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11
STUDY TEAM Chief Advisor Advisors
Sh. T. Madhava Menon, IAS (Retd) Dr. P. Sivanandan & Dr. K. Pushpangadan
Emeritus Fellow ISDL & Chairman, ISA Fellows, Centre for Development Studies,
Principal Investigator
Co-Principal Investigators Sh. M.P. Jaisingh - Scientist G (Retd) CBRI, Roorkee Sh. PV Hari - Chief Architect, PWD (Retd), Trivandrum
Smt. V.K. Sulochana - Chief Engineer, PWD (Retd), Trivandrum
TAL ADVAN
CE
ME
NT
INSTITUTE FOR SOCIETAL ADVANCEMENTThiruvananthapuram - 695 013.
0471 - 2362308E-mail : [email protected]
Dr. P.K. Sivanandan, IAS (Retd) - Director, ISA
SUBMITTED TO
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & PensionsGovernment of India, Sardar Patel Bhavan, New Delhi – 110 001
22
PREFACEPREFACE
NEW INITIATIVESNEW INITIATIVES
- Empowerment of People THROUGH- Empowerment of People THROUGH
- Training - Training
- Support Activities - Support Activities
- Handholding,- Handholding,
- Sustainable livelihood of Poor, specially Tribal Families- Sustainable livelihood of Poor, specially Tribal Families
- Mobilising People, Specially Poor- Mobilising People, Specially Poor
- To build and operate organisations to implement project components- To build and operate organisations to implement project components
- Appropriate Technologies- Appropriate Technologies
- Creation of “little republics” - Hamlet Development - Creation of “little republics” - Hamlet Development
Committees Committees
- Independent committed Programme Implementing Agency- Independent committed Programme Implementing Agency
- Corruption free Development Administration.- Corruption free Development Administration.
33
Kerala
Attappady BlockFig.1 LOCATION MAP
44
ATTAPPADY IS UNIQUEATTAPPADY IS UNIQUE
• GEOGRAPHICALLY IT IS AN EAST GEOGRAPHICALLY IT IS AN EAST
WARD - SLOPING VALLEY IN WARD - SLOPING VALLEY IN
WESTERN GHATS. DRAINING WESTERN GHATS. DRAINING
THROUGH THE SIRUVANI AND THE THROUGH THE SIRUVANI AND THE
BHAVANI INTO THE KAVERI.BHAVANI INTO THE KAVERI.
• IT IS THE HOME OF THREE ST IT IS THE HOME OF THREE ST
COMMUNITIES - IRULAS, MUDUGAS COMMUNITIES - IRULAS, MUDUGAS
AND KURUMBAS (PRIMITIVE) - AND KURUMBAS (PRIMITIVE) -
EXPLOITED BY INMIGRANT EXPLOITED BY INMIGRANT
SETTLERS.SETTLERS.
CONVENTIONAL CONVENTIONAL
MODELS OF MODELS OF
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
FAILED.FAILED.
THE JBIC ASSISTED
PROJECT
INNOVATED A
PROGRAM BASED
ON PEOPLE’S
PARTICIPATION.
• IT HAS BEEN SUBJECTED TO OVER-
EXPLOITATION OF LAND AND FOREST
AND WAS FACING DESERTIFICATION.
55
66
1. Recurrent drought
2. Land, left uncultivated and poor productivity, specially in tribal lands
3. Starvation deaths
4. Deaths due to sickle-cell anaemia among tribal population
5. Contractor – Politician – bureaucrat nexus
6. Corruption – Ridden Administration
7. Grama Sabha not active
8. People helpless against the blatant corruption of Panchayati Raj functionaries
Source: T.K. Jose etal, 1999, Study Report
77
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECTOBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
““Ecological restorationEcological restoration of degraded of degraded
wasteland in Attappady and wasteland in Attappady and
development of replicable models of development of replicable models of
participative eco-restoration, so as to participative eco-restoration, so as to
prevent further degradation and prevent further degradation and
promote promote sustainable method of sustainable method of
livelihoodlivelihood for the local people for the local people (with (with
special emphasis on tribal population)special emphasis on tribal population)
in harmony with resource base”in harmony with resource base”
88
COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS Soil and Biomass Soil and Biomass
ManagementManagement Land Development Land Development AfforestationAfforestation Agro-forestryAgro-forestry Agronomic Agronomic
conservationconservation
Water Resources Water Resources
DevelopmentDevelopment
Ecologically Ecologically
compatible Income compatible Income
generating Schemes.generating Schemes.
Human Resource Human Resource
DevelopmentDevelopment
Infrastructure facilities such Infrastructure facilities such
as Project Offices, Equipment as Project Offices, Equipment
Vehicles and Access roads.Vehicles and Access roads.
Detailed Survey, Detailed Detailed Survey, Detailed
designing and evaluation.designing and evaluation.
International Consultancy International Consultancy
Services.Services.
99
Govt. of IndiaGovt. of Kerala
High Power Committee
Governing Body
AHADSAHADSImplementing Agency
Development Units
(15 Nos.) Watershed level
JFMC (29 Nos.)
Forest Areas
UA (93 Nos.)
Micro Watershed Level
OVS (160 Nos.)
Tribal Hamlets
LAG An Operational Unit at Sub
Micro Watershed Level
Organizational setup of the Project
1010
• 15 Macro Watersheds
1111
Attappady Block Map with watersheds
1212
AGENCIES FOR IMPLEMENTATIONAGENCIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION
PROJECT IMPLEMENTING AGENCY PROJECT IMPLEMENTING AGENCY (PIA) –(PIA) –
ATTAPPADY HILL AREAS ATTAPPADY HILL AREAS DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY (AHADS)DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY (AHADS)
FIELD LEVEL IMPLEMENTING FIELD LEVEL IMPLEMENTING AGENCIESAGENCIES
1. Regional 1. Regional
2. Functional2. Functional
1313
• THE USER’S ASSOCIATION FOR EACH MICRO-THE USER’S ASSOCIATION FOR EACH MICRO-
WATERSHEDWATERSHED - 93 Nos. - 93 Nos.
• LOCAL ACTION GROUPS UNDER EACH LOCAL ACTION GROUPS UNDER EACH
USER’S ASSOCIATIONUSER’S ASSOCIATION
1414
A People Centered A People Centered ProjectProject
• Grass root level peoples organizations to plan & Grass root level peoples organizations to plan &
implement field level activities:implement field level activities:
- - 93 User Associations (UA) &93 User Associations (UA) &
Local Action Groups (LAG) under each UALocal Action Groups (LAG) under each UA
- 160 Ooru Vikasana Samithi (OVS)- 160 Ooru Vikasana Samithi (OVS)
- 29 Joint Forest Management Committees JFMCs)- 29 Joint Forest Management Committees JFMCs)
- 120 Taikulasangams- 120 Taikulasangams
• Through empowerment and skill development of poor. Through empowerment and skill development of poor.
• Tribal & women well represented in organization building.Tribal & women well represented in organization building.
• No contractors or middlemen - benefits direct to poor.No contractors or middlemen - benefits direct to poor.
• Totally corruption free administration.Totally corruption free administration.
1515
Role & Representation of ST & Women in the Executive Committee of User Association
Total No. of Executive Total No. of Executive Committee membersCommittee members
99
Either President or SecretaryEither President or Secretary STST
Either President, Vice Either President, Vice President, Secretary or President, Secretary or TreasurerTreasurer
WomanWoman
Out of 9 Executive membersOut of 9 Executive members 5 Women5 Women
Out of 9 Executive membersOut of 9 Executive members 4 ST4 ST
1616
Human Resource DevelopmentHuman Resource DevelopmentPreparing People for ImplementationPreparing People for Implementation
Project Project familiarisation- familiarisation- OrientationOrientation - -Skill Skill developmentdevelopment
Project FormulationProject Formulation
Supported bySupported by
TrainingTraining Environment CreationEnvironment Creation
1. Awareness campaign1. Awareness campaign
2. Film show2. Film show
3. Street play3. Street play
1717
Forestry Activities
Afforestation -909 Ha
-770 Ha in progress
Structural Conservation measures–2350 Ha
Loose boulder check dams –3432 nos
Forest Nurseries – 7 nos
Water resources/ Civil
Lift Irrigation - 12 nos
Gravity Irrigation - 8 nos
Spring protection and development- 5nos
Aquifer Recharging structures - 4nos
Rainwater harvesting structures - 2nos
UA Office building - 5 nos
10 in progress
Access path to hamlet & roads - 13 kmAgriculture Activities
Private Waste land - 1264.47 Ha
Medicinal Plant - 6.3 Ha
Agriculture Nursery –9 nos
Vermi compost Unit - 2 nos
Organic farming - 4.5 Ha – 2 sites
I.G. Activities.
Fencing Unit - 1no
Teak Stump Nursery - 1no
Thuvara Processing Unit - 2 nos
Versatile Dal Mill -1 no
Soil and water conservation
Retaining wall - 10377 m
Contour bunds -32520m
Bench terracing - 581m
Check dams - 899 nos
Water harvesting pits - 1064441
nos
Earthen dams - 6 M3
Staggered trenches - 127801
Nos
1818
Social benefitsCorruption free development administration facilitated. Dignified work environmentConfidence and capacity building at grass-root levelImproved health and labour efficiencyExposure to new skillsPromotion of saving habitChange of attitude favoring quality livelihoodWiped out starvation death
Yet these benefits did not reach
the tribal communities
1919
LAND-BASED PROGRAMS DID NOT BENEFIT ST LAND-BASED PROGRAMS DID NOT BENEFIT ST PEOPLE ADEQUATELY.PEOPLE ADEQUATELY.
OORUVIKASANA SAMITHIS WERE FORMED TO FILL OORUVIKASANA SAMITHIS WERE FORMED TO FILL THIS LACUNATHIS LACUNA..
SPECIAL PROGRAMS WERE IMPLEMENTED SPECIAL PROGRAMS WERE IMPLEMENTED THROUGH THEM SPECIFICALLY AND EXCLUSIVELY THROUGH THEM SPECIFICALLY AND EXCLUSIVELY FOR ST, WITH THE HAMLET AS THE BASEFOR ST, WITH THE HAMLET AS THE BASE..
TOTAL HAMLET DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMTOTAL HAMLET DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
NEED-BASED (PER CAPITA) HOUSING DESIGNNEED-BASED (PER CAPITA) HOUSING DESIGNNote: “Need based housing”: instead of type designs, Note: “Need based housing”: instead of type designs, houses were designed for each family on the basis of houses were designed for each family on the basis of the developmental needs of the members of the the developmental needs of the members of the household.household.
2020
T H D P Need based Housing
Drinking Water & Sanitation
Land & Water Development
Income Generation
Need based education for excellence
Health care - traditional & modern
Other Infrastructure facilities
All leading to sustainable livelihood
2121
Ooru Vikasana Samithi (OVS)(Hamlet Development Committee)
Purpose: To ensure the sustainable development of Tribes.
Coverage:
Constituted to cover each of 188 tribal hamlets
160 OVS has been constituted.
The Executive Committee including Ooru Moopan
Hamlet Development Program would be implemented through OVS.
2222
WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENTWOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT
ENSURED ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION FOR
WOMEN IN ALL FORA
WOMEN SPONTANEOUSLY FORM GROUPS (TAI
KULASANGHAM) TO FIGHT AGAINST ILLICIT
LIQUOR AND GANJA ADDICTION
CHUNDAPATTY DECLARATION – THE PRESIDENT
RAISED IT TO ‘ATTAPPADY DECLARATION’.
2323
2424
• CHILDREN ARE OUR GREATEST ASSETSCHILDREN ARE OUR GREATEST ASSETS
• WE SHALL TREAT THE MALE AND THE FEMALE CHILDREN EQUALLY FOR WE SHALL TREAT THE MALE AND THE FEMALE CHILDREN EQUALLY FOR THEIR PROPER GROWTHTHEIR PROPER GROWTH
• WE SHALL LEAD A HARMONIOUS LIFE, FOR GETTING OVER DIFFERENCES WE SHALL LEAD A HARMONIOUS LIFE, FOR GETTING OVER DIFFERENCES AND AVOIDING QUARRELS FOR THE BETTER LIVING AND PROPER AND AVOIDING QUARRELS FOR THE BETTER LIVING AND PROPER DEVELOPMENT OF OUR CHILDRENDEVELOPMENT OF OUR CHILDREN
• LIQUOR AND OTHER ADDICTIONS ARE NOT GOOD EITHER FOR US OR LIQUOR AND OTHER ADDICTIONS ARE NOT GOOD EITHER FOR US OR FOR OUR CHILDREN – HENCE WE SHALL JOIN TOGETHER AND STRUGGLE FOR OUR CHILDREN – HENCE WE SHALL JOIN TOGETHER AND STRUGGLE TO ERADICATE THEM.TO ERADICATE THEM.
• WE SHOULD COME TOGETHER AND DEDICATE ALL OUR EFFORTS TO WE SHOULD COME TOGETHER AND DEDICATE ALL OUR EFFORTS TO PRESERVE THE SOIL, TREES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT FOR THE GOOD OF PRESERVE THE SOIL, TREES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT FOR THE GOOD OF OUR FUTURE GENERATIONS.OUR FUTURE GENERATIONS.
• ALL EFFORTS SHALL BE MADE TO PROVIDE GOOD EDUCATION TO OUR ALL EFFORTS SHALL BE MADE TO PROVIDE GOOD EDUCATION TO OUR CHILDREN AND TO HELP THEM REALISE THE IMPORTANCE OF HARD CHILDREN AND TO HELP THEM REALISE THE IMPORTANCE OF HARD WORK AND EDUCATION.WORK AND EDUCATION.
2525
1. Abject poverty removed (Impact of 23,53,663 man days of work)
2. Better Food intake, more visits to doctors, almost full enrolment in School etc.
3. Tribal Women Empowered; Illicit Arrack Partly Controlled
4. THDP Making Changes in Confidence and Quality of Life
5. Initial Development of Land Helps Richer, but
6. Poor Gets Regular Employment
7. Clean and Transparent Development Administration
8. Also DissonancesSources : 1. National Review Seminar Report, 16 – 18th December, 2003, (Sh. S.R. Sankaran, Chairman)
2. Institute of Rural Management,Anand May, 2003 to May, 2004
3. Socio Economist’s Report, August – Septermber, 2004 (Dr. Hans A Van Zendlitz)
2626
(See Chapter VI)
2727
(See Chapter VII)
2828
Project Extended for three years.
Further extension for two years on satisfactory implementation.
What after five years?
2929
REGN. HEADS
DEPARTMENTS
(1)
REGN. HEADS
DEPARTMENTS
(1)
FEDERATION
REPS.(2)
FEDERATION
REPS.(2)
MP & MLA
MP & MLA
PRIREPS.
(3)
PRIREPS.
(3)
DISTRICT COLLECTOR (CONVENOR)
DISTRICT COLLECTOR (CONVENOR)
P.O. ITDPSUPPORT
OFFICE(4)
P.O. ITDPSUPPORT
OFFICE(4)
FINANCE SECY.
FINANCE SECY.SECY.
TW
SECY. TW
Numbers in parentheses ( ) refer to notes below
(1) All heads of Dept., at Regional level. Where there is no officer other than the District Officer at this level, then the District Officer.(2) The Federation will elect five of its members to this level. At least two must be members of ST, and at least two must be women. Federation will also nominate not more than six experts: [Agriculture, Animal Husbandry], [Forestry], [Small Scale Industries], [Social Welfare, Tribal matters], [Engineering] & [Medicine](3) President District Panchayat. He may, if he so decides, nominate the member representing Atta- ppady in the District Panchayat in his place.(4) PD ITDP will be a member, and will look after the “secretarial’ fun- ctions, viz., issue of notices, pre-paration of agenda, minutes, etc.
CHIEF MINISTERCHAIRMAN
CHIEF MINISTERCHAIRMAN
High Power Committee
3030
CONFEDERATION
C P R MFed - UAs Fed - TKS Fed.- IGA
UAs, LagS OVs JFMCs TKS IGA
Fed.- OVS FEDERATION - JFMCS
3 G + 2 ST 4 ST 2 G + 3 ST 3 ST 3 G + 2 ST 1 G / ST
Gov. Body
11 members
Gov. Body
11 members
Gov. Body
11 members
Gov. Body
11 members
Gov. Body
11 members
Gen. Body
186 members
Gen. Body
320 members
Gen. Body
58 members
Gen. Body
324 members
Gen. Body
240 members
UAs elect 2 members to
General body
OVSs elect 2 members to
General body
JFMCs elect 2 members to
General body
IGAGs elect 2 members to
General body
TKSs elect 2 members to
General body
93 nos. 160 nos. 29 Nos. 164 nos. 120 nos.
Confederation of People’s Organisations at Attappady
3131
3232
3333
Project FundsProject Fundsa)a) Land & Water, Infrastructure, Land & Water, Infrastructure,
Hamlet, Human Resource, Health Hamlet, Human Resource, Health care etc. and monitoring and care etc. and monitoring and awareness creations.awareness creations.
b)b) Survey, Planning, Design and Survey, Planning, Design and Institutional Strengthening.Institutional Strengthening.
c)c) International Consultancy.International Consultancy.
Non-Project FundsNon-Project Funds
d) Taxes and Duties, Administrative d) Taxes and Duties, Administrative Charges and Indirect Charges and Indirect Expenditure.Expenditure.
71.44
6.02
4.60
17.94
%
3434
COMPONENTS OF CATAGORY - aCOMPONENTS OF CATAGORY - a
1.1. Water and land conservation work in Pvt. LandWater and land conservation work in Pvt. Land 34.7034.70
2.2. Water and land conservation in degraded state forestsWater and land conservation in degraded state forests 32.1932.19
3.3. InfrastructureInfrastructure 31.4831.48
4.4. Hamlet based developmentHamlet based development 11.1611.16
5.5. Hamlet and Ooru Bhumi developmentHamlet and Ooru Bhumi development 4.614.61
6.6. Water resource developmentWater resource development 2.292.29
7.7. Human resource developmentHuman resource development 0.570.57
8.8. Improving health care facilitiesImproving health care facilities 0.350.35
9.9. Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation 0.250.25
10.10. Income generation activitiesIncome generation activities 0.080.08
TOTALTOTAL 100.00100.00
3535
Organisational
Environmental
Technological
Livelihood
3636
“An organisation is sustainable if it continues to be active, and functions effectively, even after the external agencies,
under whose aegis it was set up, demit the scene”
Structuring for specific competence
Comparative autonomy
Independent and transparent accounting procedures
Freedom from procedures that institutionalise corrupt practices
Flexibility and heuristic programme capability
Answerability to the people
3737
Prerequisites for SustainabilitySl. No.
Work Component
Direct Stake Holder
Required conditions
1 Water and land conservation work on private land
UA/OVS members
•Internationalisation/ownership of
the work by stakeholders
•Profitability of the agro-forestry
developed
•Establishment of marketing
network.
•Empowerment of the UA/OVS
•Capacity development of
beneficiaries
2 Water and land conservation work on forest land
JFMC Members •Registration of JFMCs
•Establishment of benefit sharing
•Commitment of KFD to JFMCs
3 Water resources development
UA/OVS members
•Development of O&M
•Enhancement of ownership
• Capacity development of beneficiaries
3838
“Livelihood comprises all means and methods humans adopt to ensure”
Survival
Mental and bodily health
Development of faculties to full potential
Upbringing of progeny
“AHADS staff should reiterate painstaking communication with the local people for awareness building on the project, consensus building on participation in the project, active planning in plan formulation, active participation in the implementation of the plan, developing sense of ownership, etc. In this process, the important thing that AHADS would NOT do is to force them to follow. The third important thing is capacity development of the local people so that can take action at appropriate time in an appropriate manner.” –Seiji Koyanagi
3939
CONCEPT OF DESIGN OF HOUSES
*Each house has been designed separately, taking into consideration specific requirements of each family member and the norms laid down by AHADS.
*For each house, the design has been got approved by the head of the family, before taking up the construction.
*From aesthetic considerations, the houses can be considered as simple, without any ornamentation.
*Houses have been constructed using locally available materials, adopting cost-effective construction technologies.
4040
41 INTER LOCKING BRICK
42
43 DETAILS OF FILLER SLAB
44
ACCEPTABILITY & ADOPTABILITY OF TECHNOLOGIES
*It was found that the technologies used are acceptable to the householders.
*However, they have not acquired sufficient technical skills to adopt the technologies on their own.
*With the help of skilled craftsmen and supervisors, they are ready to adopt these techniques in any constructions, to be carried out in future.
45
4646
4747
RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM (RHS)POSITIVE EXPERIENCEPOSITIVE EXPERIENCE• Economical & effective, compared to conventional Economical & effective, compared to conventional
system of water supplysystem of water supply
• The extra initial cost of construction of RHS can be The extra initial cost of construction of RHS can be recouped in 3 years and 8 months time.recouped in 3 years and 8 months time.
• RHS has no running expenses and saves the energy RHS has no running expenses and saves the energy needed for pumping water.needed for pumping water.
• Once the RHS is maintained properly, the quality of Once the RHS is maintained properly, the quality of water is best available, unlike the stream water, water is best available, unlike the stream water, which is often polluted and needs treatment to avoid which is often polluted and needs treatment to avoid water borne diseases.water borne diseases.
• Adoption of RHS will have a very positive impact on Adoption of RHS will have a very positive impact on the health of the beneficiaries. the health of the beneficiaries.
4848RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
4949
5050
• For economical and corruption-free execution of the works, the works are being done directly by OVS, without the involment of contractors.
• However, as OVSs are lacking in technical and managerial skills needed to plan and carry out the construction, reputed multidisciplinary NGOs and Govt. undertakings, having experience in planning & executing such works, have been appointed to act as facilitators to OVSs in implementation of the project.
• 23 facilitators were selected for implementing the development works in 64 hamlets.
5151
CONTRACTOR-FREE SYSTEM OF CONTRACTOR-FREE SYSTEM OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
POSITIVE EXPERIENCEPOSITIVE EXPERIENCE• Superior to contractual systemSuperior to contractual system
• Corruption freeCorruption free
• Saving in costSaving in cost
• Alterations in design & specifications feasible, Alterations in design & specifications feasible, even during executioneven during execution
• Free of disputes & arbitrationFree of disputes & arbitration