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Physical Development in Early Childhood
Body Growth Slows Shape becomes more streamlined
Skeletal Growth Continues New growth centers Lose baby teeth
Asynchronies Brain, lymph nodes
grow fastest
Brain Development in Early Childhood
Frontal lobe areas for planning and organization develop
Left hemisphere active Language skills Handedness
Linking areas develop Cerebellum Reticular formation Corpus callosum
Handedness
Begins as early as 1 year and strengthens 90% are right-handed Left-handedness not caused by brain
problems Affected by Experience
Position in uterus Practice
Influences on Physical Growth & Health
Heredity and Hormones Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Emotional Well-Being Psychosocial dwarfism
Sleep Nutrition Infectious Disease
Immunization Childhood Injuries
Helping Young Children Sleep
Regular bed time Early enough for 10-11 hours of sleep
Special pajamas No TV or computer games before bed Bedtime ritual Respond firmly but gently
to bedtime resistance No sleeping medication
Nutrition in Early Childhood Appetite becomes unpredictable Like familiar foods Need high-quality diet Social environment influences food choices
Imitate admired people Repeated exposure to foods Emotional climate,parental pressure Poverty
Factors Related to Childhood Injuries
Individual Differences Gender Temperament
Poverty, low parental education More children in the home Societal conditions
International differences
Motor Skill Development in Early Childhood
Gross Motor Skills Walking, running smoother Catching, throwing,
swinging, riding Fine Motor Skills
Self-help: dressing, eating Drawing
Progression of Drawing Skills
Scribbles: during 2nd year First Representational Forms
Label already-made drawings:
around age 3 Draw boundaries and people:
3–4 years More Realistic Drawings:
preschool to school age Early Printing: Ages 3–5
Development of Printing in Early Childhood
Up to Age 3ScribblesVaried pencil grips
Around Age 4
“Drawing print”
Between Ages 4 and
6
Gradually realize writing stands for language, identify individual lettersAdult pencil grip by age 5
Individual Differences in Motor Skills
Body Build Taller, longer limbed better
at running and jumping Sex
Boys: better at power
and force Girls: fine motor skills,
balance, foot movement
Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development
Mastered through everyday play Formal lessons have little
impact Daily routines support fine
motor development Provide appropriate play
space and equipment Promote fun and positive
attitude
Body Growth in Middle Childhood
Slow, regular pattern Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9 Lower portion of body growing fastest Bones lengthen Muscles very flexible All permanent teeth arrive
Middle Childhood Growth Worldwide
Shortest children:
South America, Asia, Pacific Islands, parts of Africa Tallest children:
North & central Europe,Australia, Canada, U.S. Secular trend in industrialized countries
toward larger and heavier children
Brain Development in Middle Childhood Myelination increases white matter in
Frontal lobes Corpus callosum
Children acquire complex abilities Neurotransmitters and hormones may affect
cognition and behavior
Common Health Problems in Middle Childhood
Vision – Myopia Hearing – Otitis media (middle ear infection) Malnutrition Obesity Bedwetting Illnesses Injuries
Causes of Myopia Genetics
Myopic parents Asian heritage
Early biological trauma Low birth weight
Experience Reading & close work Computer use
Nutrition Problems in Middle Childhood Little focus on eating Fewer meals with family Too few fruits and vegetables Too many fried foods
and soft drinks Poverty and lack of
nutritional food
Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood
Overweight parents Early rapid growth or malnutrition Low SES Family eating habits Response to food cues Low physical activity Television
Risks for Obese Children More likely to be
overweight adults Health risks
Blood pressure, cholesterol
Respiratory problems
Diabetes Liver, gall bladder Cancer
Psychological risks Feeling unattractive Stereotyping and
teasing Depression Problem behaviors Early puberty and
sexual problems
Illnesses in Middle Childhood
More acute illnesses first two years of school Exposure Still developing immune system
Chronic Diseases - 15–20 percent Asthma Severe illnesses – 2%
Accidents in Middle Childhood Most common types:
Motor vehicle Bicycle Pedestrian
Prevention Teach safety Model safe behavior Require helmets Watch high-risk children more
Motor Development in Middle Childhood
Gross Motor Skills Improvements Flexibility Balance Agility Force
Fine Motor Skills Gains Writing Drawing
Individual Differences in Motor Skills
Body build Sex Family encouragement,
expectations SES School & community lessons
available
Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood
Child-Organized Games with Rules Sports Invented Games
Video Games Adult-organized sports Physical Education
Providing Developmentally Appropriate Sports
Build on children’s interests Emphasize enjoyment Let kids contribute
Teach age-appropriate skills Limit practices
Discourage unhealthy competition Focus on personal and team
improvement