1. Introduction to the Principles and Concepts of Hygiene and Environmental Health

7/24/2019 1. Introduction to the Principles and Concepts of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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1. Introduction to the Principles and

Concepts of Hygiene and

Environmental Health

Study Session 1 Introduction to the Principles and Concepts of Hygiene and

Environmental Health....................................................................................................4

Introduction................................................................................................................4

Learning Outcomes for Study Session 1....................................................................4

1.1 Historical perspectives on hygiene and environmental health............................4

1.1.1 Prehistoric and ancient civilisation..............................................................4

1.1. !odern times..............................................................................................."

1.1.# Hygiene and environmental health development in Ethiopia......................"

1. $efinitions...........................................................................................................%

1..1 Hygiene and sanitation.................................................................................%

&uestion.................................................................................................................%

'ns(er...................................................................................................................%

1.. Environmental health...................................................................................)

1..# Components of environmental health..........................................................)

&uestion.................................................................................................................*

'ns(er...................................................................................................................*

1.# Concepts and principles in hygiene and environmental health.........................1+

1.#.1 Environmental health and disease transmission.........................................1+

&uestion...............................................................................................................11

'ns(er.................................................................................................................11

1.#. ,he place of environmental health in your community.............................1

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&uestion...............................................................................................................1

'ns(er.................................................................................................................1

1.#.# Environmental intervention models...........................................................1#

1.#.4 Environmental ris- factors.........................................................................14

1.4 Human interaction (ith the environment..........................................................1"

1.4.1 r/anisation and industrialisation..............................................................1"

1.4. $evelopment as a means of interaction.....................................................1"

&uestion...............................................................................................................1"

'ns(er.................................................................................................................1%

&uestion...............................................................................................................1)

'ns(er.................................................................................................................1)

1." ,he role of environmental health in pu/lic health............................................1)

1.% Environmental health planning.........................................................................10

1 Identifying the needs and gaps.........................................................................10

Priority setting..................................................................................................10

# riting a planning report.................................................................................10

4 Implementing the plan......................................................................................1*

" !onitoring and evaluating the planned performance......................................1*

% Learning /y doing............................................................................................1*

Summary of Study Session 1...................................................................................1*

Self2'ssessment &uestions 3S'&s for Study Session 1.........................................+

S'& 1.1 3tests Learning Outcomes 1.1 and 1.#..................................................+

!atching 5ui6.......................................................................................................+

Solution................................................................................................................1

S'& 1. 3tests Learning Outcome 1.................................................................


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'ns(er.................................................................................................................

S'& 1.# 3tests Learning Outcome 1.#................................................................

'ns(er.................................................................................................................#

S'& 1.4 3tests Learning Outcome 1.4................................................................#

'ns(er.................................................................................................................#

S'& 1." 3tests Learning Outcome 1."................................................................#

'ns(er.................................................................................................................#

S'& 1.% 3tests Learning Outcome 1.%................................................................#

'ns(er.................................................................................................................#

#


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Study Session 1 Introduction to the

Principles and Concepts of Hygiene

and Environmental HealthIntroduction

,his first study session in the !odule serves to introduce you to the important

concepts and -ey terms that are used in environmental health and hygiene. Starting

(ith a /rief description of the historical importance of hygiene and sanitation7 (e (ill

e8plain the scope of environmental health and descri/e the lin-s /et(een hygiene7

sanitation and human health. e (ill descri/e the steps in environmental health

planning and give you an overvie( of your role in the management of hygiene and

environmental health at community level. ,his session (ill help you /etter understandsu/se5uent sessions in this !odule.

Learning Outcomes for Study Session 1

hen you have studied this session7 you should /e a/le to9

1.1 $efine and use correctly each of the -ey (ords printed in bold. 3S'& 1.1

1. :riefly descri/e the history of hygiene and environmental health and its

development in Ethiopia. 3S'& 1.

1.# $escri/e the significance of environmental health at community level. 3S'&s 1.1

and 1.#

1.4 List the environmental ris- factors involved in the transmission of communica/le

diseases. 3S'& 1.4

1." $escri/e the interactions /et(een development and environment that affect

human health. 3S'& 1."

1.% E8plain the /asic components and purpose of environmental health planning.3S'& 1.%

1.1 Historical perspectives on hygiene and

environmental health

Hygiene and sanitation have a long history at various levels of human civilisation. e

can roughly divide the historical events into t(o periods9 the ancient and the modern.

1.1.1 Prehistoric and ancient civilisation

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;eligious la(s7 such as !oses< La(7 (ritings in the Old and =e( ,estaments and

la(s in the >oran7 played ma?or roles in the lives of ancient peoples. ,hese la(s

mainly concentrated on the provision of personal hygiene. $ead /odies and

contaminated surfaces (ere -no(n to /e unclean or unhygienic to touch. ,he

importance of /urying human faeces (as also strongly indicated. ,he importance of

/ody cleanliness /efore praying (as a motive for maintaining the integrity of hygiene(ith a religious practice.

,he importance of hygiene and sanitation flourished at the times of @ree-7 ;oman

and Egyptian civilisation. ,he use of private and pu/lic /aths and latrines7 cleaning of

the /ody7 shaving the head for protection from lice infestation7 and the construction of

(ater pipelines and se(age ditches (ere (idely o/served. ,he transmission of

schistosomiasis 3/ilhar6ia (as lin-ed to /athing and s(imming in the =ile ;iver. In

these civilisations7 the focus (as on personal hygiene 3hygiene and human (aste

management 3sanitation.

1.1. !odern times

' num/er of discoveries in the 1*th century (ere important events for the

understanding of communica/le diseases. Aor e8ample7 the lin- /et(een

contaminated (ater and cholera (as discovered /y Bohn Sno( in 10"4 the

importance of hygienic hand(ashing /efore attending delivery of a /a/y (as noted /y

$r. Semmel(eis in 104" and the discovery that microorganisms3very small

organisms only visi/le under a microscope cause disease (as made /y Louis Pasteur

around this time.

,he period follo(ing the industrial revolution in Europe in the 1*th century sho(edthat improvements in sanitation7 (ater supply and housing significantly reduced the

occurrence of communica/le diseases. ,he term Denvironmental health< is used to

descri/e human health in relation to environmental factors such as these.

Environmental healthcan /e defined as the control of all the factors in a person


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1. ' formal health service (as organised in the !inistry of the Interior in 1*+0.

Hygiene and sanitation in pu/lic health (as a single service.

. ,he !inistry of the Interior had a Proclamation and Legal =otices to e8ercise

sanitation 3urine handling7 refuse and e8creta management7 street s(eeping in

1*41*4#.

#. ,he !inistry of Pu/lic Health (as created in 1*4). It organised !unicipal and

Provincial Pu/lic Health services to run /oth curative and pu/lic health.

Hygiene and sanitation (ere the focus of these organisations.

4. Late in the 1*)+s7 safe (ater supply and sanitation /ecame components of

primary healthcare.

". In the 1**+s7 the ne( Constitution in 1**" and a ne( Health Policy in 1**#

(ere designed to reflect the social and health needs of the Ethiopian population.

Hygiene7 sanitation and environmental matters are stated aims.

%. In early +++ the Health E8tension Programme (as designed and integrated

into the Health Sector $evelopment Programme as a tool to enhance hygiene

and sanitation in rural and ur/an areas.

1. #efinitions

1..1 Hygiene and sanitation

$uestion

hat do hygiene and sanitation mean to you from your /rief reading of the historical

perspectivesF

%ns&er

Hygiene is related to personal cleanliness7 such as personal hygiene 3/ody7 clothing.

Sanitation refers to (aste management7 particularly management of human (aste.

End of ans(er

Hygienegenerally refers to the set of practices associated (ith the preservation ofhealth and healthy living. ,he focus is mainly on personal hygiene that loo-s at

cleanliness of the hair7 /ody7 hands7 fingers7 feet and clothing7 and menstrual hygiene.

Improvements in personal -no(ledge7 s-ill and practice that modify an individual


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Sanitationmeans the prevention of human contact (ith (astes7 for hygienic

purposes. It also means promoting health through the prevention of human contact

(ith the ha6ards associated (ith the lac- of healthy food7 clean (ater and healthful

housing7 the control of vectors3living organisms that transmit diseases7 and a clean

environment. It focuses on management of (aste produced /y human activities.

,here are different types of sanitation relating to particular situations7 such as9

'asic sanitation9 refers to the management of human faeces at the household

level. It means access to a toilet or latrine.

Onsite sanitation9 the collection and treatment of (aste at the place (here it

is deposited.

(ood sanitation9 refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety.

Aood hygiene is similar to food sanitation.

Housing sanitation9 refers to safeguarding the home environment 3the

d(elling and its immediate environment.

Environmental sanitation9 the control of environmental factors that form

lin-s in disease transmission. ,his category includes solid (aste management7

(ater and (aste(ater treatment7 industrial (aste treatment and noise and

pollution control.

Ecological sanitation)the concept of recycling the nutrients from human and

animal (astes to the environment.

1.. Environmental health

Environmental health is /roader than hygiene and sanitation it encompasses hygiene7

sanitation and many other aspects of the environment that are not included in this

!odule such as glo/al (arming7 climate change7 radiation7 gene technology7 flooding

and natural disasters. It also involves studying the environmental factors that affect

health.

,he orld Health Organi6ationey phrases in this definition are environmental factorsandpotentially affect health.

1.." Components of environmental health

,a/le 1.1 descri/es the areas of environmental health and hygiene that (ill /e of

importance to you as a health(or-er and that you (ill learn a/out in the rest of this!odule.

)


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*able 1.1 Components of hygiene and environmental health.

#escription Concerns

Personal hygiene Hygiene of /ody and clothing

ater supply

'de5uacy7 safety 3chemical7 /acteriological7 physical of (ater for

domestic7 drin-ing and recreational use

Human (aste

disposalProper e8creta disposal and li5uid (aste management

Solid (aste

management

Proper application of storage7 collection7 disposal of (aste. aste

production and recycling

Gector controlControl of mammals 3such as rats and arthropods3insects such

as flies and other creatures such as mites that transmit disease

Aood hygieneAood safety and (holesomeness in its production7 storage7

preparation7 distri/ution and sale7 until consumption

Healthful housing

Physiological needs7 protection against disease and accidents7

psychological and social comforts in residential and recreationalareas

Institutional

hygiene

Communal hygiene in schools7 prisons7 health facilities7 refugee

camps7 detention homes and settlement areas

ater pollution Sources7 characteristics7 impact and mitigation

Occupational

hygieneHygiene and safety in the (or-place

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Aigure 1.1 Components of hygiene and environmental health.

$uestion

Aigure 1.1 illustrates the various aspects of hygiene and environmental health that are

descri/ed in ,a/le 1.1. Loo- at the separate dra(ings (ithin the figure and match

each of them to one of the descriptions.

%ns&er

Starting at top right7 the dra(ing there illustrates solid (aste disposal in a pit. :elo(

that is a (oman coo-ing at a stove to sho( food hygiene in a coo-ing area. ,he

handpump illustrates (ater supply. Personal hygiene is represented /y the person

(ashing themselves. ,he ne8t dra(ing sho(s a storage cup/oard7 again illustrating

food hygiene. ,he dra(ing at top left is a pit latrine to represent human (aste

disposal. ,he central dra(ing illustrates healthful housing. 3Gector control7

institutional hygiene7 occupational hygiene and (ater pollution are not sho(n.

End of ans(er

*


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1." Concepts and principles in hygiene and


e (ill consider diarrhoea7 (hich is a symptom of many common diseases7 as a

means to understand the concept of disease transmission7 the role of environmentalhealth and the frame(or- for hygienic improvements.

1.".1 Environmental health and disease transmission

,he description of diarrhoea transmission represents a good (ay to understand the

path(ays of disease through the environment and ho( environmental health and

hygiene can help prevent disease transmission. Aigure 1. sho(s the factors that are

essential for diarrhoea transmission. 3,his diagram is (idely used to represent these

important lin-s in disease transmission. e have included t(o versions of it here to

help you identify it if you see it again. It is used in later sessions in this !odule.

Loo- first at Aigure 1. 3a. On the left is a person defecating7 representing the source

of diarrhoea. ,he infectious agent or disease agent is actively discharged /y a patient

or carrier of the disease. On the right is the host7 (ho is the person that could /e

affected /y the disease. :et(een the t(o7 there is the part of the environment that

lin-s the t(o in other (ords7 the path(ay that the disease travels /et(een the source

and the host. =o( compare Aigure 1.3a (ith Aigure 1.3/ you (ill see they

represent the same thing.

1+


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Aigure 1.3a and 3/ Path(ays of diarrhoea transmission. 3Source of 1.3a9 adapted

from HO7 1**07PHAST step-by-step guide

Aigure 1.3/ similarly sho(s the different path(ays of transmission through the

environment. ,hesourceof diarrhoea is the agentor carrier (ho discharges infected

faeces to the environment. ,o remem/er the possi/le path(ays (e can use the si8

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If you understand the path(ay of the disease7 then you can design an interventionfor

the disease that targets the source7 environment or the host. 'n intervention is a (ay

of stopping the disease from /eing transmitted. ,he /ro-en lines7 in Aigure 1.7

indicate the possi/le interventions for the prevention and control of diarrhoea. Some

of these interventions are descri/ed in ,a/le 1..

*able 1. Possible environmental health interventions for diarrhoea.

Intervention strategies %ctivities

Intervention at the source

3(here the diarrhoea

infection comes from

'void open defecation

Install a latrine

'l(ays use a latrine to /ury faeces and urine

Intervention in the

environment

3ho( the diarrhoea infection

is transmitted

se safe drin-ing (ater

Hand(ashing

Gector control and management

Proper refuse and li5uid (aste management

Provision of food safety

Healthful housing

Intervention at the host

3the person (ho might

/ecome infected

Hygiene promotion through hygiene education

and community mo/ilisation

Gaccination 3if availa/le

Healthy living

1.". *he place of environmental health in your community

Our living environment is composed of home7 (or- and recreational centres (here

people spend their time. ater7 air and food are our concern. ,he provision of

environmental health services e8tends to all these aspects of our lives.

$uestion

List the locations in your kebele(here environmental health is important.

%ns&er

ou may have thought of a list that includes the follo(ing7 /ut the detail (ill depend

on your o(n kebele9

(or-places9 health facilities7 local (or-places7 pu/lic offices7 shops7 millhouse7 metal and (ood (or-s

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schools

social places9 church7 mos5ue

homes9 different types of home in your area.

End of ans(er

It is important to -no( the different parts of your kebeleso that you can promote

/etter hygiene in all areas. ,he interaction of the environment and possi/le

environmental ha6ards are indicated in Aigure 1.#. ,hese different types of ha6ard (ill

/e discussed in Study Session .

Aigure 1.# ,he system of environmental health. ,he human living environment

consists of home7 (or- and recreational environments. ,he interaction /et(een these

environments and human activities results in various types of ha6ards that may

adversely affect human health. 3Source9 adapted from :assett7 ++4

1."." Environmental intervention models

'ccording to the Aederal !inistry of Health7 more than 0+J of communica/le

diseases in Ethiopia are /elieved to /e preventa/le using environmental health

interventions. @enerally7 there are t(o intervention models9 the clinical intervention

model7 (hich loo-s at treating the sic- person7 and the pu/lic health model7 including

environmental health7 (hich loo-s at ho( to stop people getting sic- in the first place

/y providing a healthy environment. ,his is indicated in Aigure 1.4.

1#


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Aigure 1.4 Health intervention models for the prevention and control of

communica/le diseases. ,he clinical intervention model focuses on the treatment of

patients7 (hile the pu/lic health intervention model concentrates on the maintenance

of health through education and -eeping the environment safe. ,he red arro(s

indicate the points of intervention.

If (e loo- at these t(o models in a (ider conte8t7 then there are additional factors

that must /e considered. ,hese include having helpful local policies7 appropriatecommunity 3kebele level organisations7 sanitation legislation7 developing sanitation

technology options and poverty alleviation efforts. Political (ill in policy

development in health and environmental health7 designing the hygiene and sanitation

legal frame(or-s and long2term socio2economic developments7 are aspects of the

government


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transmitted in this (ay. ,here are also diseases and conditions that are not caused /y

pathogenic organisms7 /ut are caused /y other environmental ris- factors7 (hich may

/e due to chemicals or physical ha6ards such as noise. !a?or environmental ris-s and

e8amples of the diseases and conditions that are related to these ris-s are indicated in

,a/le 1.#. Aurther descriptions of these diseases can /e found in the Communicable

DiseasesandNon-Communicable Diseases !mergency Care and "ental Health!odules.

*able 1." !a-or environmental ris, factors &ith related diseases and conditions.

Environmental ris, factors elated diseases and conditions

Contaminated (ater7 lac- of latrines7 poor

hand (ashing7 inappropriate solid (aste

management7 open defecation7 vector

infestation

$iarrhoeal diseases7 trachoma7

schistosomiasis7 ascariasis7 trichuriasis7

hoo-(orm7 typhoid fever7 relapsing

fever

Indoor air pollution

Chronic o/structive pulmonary disease7

lo(er respiratory infections7 lung

cancer

OutdoorKam/ient air pollution;espiratory infections7 cardiovascular

diseases7 lung cancer

@eneral environmental ha6ards 3climate7

mos5uitoes7 nutrition

$iarrhoeal diseases7 malnutrition7

malaria and other vector2/orne

diseases heat e8haustion

Environmental ha6ards in (or-places

3e8cess noise7 heat7 dust7 chemicals

In?uries7 hearing loss7 cancer7 asthma7

/ac- pain7 chronic o/structive

pulmonary disease

1.+ Human interaction &ith the environment

1.+.1 /rbanisation and industrialisation

r/anisation and industrialisation /ring rural people into ur/an centres that may not

/e ready to handle the additional sanitary needs. Ethiopia is at the stage of rapid

development (ith priorities in agriculture and industry. Currently small2scale

industries that /ridge agriculture and industrialisation are /ooming. Large2scale

industries7 such as te8tiles7 food and cement7 are gro(ing. ,he need to improve and

e8pand social infrastructures such as (ater supply7 (aste management and health

services is o/vious in order to handle the needs of the gro(ing ur/an centres. 's a

health(or-er you need to understand that these developments have environmental

health ris-s due to overcro(ding7 inappropriate (aste management and a shortage of

safe drin-ing (ater.

1.+. #evelopment as a means of interaction

$uestion

'ssume for a minute that a te8tile factory is planned to operate in your #oreda. =o(7

thin- (hat /enefits and disadvantages may arise from the introduction of this factory.

1"


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%ns&er

'ny development re5uires an interaction (ith the environment. ,he o/vious

advantages are in terms of providing cloth7 creating ?o/ opportunities and contri/uting

to the gro(th of the national economy. ,he disadvantage is (hen the factory produces

environmental ris-s. ,he factory uses energy7 ra( materials and human la/our for itsprocess of producing cloth. It generates pollutants in the form of solid (aste7 li5uid

(aste7 air polluting su/stances and noise. Such (astes can pollute the air (e /reathe7

our food7 (ater and soil. ,he poor management of these (astes results in human

e8posure that may su/se5uently affect human health as (ell as the environment.

End of ans(er

Aigure 1." sho(s diagrammatically the relationship /et(een development and the

environment.

In this diagram7 the t(o arro(s lying /et(een Dhuman activities< and Dam/ient

environment< indicate the relationship /et(een them7 i.e. that development re5uires

resources from the environment 3for(ard arro( and7 as a result7 (aste could /e

generated as a /y2product 3/ac-(ard arro(. In fact7 there are three possi/le types of

interaction9 humans can affect the environment7 the environment can affect humans7

and humans and the environment can co2e8ist 3(here they sustain each other. ,he

red arro(s in Aigure 1." indicate the negative effect if the generated (aste is not

properly handled. ,his affects the environment in the form of pollution of air7 (ater7

etc.7 and can have a negative influence on development.

Aigure 1." Humanenvironment interaction model.

!atters of development and health have /een on the agenda in = international

conferences and meetings. ,he issue of sustaina/le development is a -ey message for

the friendly coe8istence /et(een development and the environment. ,he orld

Commission on Environment and $evelopment defined sustainable developmentas9

development (hich meets the needs of the present (ithout compromising the

a/ility of future generations to meet their o(n needs.

1%


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$uestion

;eferring to Aigure 1."7 thin- of different e8amples of the three types of interaction

/et(een human activities and the environment.

%ns&er

ou may thin- of different e8amples here are some that (e thought of9

1. Humans affecting the environment9 deforestation7 polluting surface (ater7 loss

of (ildlife.

. ,he environment affecting humans9 soil erosion7 flooding.

#. Ariendly coe8istence 3sustaina/le development9 operating a factory so that it

provides goods and ?o/s that are needed no(7 (ithout polluting the environment

so that our children (ill have safe (ater in the future.

End of ans(er

1.0 *he role of environmental health in public health

Environmental health is a part of pu/lic health (here the primary goal is preventing

disease and promoting people


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Environmental health planning refers to a systematic process /y (hich goals are

esta/lished7 facts are gathered and analysed7 alternative proposals and programmes

are considered and compared7 resources are measured7 priorities are esta/lished7 and

strategies and activities are designed to meet the esta/lished goals or o/?ectives (ithin

a specified period of time. ou7 as part of kebeleca/inet7 (ill /e re5uested to prepare

an environmental health plan. ,he approach to planning is similar to that descri/ed intheHealth "anagement !thics and $esearch!odule. Ho(ever7 the primary focus is

(hat ma-es it different. ,he follo(ing planning steps are suggested.

1 Identifying the needs and gaps

,his is essentially an inventory 3or list of pro/lems related to environmental health in

your local conte8t. ou can use various tools in order to identify these pro/lems.

!nvironmental health survey9 ,his is a systematic survey using a

5uestionnaire. ,he 5uestionnaire contains /asic indicators of environmental

health such as latrine availa/ility7 source of drin-ing (ater7 (aste disposal

systems7 cleanliness of the community7 etc. ou (ill need to do some statistical

analysis 3proportions and averages to refine /asic indicators of environmental

health for your local conte8t. ou must /e careful (hen designing a survey as it

re5uires time7 e8pertise and resources. ou can plan it in coordination (ith the

#oredaenvironmental health(or-er.

$apid%&uick assessment9 ,his is the usual method that helps you gain a 5uic-

overvie( of the range of pro/lems. ,he usual data collection tools that you can

use for this are focused or group discussion7 physical o/servation (ith

chec-lists and intervie(ing people.

Priority setting

It is difficult to handle all identified pro/lems due to resource limitations. ou need to

-no( in advance the availa/le resources in the kebele. ;esources can /e mo/ilised

from government7 community7 private organisations and =@Os. $o not rely too much

on governmental resources as there are al(ays limitations. !o/ilising community

resources is the /est option that could /e sustained. Priorities are then made on the

/asis of the depth and severity of the pro/lem7 the feasi/ility and the degree of

community concern and (illingness to /e involved in the resource mo/ilisation.

" 2riting a planning report

,his is a systematic description of the planning functions. ,he recommended su/2

titles are9

1. ,itle of the plan

. Introduction or /ac-ground

#. O/?ectives

4. Strategies and activities

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". Indicators

%. ;esources 3i.e. /udget7 human resource and materials

). Plan of action 3i.e. activities /y time and responsi/le person

ou should prepare and present an annual plan of action for improvement of hygiene

and environmental health to the kebele head. ,he plan of action needs careful

consideration of your (or- in the kebele. ,he activities in the plan should include

identifying pro/lems7 inspection services 3households7 food esta/lishments7 pu/lic

utilities such as (ater sources7 health facilities7 hygiene promotion7 monitoring

selected indicators7 sanitation promotion7 training of local partners7 sanitation

campaigns and commemorating sanitation and (ater days.

+ Implementing the plan

Once the plan has /een approved /y the kebeleca/inet it can /e implemented.

Environmental health activities are put into practice on the ground at this stage.

0 !onitoring and evaluating the planned performance

$aily7 (ee-ly or monthly monitoring (ill help you chec- the progress of the

implementation7 (hile evaluating performance at the end of the year is useful to help

you see the overall progress.

Learning by doing

ou (ill /e a/le to learn lessons from the e8perience of the previous year


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4. ,here are various environmental health ris-s that affect our health. ,hese

include (ater and air pollution7 food contamination and the disposal of (astes

into our environment.

". ,he interaction /et(een humans and the environment has various forms.

r/anisation7 industrialisation and development are the ma?or forms ofinteraction. e should remem/er and try to control the disadvantages of

development and not focus only on the /enefits.

%. Environmental health planning re5uires you to gain -no(ledge of pro/lems in

your area and to identify needs and gaps7 to set priorities and find resources to

solve the pro/lems.

Self3%ssessment $uestions 4S%$s5 for Study Session 1

=o( that you have completed this study session7 you can assess ho( (ell you haveachieved its Learning Outcomes /y ans(ering these 5uestions. rite your ans(ers in

your Study $iary and discuss them (ith your ,utor at the ne8t Study Support

!eeting. ou can chec- your ans(ers (ith the =otes on the Self2'ssessment

&uestions at the end of this !odule.

S%$ 1.1 4tests Learning Outcomes 1.1 and 1."5

Eme/et is a health(or-er. Her (ee-ly environmental health activities in her kebele

include inspecting ten households and chec-ing the proper storage of drin-ing (ater7

food preparation and the presence of open (indo(s. She also visits a first cycle

school. In the same (ee-7 she inspects the local mill house and advises the (or-ersho( not to get hurt /y machines.

!atch Eme/et


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ater supply

!atches

Inspecting food preparation

Inspecting for the presence of open (indo(s

Inspecting ten households and chec-ing the proper storage of drin-ing (ater

Inspecting the local mill house and advising the (or-ers ho( not to get hurt /y

machines

Gisiting a first cycle school

Solution

Pair 1

ater supply

Inspecting ten households and chec-ing the proper storage of drin-ing (ater

Pair

Aood hygieneKsanitation

Inspecting food preparation

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Pair "

Housing sanitation or healthful housing

Inspecting for the presence of open (indo(s

Pair +

School sanitationKhygiene

Gisiting a first cycle school

Pair 0

Occupational hygiene

Inspecting the local mill house and advising the (or-ers ho( not to get hurt /ymachines

S%$ 1. 4tests Learning Outcome 1.5

Outline the differences and similarities in hygiene theory and practices in ancient and

modern times.

%ns&er

Hygiene and sanitation la( and practices e8isted in ancient as (ell as in

modern times.

La(s in different religions are important for hygiene practices in ancient and

modern times.

'ncient hygiene practices concentrated on personal hygiene and (aste

management 3sanitation.

!odern understanding and practices of hygiene improved as it (as discovered

that microorganisms cause disease.

Improvements in housing7 (ater supply and sanitation have improved health.


23/24

End of ans(er

S%$ 1." 4tests Learning Outcome 1."5

!a-e a 5uic- visit in your village or to(n and ma-e a list for yourself of the hygiene

and sanitation pro/lems that you can see.

%ns&er

ou should have made your o(n list of hygiene and sanitation pro/lems that you can

see in your to(n or village. ,he list might include9 poor hand(ashing7 flies on the

face7 many flies around the house7 e8creta around the house7 uncovered (ater

container7 poor solid (aste management7 animals are sleeping together (ith humans7

sla/ of latrine is poorly maintained7 children not using latrine7 etc.

End of ans(er

S%$ 1.+ 4tests Learning Outcome 1.+5

$iarrhoea among children under " is common in many rural villages. hat

environmental factors or practices may cause diarrhoea in young childrenF

%ns&er

ou could list environmental factors such as open defecation7 presence of flies7 poor

(aste management that could support the /reeding of flies7 uncovered food7

contaminated plates and cups7 a mother not (ashing her hands after cleaning a child


24/24

hy do (e need environmental health planningF hat documents (ill you need to

use or to produce (hen designing environmental health planningF

%ns&er

Environmental health planning is needed to9

1. 'ddress (hat must /e done effectively to identify needs and gaps in


. tilise resources efficiently

#. Set priorities for environmental health

4. Implement changes (isely in a given time frame

". !a-e a lin- (ith the overall kebelesocial development.

ou (ill need to use an environmental health 5uestionnaire to collect survey

information and you (ill need to produce a planning report. ou may also use

previous planning and performance reports and results from earlier surveys.

End of ans(er

4

Documents

1. Introduction to the Principles and Concepts of Hygiene and Environmental Health