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The Processes The Processes of the Cellof the Cell
Essential Question:Essential Question:What processes are necessary What processes are necessary for the survival of a cell, tissue, for the survival of a cell, tissue,
organ, and organ system?organ, and organ system?
Standard: Standard:
S7L2a. Explain that cells take in nutrients S7L2a. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to grow and divide and to make in order to grow and divide and to make needed materials.needed materials.
Activating Strategy: Activating Strategy:
Watch the time lapse video Watch the time lapse video and answer the questions.and answer the questions.
• What were your observations?• In order for the changes you
observed to occur, what has to happen to the cells in your body?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtyqS68ViWk
44
Your cells are constantly working Your cells are constantly working to perform many activities such to perform many activities such
as as getting food, removing wastes, getting food, removing wastes, growing, reproducing, and growing, reproducing, and
making new materials.making new materials.
What do your cells need in order What do your cells need in order to conduct these necessary to conduct these necessary
activities?activities?
Use the Cell Use the Cell Processes Processes
Foldable to take Foldable to take notes as you notes as you
learn about the learn about the many processes many processes
cells need to cells need to stay alive.stay alive.
55
66
To stay alive, cells need a constant supply of energy.
Animal cells get energy from food, while plant cells get
energy from sunlight.
77
All cells need chemical energy. All cells need chemical energy. Chemical energyChemical energy is stored in the is stored in the
bonds between the atoms of bonds between the atoms of every molecule.every molecule.
A major source of chemical A major source of chemical energy for most cells is stored in energy for most cells is stored in
a a sugarsugar molecule called molecule called glucoseglucose..
88
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
99
Plant cells make their own food Plant cells make their own food through the process of through the process of
photosynthesisphotosynthesis. .
In this process, plant cells take In this process, plant cells take in in light energylight energy and change it into and change it into chemical energy chemical energy in the form of in the form of glucose (food)glucose (food). Photosynthesis . Photosynthesis
occurs in the occurs in the chloroplastschloroplasts..
What do plants need What do plants need to survive?to survive?
1010
1111
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
SunlightSunlight + + WaterWater + + CarbonCarbon DioxideDioxide = C= C66HH1212OO66 ( (GlucoseGlucose) )
and and OxygenOxygen
So, why are plants so So, why are plants so important to us?important to us?
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/photosynthesis.html
1212
Plant cells make their own food by Plant cells make their own food by changing changing light energy into chemical light energy into chemical energy (sugar/glucose) energy (sugar/glucose) through the through the process of process of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis which which
occurs in the occurs in the Chloroplasts.Chloroplasts.
Where do animal cells get their Where do animal cells get their chemical energy?chemical energy?
Let’s Review:Let’s Review:
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Once food is obtained in animal Once food is obtained in animal cells and made in plant cells, it cells and made in plant cells, it
must be broken down to must be broken down to release the release the chemicalchemical energyenergy. .
This process is called This process is called CCellular ellular RespirationRespiration. Cellular respiration . Cellular respiration
occurs in the occurs in the MitochondriaMitochondria..
1414
Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationCC66HH1212OO66 ( (GlucoseGlucose) ) + + OxygenOxygen = =
Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide, , WaterWater, and , and Energy (ATP)Energy (ATP)
1515
Photosynthesis and Cellular Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are the Respiration are the
opposite of one another.opposite of one another.
The input of one process is The input of one process is the output of the other the output of the other
process and vice versa.process and vice versa.
1616
Which is Photosynthesis? Cellular Respiration?Which is Photosynthesis? Cellular Respiration?How do you know?How do you know?
1717
Animations/Video Clips onAnimations/Video Clips onPhotosynthesis and Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1818
BrainPop Video on Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration:http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0078778425/164155/00053412.html
Video animation on Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis:http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
Animation of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis:http://www.exploratorium.edu/traits/cell_explorer.html
When learning the functions of When learning the functions of cell organelles, we associated cell organelles, we associated
the Chloroplasts with solar the Chloroplasts with solar panels and Mitochondria with panels and Mitochondria with
Power Generators.Power Generators.
With a seat partner, discuss With a seat partner, discuss why these analogies fit.why these analogies fit.
1919
Comparing Photosynthesis and Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Venn DiagramCellular Respiration Venn Diagram
2020
2121
PhotosynthesisIn Chloroplasts
Glucose
Tomato Plant
Tomatoes eaten
Cellular Respiration in Mitochondria
Energy
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis & Cellular & Cellular
Respiration Respiration StoryboardStoryboard[optional][optional]
2222
Distributed SummarizingDistributed Summarizing
Explain why plants Explain why plants and animals are so and animals are so
important to each other important to each other for survival?for survival?
2424
Movement of Material In Movement of Material In and Out of the Celland Out of the Cell
2525
We learned through We learned through photosynthesis and photosynthesis and
cellular respiration that cellular respiration that oxygen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
water, glucose, and water, glucose, and energy are constantly energy are constantly
used in cells. used in cells.
How then do these How then do these particles and many others particles and many others
get in and out of cells?get in and out of cells?
2626
In our previous unit, we learned that the job of the cell membrane is to
allow materials in and out of the cell.
2727
The cell membrane is The cell membrane is semi-permeablesemi-permeable. . This means that it can let some This means that it can let some
materials pass through while others materials pass through while others can not.can not.
Animation of Semi-PermeableAnimation of Semi-Permeable
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt4Ch-YW-xs
2929
Materials must move in Materials must move in and out of a cell in order and out of a cell in order
for it to survive. for it to survive.
Let’s discuss the different Let’s discuss the different ways in which this occursways in which this occurs..
Some materials can move in and out Some materials can move in and out of the cell membrane easily. of the cell membrane easily.
Other materials require help or are Other materials require help or are forced to move in and out of the cell.forced to move in and out of the cell.
3030
Natural Movement of Natural Movement of Particles DemonstrationParticles Demonstration
3131
Particles naturally want to move Particles naturally want to move from where they are more crowded from where they are more crowded
to where they are less crowded.to where they are less crowded.
3232
More Crowded More Crowded (High Concentration)(High Concentration)
3333
Less Crowded Less Crowded (Low Concentration)(Low Concentration)
Natural Movement of ParticlesNatural Movement of Particles
3434
The transport (movement) of substances across cell membranes without the use of energy is called
Passive Transport.
How does this diagram represent Passive
Transport?
Passive TransportPassive TransportIn Passive Transport,
substances or particles move from high concentration to
low concentration.
Why do you think energy is not required for passive
transport?3535
Turn to an elbow partner and Turn to an elbow partner and describe an experience that you describe an experience that you
could compare to Passive could compare to Passive Transport Transport
[ex. Easily moving from a [ex. Easily moving from a crowded area to a less crowded area to a less
crowded area]crowded area]
3636
Passive TransportPassive Transport
There are different types of
Passive Transport.
3737
DiffusionDiffusionSmall particles such as
oxygen and carbon dioxide move easily
across the cell membrane from areas of high
concentration to low concentration.
Diffusion is a type of passive transport. Why?
3838
DiffusionDiffusionHow is diffusion important
for Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration?
3939
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide easily diffuse
through the cell membrane. Both are necessary for
energy production.
4040
Everyday Examples of DiffusionEveryday Examples of Diffusion
Smell of food, perfume, air freshener, and other substances.
Diffusion AnimationsDiffusion Animations
4141
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/diffusion.html
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html
http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/BiologyArchive/lectureanimations/closerlook/diffusion.html
4242
If the diagram below represents a cell membrane and particles, why are there
arrows showing the movement of some of the oval objects?
Distributed SummarizingDistributed Summarizing
Draw a diagram Draw a diagram illustrating particles illustrating particles
diffusing across a cell diffusing across a cell membrane.membrane.
4444
Osmosis is the diffusion of water. Water moving from where it is crowded (high concentration) to where it is less
crowded (low concentration).
Osmosis Osmosis [Diffusion of Water] Illustration[Diffusion of Water] Illustration
4545
4646
Example of OsmosisExample of OsmosisWatering a plantWatering a plant
4747
Pure water Pure water diffuses more diffuses more than any other water than any other water
mixture because it is more mixture because it is more crowdedcrowded (has a higher (has a higher
concentration) than any concentration) than any other water mixtures.other water mixtures.
4848
In this picture a red blood cell is put in a glass of distilled water (pure water with no salt or sugar in it).
Because there is a higher concentration of water outside the cell, water enters the cell
by OSMOSIS.The cell bursts and
dies.
Video Clip and Animations on Video Clip and Animations on Diffusion/OsmosisDiffusion/Osmosis
4949
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/cells/osmosisact.shtml
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/osmosis.swf http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/homeostasis_kidneys/kidneys3.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1
Distributed Summarizing:Distributed Summarizing:
Identify and Share Identify and Share some other examples some other examples of Diffusion/Osmosis.of Diffusion/Osmosis.
Activities on Diffusion/OsmosisActivities on Diffusion/Osmosis[see resources][see resources]
Egg-cellent Ideas for Osmosis and DiffusionEgg-cellent Ideas for Osmosis and Diffusion
Diffusion LabDiffusion Lab
Egg Osmosis | Egg Osmosis DemoEgg Osmosis | Egg Osmosis Demo
Gummy Bear Diffusion/OsmosisGummy Bear Diffusion/Osmosis
Osmosis Vegetable LabOsmosis Vegetable Lab
The Perfect Taters MysteryThe Perfect Taters Mystery
5151
Some materials can move in and out Some materials can move in and out of the cell membrane easily. of the cell membrane easily.
Other materials require help or are Other materials require help or are forced to move in and out of the cell.forced to move in and out of the cell.
5252
Diffusion ?????
Passive TransportPassive Transport
Some particles are not able to diffuse through the tiny
openings in the cell membrane.
These particles need assistance.
5353
Passive TransportPassive TransportSome particles have to go
through protein channels or doorways [shown as
facilitated diffusion in the diagram to the right].
However, energy is not required and the particles
still move from high concentration to low
concentration.5454
There are some particles that There are some particles that naturally want to diffuse, but naturally want to diffuse, but cannot be allowed to diffuse.cannot be allowed to diffuse.
5555
Energy must be used to make Energy must be used to make the particles stay where they the particles stay where they
are more crowded.are more crowded.
5656
Active transportActive transport is different from is different from passive transport because it passive transport because it
requires requires energyenergy. Active transport is . Active transport is necessary to make particles move necessary to make particles move
against their natural tendency. against their natural tendency.
In active transport, particles move In active transport, particles move from from less crowdedless crowded (low (low
concentration) to concentration) to more crowdedmore crowded (high concentration).(high concentration).
5757
Active transport is Active transport is important in organs such important in organs such
as the kidneys when as the kidneys when harmful particles are harmful particles are
made to stay in the organ made to stay in the organ when they naturally want when they naturally want
to diffuseto diffuse
5858
5959
Animations of Passive and Animations of Passive and Active TransportActive Transport
6060
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/transport1.html
6161
If your cell needs a particle If your cell needs a particle and the particle is too big to and the particle is too big to
diffuse through the cell diffuse through the cell membrane and/or go membrane and/or go
through a protein channel or through a protein channel or doorway, does your cell just doorway, does your cell just
go without that particle?go without that particle?
6262
Although some Although some particles particles are are too large to go through the too large to go through the
cell membrane, they can still cell membrane, they can still get get inin or or outout of the of the cell cell through the process of through the process of
EndocytosisEndocytosis and and ExocytosisExocytosis..
6363
Endocytosis is the process by which the cell membrane envelops (engulfs) material that is too large
to pass through the membrane and then pinches off inside the cell.
EndocytosisEndocytosis
6464
6565
Exocytosis is the process by which the cell membrane removes material that is
too large to pass through the membrane.
The material is surrounded by a membrane within the cell and then
expelled by being pushed out of the cell.
6666
ExocytosisExocytosis
6767
Animated Cellular Processes:Animated Cellular Processes:Passive Transport and Active TransportPassive Transport and Active Transport
6868
6969
We have discussed all of the We have discussed all of the ways in which cells live and ways in which cells live and grow by getting the nutrients grow by getting the nutrients
they need, but living they need, but living organisms would not exist organisms would not exist over long periods of time if over long periods of time if
cells did not reproducecells did not reproduce..
7070
Living organisms can Living organisms can reproduce reproduce sexuallysexually and/or and/or asexuallyasexually..
7171
SexualSexual reproduction reproduction requires requires twotwo parents to parents to make an make an offspringoffspring that that has characteristics of has characteristics of
bothboth parents parents
7272
Organisms that reproduce Organisms that reproduce sexuallysexually
AnimalsAnimalsPlantsPlantsFungiFungi
7373
AsexualAsexual reproduction reproduction requires requires oneone parent to parent to produce an produce an identicalidentical
offspringoffspring
7474
Organisms that reproduce Organisms that reproduce asexuallyasexually
BacteriaBacteriaPlantsPlantsFungiFungi
7575
BacteriaBacteria reproduces reproduces asexuallyasexually through a through a
process called process called binary binary fissionfission
7676
Cells reproduce by Cells reproduce by making more cells making more cells or or dividingdividing through through a process called a process called mitosismitosis ( (oneone cell cell
makes makes twotwo))
This is a form of This is a form of asexual asexual
reproduction.reproduction.
7777
Cells make Cells make sexsex cells to cells to help in the reproduction of help in the reproduction of multi-cellular organisms multi-cellular organisms through a process called through a process called meiosismeiosis ( (oneone makes makes fourfour))
7878
MeiosisMeiosis
This is a form of This is a form of sexual sexual
reproductionreproduction
7979
MeiosisMeiosis