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The United States and the Mexican RevolutionThe United States and the Mexican Revolution

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

David Siquieros Mural: “Poeple in Arms”David Siquieros Mural: “Poeple in Arms”

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Mexico Under Porfirio Diaz

Diaz became President in 1877, and Diaz became President in 1877, and imposed order by suppressing opposition.imposed order by suppressing opposition.

He attracted foreign investors, especially He attracted foreign investors, especially the United Statesthe United States

By 1908 the United States controlled ¾ of By 1908 the United States controlled ¾ of Mexican miningMexican mining

By 1913 more than ½ of Mexico’s $2 Billion By 1913 more than ½ of Mexico’s $2 Billion in foreign investments came from the in foreign investments came from the United StatesUnited States

Porfirio Porfirio Díaz Díaz

(1830-1915)(1830-1915)

Los RuralesLos Rurales

David Siquieros Mural: David Siquieros Mural: "Don Porfirio [Diaz] and his "Don Porfirio [Diaz] and his

Courtesans". 1957-65Courtesans". 1957-65 A Mural by Diego RiveraA Mural by Diego Rivera

The Decadence of the PorfiriatoThe Decadence of the Porfiriato

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The seeds of revolution

Diaz’s policies were not popular with all Diaz’s policies were not popular with all Mexicans, especially the workers and the poorMexicans, especially the workers and the poor

Emiliano Zapata wanted land for the American Emiliano Zapata wanted land for the American Indian peasant populationIndian peasant population

Diaz resigned in May of 1911 after rebel troops Diaz resigned in May of 1911 after rebel troops were victorious in northern and central Mexican were victorious in northern and central Mexican citiescities

Francisco Madero

Madero entered Mexico City to

triumphal acclaim in early June 1911.

Madero and the Revolutionary Leadership, 1911

Emiliano Zapata and the Revolution in Morelos

Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata (1879- (1879-1919)1919)

David Siquieros‘ “Zapata on Horseback”

Zapatistas moving to take cornfields.Zapatistas moving to take cornfields.

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Fransisco Madero

Madero was elected President in 1911Madero was elected President in 1911

The United States supported Madero’s attempt to The United States supported Madero’s attempt to create a democratic government by placing an create a democratic government by placing an embargo on arms sales to his opponentsembargo on arms sales to his opponents

February 1913 = rebels, led by his own military February 1913 = rebels, led by his own military chiefs, attack Madero’s forces to gain control of chiefs, attack Madero’s forces to gain control of Mexico Mexico

Victoriano Huerta, Madero’s commanding general, Victoriano Huerta, Madero’s commanding general, took control of the countrytook control of the country

Madero was imprisoned and killed while Madero was imprisoned and killed while supposedly trying to escapesupposedly trying to escape

General Bernardo Reyes

Félix DíazGeneral Vitoriano HuertaGeneral Vitoriano Huerta

Henry Lane WilsonHenry Lane Wilson FrainciscFraincisco Maderoo Madero

Madero fell to Madero fell to a military a military

coup in coup in February of February of

19131913

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Huerta’s Mexico

Most European governments recognized Most European governments recognized Huerta as the new leader of MexicoHuerta as the new leader of Mexico

The United States did NOT recognize Huerta The United States did NOT recognize Huerta because of how he had come to power. because of how he had come to power. President Wilson began his “watchful President Wilson began his “watchful waiting” for a chance to take Huerta out of waiting” for a chance to take Huerta out of powerpower

Huerta also faced opposition from 4 rebel Huerta also faced opposition from 4 rebel armies led by Venustiano Carranza, Fransisco armies led by Venustiano Carranza, Fransisco ‘Pancho’ Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro ‘Pancho’ Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro ObregonObregon

General VictorianoHuerta

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The Dolphin Incident

the US ship was stationed near Tampico, a the US ship was stationed near Tampico, a town controlled by Huerta. Several crew town controlled by Huerta. Several crew members were arrested by Huerta loyalists members were arrested by Huerta loyalists when they went ashore. They were when they went ashore. They were released, and an apology was offered by released, and an apology was offered by the arresting soldiers’ superiors BUT the the arresting soldiers’ superiors BUT the United States demanded a formal apology United States demanded a formal apology and a 21 gun salute to the American flagand a 21 gun salute to the American flag

April 22-Congress gave Wilson permission April 22-Congress gave Wilson permission to use armed forces against Mexicoto use armed forces against Mexico

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United States Intervention

Wilson got his opportunity to act quicklyWilson got his opportunity to act quickly

The United States seized the port city of The United States seized the port city of Veracruz because they had learned a German Veracruz because they had learned a German ship was landing there with arms for Huertaship was landing there with arms for Huerta

19 marines and over 300 Mexican civilians were 19 marines and over 300 Mexican civilians were killed during the capture of the city. Huerta’s killed during the capture of the city. Huerta’s troops had already left the citytroops had already left the city

April 1914: President April 1914: President Wilson sends U.S. Wilson sends U.S. troops to occupy troops to occupy

VeracruzVeracruz

Monuments to the Defenders of Veracruz Monuments to the Defenders of Veracruz against U.S. troopsagainst U.S. troops

U.S. troop ship

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Other countries intervene

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile– the ABC powers Argentina, Brazil, and Chile– the ABC powers convened a conference about the crisis in convened a conference about the crisis in MexicoMexico

They called for Huerta’s resignation and the They called for Huerta’s resignation and the creation of a provisional governmentcreation of a provisional government

Huerta refused until July 1914 when he Huerta refused until July 1914 when he resigned and fled to Spainresigned and fled to Spain

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The End of the Revolution

In March 1915 Venustiano Carranza became the provisional president of Mexico after he re-entered Mexico City. The United States recognized his government six months later

2/3 of Mexico was still under the control of rebel leaders Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa until April 1915 when Villa was defeated

Villa and Zapata in Mexico City

November, 1914

Villa’s Troops Enter Chihuahua, 1914

The First Chief: Carranza

Venustiano Carranza

(1859-1920)

“Plan of Guadalupe”

Venutiano Carranza and Venutiano Carranza and Alvaro ObregónAlvaro Obregón

Alvaro Obregón (1880-1923)

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Pancho Villa

Villa was upset the United States had Villa was upset the United States had recognized Carranza’s government because recognized Carranza’s government because he believed the United States should not he believed the United States should not have interfered in Mexican politicshave interfered in Mexican politics

Villa raided a small New Mexican town-- 17 Villa raided a small New Mexican town-- 17 Americans and over 100 of Villa’s men were Americans and over 100 of Villa’s men were killedkilled

Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to Mexico to capture Villa “dead or alive”Mexico to capture Villa “dead or alive”

Pancho Villa and His Supporters

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The Pursuit of Pancho Villa

15,000 US troops tried to capture Villa in his 15,000 US troops tried to capture Villa in his home state, but they were unsuccessfulhome state, but they were unsuccessful

Pershing’s troops battled Mexican soldiers Pershing’s troops battled Mexican soldiers when the US troops entered the city of when the US troops entered the city of Carrizal instead of going around itCarrizal instead of going around it

When Wilson realized a war between the When Wilson realized a war between the 150,000 US troops on Mexico’s border and 150,000 US troops on Mexico’s border and the Mexicans was imminent, Wilson ordered the Mexicans was imminent, Wilson ordered the troops to withdraw in January 1917the troops to withdraw in January 1917

Pancho Villa 1880-1923Pancho Villa 1880-1923

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Venustiano Carranza in Power

Carranza called for a Constitutional Carranza called for a Constitutional Convention in December 1916 Convention in December 1916

Villa was still in hiding and Zapata’s only Villa was still in hiding and Zapata’s only stronghold was in the Southstronghold was in the South

A new constitution was ratified in February A new constitution was ratified in February 19171917

The constitution put the common welfare The constitution put the common welfare above that of individual rights; protected above that of individual rights; protected workers with an 8 hour day, the right to workers with an 8 hour day, the right to establish unions, and collectively bargain; and establish unions, and collectively bargain; and established national ownership of most of established national ownership of most of Mexico’s natural resourcesMexico’s natural resources

Between 1910 and 1920, between 1.5 and 2 million Between 1910 and 1920, between 1.5 and 2 million Mexican lost their lives in the Revolution.Mexican lost their lives in the Revolution.

The census takers in 1920 counted The census takers in 1920 counted almost a million fewer Mexican than they almost a million fewer Mexican than they

had found only a decade before.had found only a decade before.

Las SoldaderasLas Soldaderas

Las Soldaderas

Rivera’s “Good Rivera’s “Good Government”Government”