Mexican Mexican RevolutionRevolution

The Mexican Revolution began in 1911 when The Mexican Revolution began in 1911 when the top three groups in the chart banded the top three groups in the chart banded together to overthrow Profirio Diaz. together to overthrow Profirio Diaz.

Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa are the Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa are the famous names associated with this but they famous names associated with this but they were both killed (1919/1923).were both killed (1919/1923).

While itWhile it’’s usually considered over around s usually considered over around 1920, there were reforms still being worked 1920, there were reforms still being worked on into the 1920s and 1930s.on into the 1920s and 1930s.

Rural Mestizo and Indian Rural Mestizo and Indian PeasantsPeasants

What did they want?What did they want? LAND (95% of peasants were landless), better LAND (95% of peasants were landless), better

lives to get out of povertylives to get out of poverty

How successful was this by the end?How successful was this by the end? Constitution of 1917 broke up large estates. Constitution of 1917 broke up large estates.

Of the 75 million acres of land eventually Of the 75 million acres of land eventually distributed, only 1% was by 1920, 33% was distributed, only 1% was by 1920, 33% was between 1920-1934, and 66% was with between 1920-1934, and 66% was with Cardenas by 1940. Cardenas by 1940.

It would take until the 1930s for the It would take until the 1930s for the government to launch a massive effort to government to launch a massive effort to combat literacy – setting up schools and combat literacy – setting up schools and librarieslibraries

Peasants who were Urban Peasants who were Urban WorkersWorkers

What did they want?What did they want? Better wages in the factories and mines Better wages in the factories and mines

where they workedwhere they worked

How successful was this by the end?How successful was this by the end? Constitution of 1917 set a minimum wage and Constitution of 1917 set a minimum wage and

allowed workersallowed workers’’ the right to strike. Women the right to strike. Women earned the same as a man with the same job.earned the same as a man with the same job.

Urban Middle ClassUrban Middle Class

What did they want?What did they want? Democratic governmentDemocratic government

How successful was this by the end?How successful was this by the end? Mexico remained in authoritarian hands Mexico remained in authoritarian hands

through assassinations and the PRI through assassinations and the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) until the (Institutional Revolutionary Party) until the free election in 2000free election in 2000

ElitesElites

What did they want?What did they want? Control over the resources under them Control over the resources under them

instead of by foreign companiesinstead of by foreign companies

How successful was this by the end?How successful was this by the end? Constitution of 1917 restricted foreigners Constitution of 1917 restricted foreigners

owning land and allowed nationalization of owning land and allowed nationalization of the government takeover of natural resourcesthe government takeover of natural resources

Mexico became the Mexico became the first Latin American first Latin American nation to pursue real nation to pursue real social and economic social and economic reforms for the reforms for the majority of its peoplemajority of its people

The Great The Great MigrationMigration

aka The Greater Atlantic aka The Greater Atlantic Migration Migration

In the 70 years from 1850-1920, over 100 In the 70 years from 1850-1920, over 100 million people migratedmillion people migrated

Some 60 million were European, half went to Some 60 million were European, half went to the US, others went mainly to the Americas the US, others went mainly to the Americas (like Argentina and Brazil) but also to the (like Argentina and Brazil) but also to the Pacific, Australia, Africa, and AsiaPacific, Australia, Africa, and Asia

Over 40 million Chinese, Indian, Japanese Over 40 million Chinese, Indian, Japanese and other Asians migrated to the Americas, and other Asians migrated to the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Africa.Southeast Asia, and Africa.

Empire and MigrationEmpire and Migration Same era saw several powerful governments in European Same era saw several powerful governments in European

countries invade, annex and take control of lands in Asia and countries invade, annex and take control of lands in Asia and Africa.Africa.

Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Russia, Japan, the US and Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Russia, Japan, the US and Italy each expanded its imperial territoriesItaly each expanded its imperial territories

Empire building and migration were two major processes Empire building and migration were two major processes through which European societies (and societies based on through which European societies (and societies based on European models) came to dominate the world in the 19European models) came to dominate the world in the 19 thth and and 2020thth centuries centuries

Britain exemplified this in Britain exemplified this in ““settler coloniessettler colonies”” – large numbers – large numbers migrated from their home countries to Canada, Australia, New migrated from their home countries to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, parts of southern Africa.Zealand, parts of southern Africa.

Expansion of industrialization was important in both migration Expansion of industrialization was important in both migration and empireand empire

Also, steamships, railroads and canals require labor, make Also, steamships, railroads and canals require labor, make transportation easier, population explosion, improvements in transportation easier, population explosion, improvements in medicinemedicine

Foreign InvestmentForeign Investment

Unstable governments in Latin America and then Unstable governments in Latin America and then creole elites who wanted to keep foreign investment creole elites who wanted to keep foreign investment out, restricted access from independence to 1870;.out, restricted access from independence to 1870;.

After 1870, British capital began to flow to Latin After 1870, British capital began to flow to Latin America.America.

The US was slower due to its Civil War and The US was slower due to its Civil War and reconstruction period.reconstruction period.

Neocolonialism (or economic domination) was the Neocolonialism (or economic domination) was the price Latin America paid for its economic price Latin America paid for its economic development.development.

For example:For example:

British and American financing backed the British and American financing backed the development of tin, copper, and gold mining in development of tin, copper, and gold mining in MexicoMexico

British financiers built ArgentinaBritish financiers built Argentina’’s railroads, s railroads, meatpacking industry, and utilitiesmeatpacking industry, and utilities

British businessmen in Chile developed the copper British businessmen in Chile developed the copper and nitrate industriesand nitrate industries

When overproduction of coffee led to a drop in prices When overproduction of coffee led to a drop in prices in 1906 impacting Brazil which produced 76% of the in 1906 impacting Brazil which produced 76% of the worldworld’’s supply, a commission of British, American, s supply, a commission of British, American, German and French bankers rescued the Brazilian German and French bankers rescued the Brazilian governmentgovernment