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Spanish and French Colonization in North Spanish and French Colonization in North America: 1492-1763America: 1492-1763

Spanish Map of North America, 1563Spanish Map of North America, 1563

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Christopher Columbus and the Christopher Columbus and the “Enterprise of the Indies”“Enterprise of the Indies”

Christopher Columbus left Spain in 1492 to discover a trade route Christopher Columbus left Spain in 1492 to discover a trade route with the Orient.with the Orient.

Spanish Monarchs commissioned the trip as they sought to Spanish Monarchs commissioned the trip as they sought to compete with Portuguese domination of the Spice Trade.compete with Portuguese domination of the Spice Trade.

Columbus thought that he had landed in the Orient but was, in fact, Columbus thought that he had landed in the Orient but was, in fact, in the Caribbean.in the Caribbean.

He lived the remainder of his life without realizing what he had He lived the remainder of his life without realizing what he had found.found.

In this contemporary In this contemporary engraving, Spanish engraving, Spanish King Ferdinand King Ferdinand Oversees Oversees Columbus’s Journey Columbus’s Journey to the New Worldto the New World

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CortCortésés and the Aztec Empire and the Aztec Empire Soon after establishing their first Soon after establishing their first

colony the Spanish attempted to colony the Spanish attempted to expand their Caribbean foothold expand their Caribbean foothold

In 1519 explorer Hernan de Cortes In 1519 explorer Hernan de Cortes landed on the Yucatan in search landed on the Yucatan in search of gold. of gold.

Eventually Cortés's party was Eventually Cortés's party was welcomed into the Aztec capitol welcomed into the Aztec capitol Tenochtitlan, where he was Tenochtitlan, where he was believed to be the god believed to be the god QuetzalcoatlQuetzalcoatl

Eventually, CortEventually, Cortés arrested the és arrested the Aztec monarch Aztec monarch Montezuma II.Montezuma II.

In time, the population of In time, the population of Tenochtitlan was devastated by Tenochtitlan was devastated by smallpox, carried by the Spanish smallpox, carried by the Spanish explorers, a disease to which the explorers, a disease to which the natives had no natural resistance.natives had no natural resistance.

A modern smallpox victimA modern smallpox victim

A contemporary A contemporary engraving of a engraving of a smallpox victimsmallpox victim

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A Crisis of Conscience: Bartolome de las A Crisis of Conscience: Bartolome de las CasasCasas

Bartolome de las Casas was a Bartolome de las Casas was a Spanish priest who accompanied Spanish priest who accompanied Columbus on a journey to the New Columbus on a journey to the New World. World.

In 1552, his disgust at Spanish In 1552, his disgust at Spanish treatment of the native population treatment of the native population caused him to publish caused him to publish The The Devastation of the Indies, Devastation of the Indies, a a devastating account of Spanish devastating account of Spanish brutality to Native Americansbrutality to Native Americans

The activism of Casas and other The activism of Casas and other dissenters eventually caused the dissenters eventually caused the Spanish to modify their treatment of Spanish to modify their treatment of the Native populations.the Native populations.

Bartolome de las CasasBartolome de las Casas

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Ponce de Leon and Early Spanish Ponce de Leon and Early Spanish Exploration of North AmericaExploration of North America

In 1513 Ponce de Leon traveled from In 1513 Ponce de Leon traveled from the Caribbean to North America in the Caribbean to North America in search of the Fountain of Youth and a search of the Fountain of Youth and a city of gold and a city of gold rumored city of gold and a city of gold rumored to exist on the mainland.to exist on the mainland.

His expedition landed near what is His expedition landed near what is today St. Augustine, Florida.today St. Augustine, Florida.

De Leon believed that he was on De Leon believed that he was on an island did not realize that he an island did not realize that he was on a peninsula of the was on a peninsula of the American mainland.American mainland.

He named the supposed He named the supposed island “La Florida,” which island “La Florida,” which means flowery place in means flowery place in Spanish.Spanish.

Although he was unsuccessful in Although he was unsuccessful in finding either the fountain of youth or a finding either the fountain of youth or a city of gold, he returned in 1521 to city of gold, he returned in 1521 to establish a permanent colony, where he establish a permanent colony, where he was mortally wounded by native was mortally wounded by native inhabitants.inhabitants.

Ponce de Leon’s 1513 route to Ponce de Leon’s 1513 route to Florida.Florida.

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Hernando de Soto Explores the Hernando de Soto Explores the SoutheastSoutheast

In 1539, Hernando de Soto landed In 1539, Hernando de Soto landed near modern Tampa with an army of near modern Tampa with an army of 700 to explore the Southeast and 700 to explore the Southeast and locate the fabled cities of gold.locate the fabled cities of gold.

Three years of exploration were Three years of exploration were marked by nearly constant conflict with marked by nearly constant conflict with the Native tribes and disease that the Native tribes and disease that reduced his army by half.reduced his army by half.

In 1542, de Soto himself died of In 1542, de Soto himself died of disease in modern Alabama forcing disease in modern Alabama forcing the survivors of his party to escape to the survivors of his party to escape to the Gulf of Mexico on rafts.the Gulf of Mexico on rafts.

Despite the failure to secure Despite the failure to secure riches for Spain, de Soto’s riches for Spain, de Soto’s expedition was the most expedition was the most significant exploration of the significant exploration of the American mainland to date.American mainland to date.

Contact with the European explorers Contact with the European explorers introduced the devastating disease introduced the devastating disease smallpox to Native populations that smallpox to Native populations that had no natural immunity.had no natural immunity.

De Soto’s exploration of the De Soto’s exploration of the SoutheastSoutheast

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Coronado Explores the SouthwestCoronado Explores the Southwest

1540 Francisco Vasquez 1540 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, with an de Coronado, with an army of 1100, began to army of 1100, began to explore the Southwest in explore the Southwest in search of treasure.search of treasure.

Although Coronado Although Coronado traveled as far as traveled as far as modern Kansas, he modern Kansas, he found no treasure found no treasure causing Spain to lose causing Spain to lose interest in the region.interest in the region.

Coronado’s Coronado’s expedition expedition devastated the devastated the Pueblo population.Pueblo population.

Some later Anasazi groups built majestic Some later Anasazi groups built majestic cliff dwellings. This photo shows the largest cliff dwellings. This photo shows the largest of these structures, the Cliff Palace, at Mesa of these structures, the Cliff Palace, at Mesa

Verde National Park. Strictly speaking, it Verde National Park. Strictly speaking, it was not a palace, but rather a village.was not a palace, but rather a village.

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Jacques Cartier Explores the St. Jacques Cartier Explores the St. Lawrence River for FranceLawrence River for France

With the Spanish in control of the With the Spanish in control of the Caribbean region, the French Caribbean region, the French sought to explore the region that sought to explore the region that is now Canada.is now Canada.

In 1534, French explorers, led by In 1534, French explorers, led by Jacques Cartier, explored the Gulf Jacques Cartier, explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by ship. of Saint Lawrence by ship.

Finding economic promise in the Finding economic promise in the region, Cartier returned the region, Cartier returned the following year and sailed down the following year and sailed down the St. Lawrence as far as modern St. Lawrence as far as modern Montreal.Montreal.

Unlike the Spanish, the French Unlike the Spanish, the French were far more interested in were far more interested in establishing trade networks and establishing trade networks and building sustainable colonies in building sustainable colonies in the New World than in turning a the New World than in turning a quick profit.quick profit.

The French were particularly The French were particularly interested in the bountiful furs interested in the bountiful furs found in the New World.found in the New World.

Despite their intentions, European Despite their intentions, European diseases carried by the French diseases carried by the French still devastated Native still devastated Native populations.populations.

Jacques Cartier’s 1535 expedition to Jacques Cartier’s 1535 expedition to North AmericaNorth America

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New Mexico New Mexico By the end of the 16By the end of the 16thth

Century, Spain and France Century, Spain and France began to establish more began to establish more permanent settlements in permanent settlements in North America.North America.

The Spanish gave up on The Spanish gave up on fantasies of instant wealth fantasies of instant wealth and began to establish and began to establish missions throughout the missions throughout the Southwest, a system they Southwest, a system they used to maintain political used to maintain political control into the early 1800s.control into the early 1800s. The Spanish Empire in 1770. Note that the Treaty The Spanish Empire in 1770. Note that the Treaty

of Paris (1763) which ended the Seven Years War of Paris (1763) which ended the Seven Years War forced France to cede all territorial claims in North forced France to cede all territorial claims in North

America to Spain. Spain later sold these claims America to Spain. Spain later sold these claims back to France which, in 1803, sold much of the back to France which, in 1803, sold much of the territory to the United States as the Louisiana territory to the United States as the Louisiana

Purchase in order to fund the Napoleonic Wars.Purchase in order to fund the Napoleonic Wars.

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Nouvelle FranceNouvelle France French traders French traders

established close ties established close ties with Native populations with Native populations by living among them by living among them and intermarriage. and intermarriage.

In 1682 explorer Robert In 1682 explorer Robert Sieur de La Salle sailed Sieur de La Salle sailed the length of the the length of the Mississippi River and Mississippi River and claimed the entire claimed the entire watershed for France.watershed for France.

Jesuit missionaries Jesuit missionaries encouraged native encouraged native populations to populations to incorporate elements of incorporate elements of Christianity into their Christianity into their native religions.native religions.A 1688 map of French holdings in North America.A 1688 map of French holdings in North America.

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