and do receive society have received and do receive benefits in our society that they have not benefits in our society that they have not earned (receive them just because they are earned (receive them just because they are white and male)white and male)

Calls for minorities and women to be given Calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, special consideration in employment, education, and contracting decisions.education, and contracting decisions.

3636

Affirmative Action Affirmative Action continuedcontinued Institutions with affirmative action Institutions with affirmative action

policies generally set goals and policies generally set goals and timetables for increased timetables for increased diversity---and use recruitment, diversity---and use recruitment, set-asides (quotas) and set-asides (quotas) and preference as ways of achieving preference as ways of achieving those goals.those goals.

3737

Affirmative Action Affirmative Action CasesCases Bakke 1978---Supreme Court Bakke 1978---Supreme Court

declared quota system at declared quota system at University of California medical University of California medical school unconstitutional. However, school unconstitutional. However, said that race said that race could becould be one of one of many factors in determining many factors in determining admission.admission.

3838

Affirmative Action Affirmative Action continuedcontinued University of Michigan has 38,000 students. University of Michigan has 38,000 students.

13% are African American, Hispanic, or 13% are African American, Hispanic, or American Indian.American Indian.

In determining admission applicants were In determining admission applicants were graded on a 150 point scale.graded on a 150 point scale.

African Americans and Hispanics would African Americans and Hispanics would receive 20 points for their race, which was receive 20 points for their race, which was equal to raising their grade point average equal to raising their grade point average one full point on 4 point scale.one full point on 4 point scale.

University of Michigan argued in order to University of Michigan argued in order to create racial diversity they needed this create racial diversity they needed this program.program.

Supreme Court declared the program Supreme Court declared the program unconstitutional. However, said that this unconstitutional. However, said that this decision did not mean that all affirmative decision did not mean that all affirmative action programs are unconstitutional.action programs are unconstitutional.

3939

ReviewReview What is the difference between De Jure and De Facto What is the difference between De Jure and De Facto

segregation? segregation? Define “White Flight”—How did it effect De Facto Define “White Flight”—How did it effect De Facto

segregation of schools?segregation of schools? What was the importance of the What was the importance of the Swann v.Swann v.

Mecklenberg Board of EdMecklenberg Board of Ed case? case? What was the importance of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?What was the importance of the 1964 Civil Rights Act? What was the importance of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?What was the importance of the 1965 Voting Rights Act? What was the importance of the 1968 Civil Rights Act?What was the importance of the 1968 Civil Rights Act? Today, how does the Roanoke Valley compare to other Today, how does the Roanoke Valley compare to other

metropolitan areas in Virginia when it comes to De Facto metropolitan areas in Virginia when it comes to De Facto segregation in housing patterns?segregation in housing patterns?

Who was the first African American Governor of a U.S. Who was the first African American Governor of a U.S. State?State?

Who was the first African American Mayor of Roanoke?Who was the first African American Mayor of Roanoke? Who is the only African American currently in the U.S. Who is the only African American currently in the U.S.

Senate?Senate? Who was the first African American Supreme Court Who was the first African American Supreme Court

Justice? Who was second?Justice? Who was second?

4040

ReviewReview What does the 1972 Title 9 law What does the 1972 Title 9 law

require?require? How has Title 9 changed college How has Title 9 changed college

athletics?athletics? How has Title 9 changed athletics How has Title 9 changed athletics

here at Salem?here at Salem? Define Affirmative ActionDefine Affirmative Action What was the importance of the What was the importance of the

Bakke case 1978?Bakke case 1978?

4141

Review -court Review -court cases/amendmentscases/amendments Which court case said that segregated schools were Which court case said that segregated schools were

inherently unequal and had no place in public inherently unequal and had no place in public education?education?

Established the separate but equal doctrine?Established the separate but equal doctrine? Said slaves were not citizens and had no right to bring Said slaves were not citizens and had no right to bring

a case to court.a case to court. Which amendment abolished slavery?Which amendment abolished slavery? Which amendment says that people must be given Which amendment says that people must be given

equal protection by states?equal protection by states? Which amendment gave women the right to vote?Which amendment gave women the right to vote? Which amendment gave 18 year olds right to vote?Which amendment gave 18 year olds right to vote? Which amendment says that people can not be denied Which amendment says that people can not be denied

the right to vote because of race, color , or previous the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude?condition of servitude?

Which amendment said that the federal government Which amendment said that the federal government could not deprive people of life, liberty, or property could not deprive people of life, liberty, or property without due process of law?without due process of law?

Which amendment outlawed the use of a poll tax?Which amendment outlawed the use of a poll tax?