1.1. Tumor of black pigmentTumor of black pigment

2.2. A red cellA red cell

3.3. XerosisXerosis

4.4. DermatotomeDermatotome

5.5. subcutaneoussubcutaneous

6.6. Condition of eating on dry foodCondition of eating on dry food

7.7. Discoloration of the skin consisting of large areas Discoloration of the skin consisting of large areas of contusion.of contusion.

8.8. A large papuleA large papule

9.9. Excessive hair growthExcessive hair growth

10.10.Fungal infection of the skinFungal infection of the skin

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

MEDL 2350MEDL 2350

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

• The respiratory system consists of the The respiratory system consists of the UPPER and LOWER respiratory tracts.UPPER and LOWER respiratory tracts.

• URT includes: nose, pharynx, larynx, URT includes: nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea.and trachea.

• LRT includes: bronchi and lungsLRT includes: bronchi and lungs• The function of the respiratory system The function of the respiratory system

is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.and carbon dioxide.

• The body needs oxygen (02) for The body needs oxygen (02) for carrying out it metabolic functions. carrying out it metabolic functions. As a result, carbon dioxide (CO2) is As a result, carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced. The respiratory tract must produced. The respiratory tract must get rid of the excess CO2 to prevent get rid of the excess CO2 to prevent accumulation and eventual acidosis.accumulation and eventual acidosis.

Combining Forms Combining Forms

Bronch/oBronch/o

Bronchi/oBronchi/o bronchus (airway) bronchus (airway)

bronchoscope bronchoscope

bronchiectasis (dilation or bronchiectasis (dilation or expansion)expansion)

Epiglott/o Epiglott/o epiglottis epiglottis

The epiglottis is the structure that The epiglottis is the structure that prevents food from entering the prevents food from entering the trachea. It is a flap of tissue that trachea. It is a flap of tissue that constantly opens and closes.constantly opens and closes.

epiglottitisepiglottitis

Nas/oNas/o

Rhin/oRhin/o nose nose

nasalnasal

rhinoplasty (surgical repair rhinoplasty (surgical repair of the nose. AKA, a nose job) of the nose. AKA, a nose job)

Or/o Or/o mouth mouth

oropharynx (mouth of oropharynx (mouth of throat)throat)

oral (pertaining to the oral (pertaining to the mouth)mouth)

Ox/o Ox/o oxygen oxygen

hypoxemiahypoxemia

blooddeficiency

oxygen

Pharyng/o Pharyng/o pharynx (throat) pharynx (throat)

pharyngitispharyngitis

Pleur/o Pleur/o Pleura Pleura

PleuralgiaPleuralgia

Pneum/oPneum/o

Pneumon/oPneumon/o air, lung air, lung

PneumothoraxPneumothorax

air in the chestair in the chest

PneumonectomyPneumonectomy

sx excision of the lungsx excision of the lung

Pulmon/o Pulmon/o lung lung

pulmonarypulmonary

Sinus/oSinus/o sinus, cavity sinus, cavity

sinusitissinusitis

Thorac/o Thorac/o chest chest

thoracotomy (incision in thoracotomy (incision in to the chest)to the chest)

Tonsil/o Tonsil/o tonsils tonsils

Trache/oTrache/o trachea trachea

Upper Respiratory TractUpper Respiratory Tract

• The external openings to the nose The external openings to the nose are called nostrils or NARES.are called nostrils or NARES.

• As a general rule, the combining As a general rule, the combining form nas/o is not used to form form nas/o is not used to form surgical words. Most surgical terms surgical words. Most surgical terms referring to the nose use the form referring to the nose use the form rhin/orhin/o

• Air enters the nose and passes into Air enters the nose and passes into the nasal cavity. Inside the nasal the nasal cavity. Inside the nasal cavity, there are tiny hairs that filter cavity, there are tiny hairs that filter out dust particles found in the air.out dust particles found in the air.

• The nasal cavity also contain The nasal cavity also contain CONCHAE, which moisten and warm CONCHAE, which moisten and warm the air.the air.

• The suffix -therapy denotes The suffix -therapy denotes treatment.treatment.

Hydrotherapy meansHydrotherapy means

treatment with watertreatment with water

Cryotherapy meansCryotherapy means

treatment with cold or freezingtreatment with cold or freezing

What is the meaning of What is the meaning of

aerohydrotherapyaerohydrotherapy

Treatment with water and air.Treatment with water and air.

After passing through the nasal cavity, air After passing through the nasal cavity, air then enters the pharynx, or throat.then enters the pharynx, or throat.

Build a word that means “an abnormal Build a word that means “an abnormal condition of the throat caused by condition of the throat caused by fungus”fungus”

pharyngomycosispharyngomycosis

The suffix -plegia means paralysis.The suffix -plegia means paralysis.

Pharyngoplegia and pharyngoparalysis Pharyngoplegia and pharyngoparalysis both mean a muscle paralysis of the both mean a muscle paralysis of the throat.throat.

The abbreviation “CA” denotes a The abbreviation “CA” denotes a malignancy or cancer.malignancy or cancer.

The following word all relate to CA of the The following word all relate to CA of the throat:throat:

Pharyngitis (inflammation)Pharyngitis (inflammation)

Pharyngoplasty (sx repair)Pharyngoplasty (sx repair)

Pharyngotomy (incision)Pharyngotomy (incision)

Pharyngotome (instrument to incise)Pharyngotome (instrument to incise)

Pharyngospasm (twitching)Pharyngospasm (twitching)

• The larynx or voice box is responsible The larynx or voice box is responsible for sound production.for sound production.

• The voice box takes the sound that is The voice box takes the sound that is produced by the air passing through produced by the air passing through it and changes the PITCH by it and changes the PITCH by changing shape of the cords.changing shape of the cords.

• When CA of the larynx is detected in When CA of the larynx is detected in its early stages, a partial its early stages, a partial laryngectomy may be needed.laryngectomy may be needed.

• Extensive CA requires a total Extensive CA requires a total laryngectomy.laryngectomy.

• Spasms of the larynx may make Spasms of the larynx may make breathing difficult. These breathing difficult. These laryngospasms are signs of allergic laryngospasms are signs of allergic reactions.reactions.

Laryngospams are due to a narrowing Laryngospams are due to a narrowing of the space between the vocal of the space between the vocal cords. This condition is known as cords. This condition is known as

LaryngostenosisLaryngostenosis

• At the top of the larynx is a small leaf-At the top of the larynx is a small leaf-shaped flap of cartilage known as the shaped flap of cartilage known as the epiglottis.epiglottis.

• During swallowing, the epiglottis closes off During swallowing, the epiglottis closes off the larynx so that food and liquid are the larynx so that food and liquid are directed into the esophagus.directed into the esophagus.

• When foreign material enters the larynx When foreign material enters the larynx (anything but food), a cough attempts to (anything but food), a cough attempts to expel the material to avoid choking.expel the material to avoid choking.

• Air passes from the larynx to the Air passes from the larynx to the TRACHEA or WINDPIPE.TRACHEA or WINDPIPE.

• The trachea connects the The trachea connects the throat/larynx to the lungs.throat/larynx to the lungs.

• Anything blocking the trachea will Anything blocking the trachea will prevent air (oxygen) from entering prevent air (oxygen) from entering the lungs. A the lungs. A tracheostomytracheostomy is is needed to create a new opening in needed to create a new opening in the trachea for air to enter.the trachea for air to enter.

• The trachea is composed of smooth The trachea is composed of smooth muscle that is embedded with rings muscle that is embedded with rings of cartilage.of cartilage.

• These rings provided the necessary These rings provided the necessary rigidity that is needed to prevent rigidity that is needed to prevent collapsing of the tube. collapsing of the tube.

• Tumors are also called NEOPLASMS.Tumors are also called NEOPLASMS.

• Neoplasms can be benign or malignant.Neoplasms can be benign or malignant.

• The prefix neo- means newThe prefix neo- means new

• The suffix -plasm means growthThe suffix -plasm means growth

• Therefore, the term neoplasm means a Therefore, the term neoplasm means a new growth.new growth.

• Recall that a carcinoma refers to a Recall that a carcinoma refers to a cancerous tumor.cancerous tumor.

• A carcinoma is a tumor that originates A carcinoma is a tumor that originates from epithelial tissue.from epithelial tissue.

• Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that lines the body or body cavities.lines the body or body cavities.

• Also recall, that a benign tumor is named Also recall, that a benign tumor is named by adding the suffix –oma. Therefore, a by adding the suffix –oma. Therefore, a benign tumor of cartilage would be called benign tumor of cartilage would be called a CHONDROMA.a CHONDROMA.

The Lower Respiratory TractThe Lower Respiratory Tract

• The trachea divides into two The trachea divides into two branches called BRONCHI. branches called BRONCHI.

• Each bronchus branches to a Each bronchus branches to a separate lung and subdivides into separate lung and subdivides into increasingly smaller branches called increasingly smaller branches called BRONCHIOLES.BRONCHIOLES.

• The bronchioles are the smallest The bronchioles are the smallest branches.branches.

• Patients with asthma suffer from Patients with asthma suffer from wheezing caused by spasms of the wheezing caused by spasms of the bronchi.bronchi.

• These spasms are called:These spasms are called:

bronchospambronchospam

• A dilation of a bronchi is called A dilation of a bronchi is called

BronchiectasisBronchiectasis

A Word about SizeA Word about Size

• Something that is visible to the Something that is visible to the naked eye is called MACROSCOPIC.naked eye is called MACROSCOPIC.

• Something that is seen only by the Something that is seen only by the use of a magnifying instrument is use of a magnifying instrument is called MICROSCOPIC.called MICROSCOPIC.

• At the end of the bronchial tree, there is At the end of the bronchial tree, there is a cluster of very small, grapelike air a cluster of very small, grapelike air sacs.sacs.

• These air sacs are the ALVEOLI.These air sacs are the ALVEOLI.• The alveoli are the places where oxygen The alveoli are the places where oxygen

is exchanged with carbon dioxide. The is exchanged with carbon dioxide. The alveoli are intimately associated with alveoli are intimately associated with capillaries that allow blood cells to filter capillaries that allow blood cells to filter through one at a time.through one at a time.

• Each bronchus leads to a lung.Each bronchus leads to a lung.

• Each lung is enclosed in a saran-wrap Each lung is enclosed in a saran-wrap like structure called the PLEURA.like structure called the PLEURA.

• The suffix -pnea means breathing.The suffix -pnea means breathing.

• The disorder apnea means without breathing.The disorder apnea means without breathing.

• People with sleep apnea stop breathing multiple times during the People with sleep apnea stop breathing multiple times during the night. This causes snoring and interrupted sleep patterns.night. This causes snoring and interrupted sleep patterns.

• What do these terms mean?What do these terms mean?

dyspneadyspnea painful breathingpainful breathing

eupneaeupnea normal breathing **The prefix eu- means normal.normal breathing **The prefix eu- means normal.

• The prefix tachy- means fast.The prefix tachy- means fast.

• The word tachypnea means rapid breathing.The word tachypnea means rapid breathing.

• The prefix brady- means slow.The prefix brady- means slow.

• The word bradypnea means slow breathing.The word bradypnea means slow breathing.

The DIAPHRAGM is a large muscle that The DIAPHRAGM is a large muscle that separates the lungs from the abdominal separates the lungs from the abdominal cavity.cavity.

During inhalation, the diaphragm decendsDuring inhalation, the diaphragm decends

During exhalation, the diaphragm ascendsDuring exhalation, the diaphragm ascends

HomeworkHomework

• Using your medical dictionary, find the meaning Using your medical dictionary, find the meaning of the following words. You will be responsible of the following words. You will be responsible for these definitions on the next exam/quiz.for these definitions on the next exam/quiz.

1.1. EpistaxisEpistaxis2.2. HypoxiaHypoxia3.3. PertussisPertussis4.4. PneumothoraxPneumothorax5.5. RalesRales6.6. RhonchiRhonchi7.7. stridorstridor

8. Acidosis8. Acidosis9. Adult respiratory distress 9. Adult respiratory distress

syndromesyndrome10. Atelectasis10. Atelectasis11. Coryza11. Coryza12. Croup12. Croup13. Empyema13. Empyema