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1
Indian Industry Perspective on Alternatives to HCFCs for Air
Conditioning Sub-sector
P.K. MahindraREFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING
MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (RAMA)
18 February 2011, New Delhi
INDO-US WORKSHOP ON HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFCs)
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AIMS & OBJECTIVES:To Promote overall growth of Air-conditioning & Refrigeration Industry in India, keeping in mind the larger economic goals of:
Maximizing investments in India
Maximizing job creation in India To conduct & facilitate research on Air Conditioning & Refrigeration industry To partner with Indian & Foreign Associations for
Growth of the Industry
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (RAMA)
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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Air Conditioning & US$ (billion) Commercial Refrigeration:
Air Conditioning Systems 3.2 Commercial Refrigeration 0.5 Servicing 0.3
TOTAL 4.0 Domestic Refrigerators: 2.1 Total 6.1
RAMA members account for over 90% of the industry size for Air Conditioning & Commercial Refrigeration and over 70% of domestic refrigerator market.
INDUSTRY SIZE
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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1. Room air conditioners
2. Ducted Systems
3. Chilled water systems (air & water cooled)
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT SUB SECTORS
4. VRF air conditioning systems
5. Precision & Telecommunication
6. Rail Coach Air Conditioning
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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AIR CONDITIONERS SUB SECTORS GROWTH STORY
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS GROWTH STORY
Production: 2005 : 1.5 m (Actual)2009 : 3.3 m (Actual)2013 : 9.9 m (Estimate)2015 : 17.0 m (Estimate)
Demand Growth (Annual): 2005 ~ 09 : 22% (Actual)2010 ~ 12: 32% (Estimate)2013 ~ 15: 31% (Estimate)
Penetration Level (p. capita):2005 : < 2 (Actual)2013 : 3. 5 (Estimate)2015 : 4.5 (Estimate)
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS
CHARACTERISTICS
PARAMETER R 22 R-410A R-407C R 134A R 32 R 290
Safety Category as per ASHRAE
A1 A1 A1 A1 A2L A3
Flammable Limits in Air (vol.%)
None None None None 14.4 2.1
GWP 1810 2,088 1,774 1,430 675 3
Glide oF 0 0.2 9.7 0 0 0
Compressor Energy Effic. Ratio (HCFC 22 %)
100% 102 – 105% 95 – 101% 95 – 97% Yet to be establish
ed 97 – 99%
Capacity (HCFC 22 %) 100% 149 – 155% 98 – 105% 65% 160% 85%
Heat Transfer Baseline Higher Lower Lower Higher Same
Pressure Drop Baseline Lower Same Higher Lower Lower
Tubing Size Baseline Smaller Same Larger Lower Same
System Performance (HCFC 22 %)
100% 98 – 105% 95 – 100% 97 – 98% 95 – 97% 100-
103% Redesign Required Baseline Major Minor Major Major Major
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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EVALUATION OF REFRIGERANTS
R- 410A ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• R-410 is a blend with a small temperature glide (0.2C)• System Efficiency is lower than that of HCFC-22• Smaller compressor and heat exchanger due to lower flow rate• Higher sub cooling (8%)
• Increased manufacturing cost • Lower critical temperature of R-410A limits its use in higher ambient• System efficiency 98 ~ 105%; improvement by better design• Higher thickness and smaller internal size of tubes due to higher system pressures • Higher vacuum levels during manufacturing, servicing• Full system evacuation, gas charging required during servicing
Sub sectors : Room Air conditioner, Ducted systems, small Chiller Systems
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Single Component refrigerant ; does not have disadvantages of mixtures
• Higher coefficient of performance as compared to R 410A and CO2
• System size is bulky compared to HCFC-22 based systems due to 40% lower refrigeration capacity• Consumes more materials increased system costs
• GWP concerns
EVALUATION OF REFRIGERANTS HFC-134a
Sub sector : Large chiller systemsIndo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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EVALUATION OF REFRIGERANTS
PROPANE (R-290)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES• Low climate impact (GWP:3)• Good thermodynamic performance compared to HCFC-22, especially in lower ambient• Comparable pressure and COP to HCFC-22• Improved pressure ratio LBP, discharge temperature, and volumetric capacity compared to HCFC-22
• Serious Safety concerns in enclosed environments (flammability) ; permissible limit: 2.1% of air volume • Large investments at production facilities for leak testing, charging, and general safety• Major redesign of the air conditioning equipments
• Safety during servicing a major concern
Pilot Project under evaluation; commercialProduction and related issues to be resolved
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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VIABLE OPTIONS FOR AIR
CONDITIONING SUB SECTORS
Air conditioning Sub Sector Application Viable OptionDuctless Room Air Conditioners
Home, small offices R -410A (HFC)
Ducted SystemInstitutions, Commercial
R- 410A, R-407C (HFCs)
Telecom Air Conditioner with Precision Air conditioner
Information Technology back offices, Telecom equipment
R- 410A (HFC)
Chiller - Air Cooled Central SystemsR -410A, HFC-134a (HFCs)
Chiller - Water Cooled Central Systems HFC -134a (HFC)
VRFs (Variable Refrigerant Volume)
Institutions, Commercial
R- 410A (HFC)
Rail Coach Air Conditioner Railways, Metros R- 410A (HFC)
Others Marine & Defence Special purpose R- 410A (HFC)
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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CONCLUDING REMARKS HFCs, like R-410A, HFC-32 and HFC-134a are the only
Technically proven and Economically viable Alternatives to HCFC-22 for all the Air-Conditioning Applications
R-290 being highly flammable may be applied for very small capacity units with lot of safety precautions: limited application
There are no other technically proven and economically viable options Available for the industry. Some work is reported on low GWP HFOs and HFC mixtures. The time frame of such R & D work is unknown and may have a number of barriers: Flammability Issues Toxicity issue especially toxicity of products on
dissociation Availability at comparable prices
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CONCLUDING REMARKS (cont.) The phase-out of HCFCs relies only on the use of technically
proven and economically viable solutions ; currently HFCs are the widely used refrigerants to replace HCFCs in most of the developed countries including USA.
Air-Conditioning Sector is very price sensitive and Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC) Industry is to provide cost effective solutions to cater the needs of Industrial and for GDP growth in the country.
The RAC Industry can’t afford frequent changeovers as it involves huge capital investment
The RAC industry has a very challenging task ahead ; to cater the needs of growing demand and decision of capital investments
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011
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WAY FORWARD! The Indian industry look forward for interacting with the US
RAC industry to deliberate about the feasible solutions
especially to comply 2013 & 2015 control targets under the
given of technically proven, economically viable,
environmentally benign refrigerants.
As the changeover requires large capital investments
especially in growing markets like India, there is a need to
have comprehensive studies and dialogues on technologies
likely to be available in a given time horizon at affordable
price.
There should be mechanism to fund transition to low GWP
refrigerants as and when these are viable
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And the Journey continues
for a Sustainable Growth
Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18th Feb.2011