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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES (UKL) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES (UPL) FOR

POST-TSUNAMI HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION AT COT LANGSAT VILLAGE EXISTING SITE (E1)

SAMPOINIET SUB-DISTRICT, ACEH JAYA DISTRICT, PROVINCE OF NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM

PT HATFIELD INDONESIAJl. Bango 2-4Tanah Sareal Bogor 16161 INDONESIA

CRC846

MAY 2007

Submitted by:

Prepared for:

CANADIAN RED CROSSJl. Ajun Jeumpet No. 18

Desa Ajun JeumpetKec. Darul ImarahAceh Besar 23353

INDONESIA

PREFACE

Canadian Red Cross (CRC) plans to build 45 units of post-tsunami housing on land remaining in the original location of the village of Cot Langsat, Sampoiniet Sub-District, Aceh Jaya Regency.

Documents describing Environmental Management Activities and Environmental Monitoring Activities (UKL/UPL) have been prepared in cooperation with consultants from PT Hatfield Indonesia. The documents are in response to requirements in Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 308/2005 and other relevant legislation. CRC will serve as the key responsible agency throughout the pre-construction and construction phases, whereas during the post-construction phase, the responsibility will be turned over to the community. In the transition period, CRC will still be responsible for strengthening community capacity for environmentally-aware village management.

CRC is committed to implementing effective environmental management practices, and to complying with all applicable laws and regulations. House design, project planning, materials sourcing, contractor selection and management, housing construction, infrastructure needs, and community planning will be conducted with the aim of minimising adverse environmental impacts, and promoting environmental sustainability.

This document focusses on the particular needs of post-tsunami reconstruction, and does not include detailed consideration of issues related to community and regional infrastructure needs, and coordination with the construction of houses in neighbouring areas. In future, it will be essential to prepare more integrated environmental management and monitoring plans covering all environmentally-related areas.

We extend our appreciation to the various parties who have been engaged in the preparation of these documents.

Warmest Regards,

Canadian Red Cross

Richard Langford-Johnson

Senior Construction Manager

CRC Environmental Assessment,UKL/UPL Cot Langsat

i Hatfield Indonesia

TABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE....................................................................................i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................vii

1.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM PROPOSED ACTIVITIES....................11.1 APPENDIX II MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE 308/2005................1

I. IDENTITY OF INITIATOR...........................................................................1II. PLAN OF ACTIVITIES................................................................................1III. QUESTIONNAIRE (LIST OF TESTS)........................................................1

1.2 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS............................9

2.0 SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PROGRAM.....................................................................................................12

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES (UKL)..............................133.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE.....................................................................13

3.1.1 Land Acquisition...............................................................................133.1.2 Risk of Flooding...............................................................................143.1.3 Raw Material Sources......................................................................143.1.4 Water Supply and Distribution..........................................................153.1.5 Wastewater Disposal........................................................................16

3.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE.............................................................................173.2.1 Raw Material Sources and Construction Supplies...........................17

3.2.1.1 Bricks...............................................................................173.2.1.2 Lumber.............................................................................18

3.2.2 Transportation of Materials and Supplies.........................................183.2.2.1 Safety...............................................................................193.2.2.2 Environment and Public Health.......................................20

3.2.3 Water Supply and Distribution..........................................................203.2.4 Wastewater Disposal........................................................................21

3.2.4.1 Flooding...........................................................................213.2.5 Solid Waste Management................................................................223.2.6 Community Health............................................................................223.2.7 Community Relations.......................................................................223.2.8 Business and Work Opportunities....................................................23

3.3 POST-CONSTRUCTION PHASE..................................................................233.3.1 Water Supply....................................................................................233.3.2 Wastewater Disposal........................................................................233.3.3 Flood Control....................................................................................243.3.4 Solid Waste Management................................................................243.3.5 Escape Routes.................................................................................253.3.6 Landscaping.....................................................................................253.3.7 Facilities Maintenance......................................................................253.3.8 Environmental Awareness, Education, and Training........................263.3.9 Business Opportunities and Livelihoods..........................................27

CRC Environmental Assessment, UKL/UPL Cot Langsat

ii Hatfield Indonesia

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES (UPL).................................284.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE.....................................................................28

4.1.1 Land Acquisition...............................................................................284.1.2 Risk of Flooding...............................................................................284.1.3 Raw Material Sources......................................................................284.1.4 Water Supply and Distribution..........................................................294.1.5 Wastewater Disposal........................................................................29

4.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE.............................................................................294.2.1 Raw Material Sources and Construction Supplies...........................294.2.2 Transportation of Materials and Supplies.........................................30

4.2.2.1 Safety, Environment, and Health.....................................304.2.3 Water Supply and Distribution..........................................................314.2.4 Wastewater Disposal........................................................................314.2.5 Solid Waste Management................................................................314.2.6 Community Health............................................................................324.2.7 Community Relations.......................................................................324.2.8 Business and Work Opportunities....................................................32

4.3 POST-CONSTRUCTION PHASE..................................................................334.3.1 Water Supply and Distribution..........................................................334.3.2 Wastewater Disposal........................................................................334.3.3 Solid Waste Management................................................................344.3.4 Escape Routes.................................................................................344.3.5 Landscaping.....................................................................................344.3.6 Facilities Maintenance......................................................................344.3.7 Environmental Awareness, Education, and Training........................354.3.8 Business Opportunities and Livelihoods..........................................35

4.4 RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES AND FUNDING FOR UKL/UPL........................35


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Potential sources, types, and magnitude of environmental impacts – construction phase...............................................................10Table 1.2Potential sources, types, and magnitude of environmental impacts – post-construction phase...............................................................................10

Table 4.1 Implementation of environmental management activities (UKL) and environmental monitoring activities (UPL)...........................................36

Table B1 UKL Matrix...........................................................................................47

Table B2 UPL Matrix...........................................................................................50


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Cot Langsat before tsunami (Ikonos, 10-01-2003; McElhanney image).38

Figure 2 Cot Langsat after tsunami (Orthophoto, 06-2005; McElhanney image). 39

Figure 3 Panorama of Cot Langsat housing site...................................................40

Figure 4 Cot Langsat site wetland grasses...........................................................41

Figure 5 Temporary houses at Cot Langsat..........................................................41

Figure 6 Mixed wetland vegetation.......................................................................41

Figure 7 Site vegetation - Ipomoiea Pescaprae vine, reeds (Sacharum sp.), grasses...................................................................................................41

Figure 8 Wetlands adjacent to Cot Langsat housing site......................................41


v Hatfield Indonesia

LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix A Water Quality Assessment

Appendix B UKL and UPL Matrixes


vi Hatfield Indonesia

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report contains environmental management and monitoring plans (UKL/UPL) resulting from an environmental assessment of potential impacts from housing reconstruction to be undertaken by the Canadian Red Cross (CRC) for survivors of the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Cot Langsat village, Kecamatan (Sub-district) Sampoiniet, Kabupaten (Regency) Aceh Jaya, Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.

The tsunami destroyed or irreparably damaged all buildings in Cot Langsat, and took the lives of approximately 25% of the community. CRC plans to assist with the construction 45 houses on land remaining in Cot Langsat for approximately 150 survivors of the disaster.

The environmental assessment was conducted using the questionnaire approach specified in Regulation 308/2005 concerning Implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Management Activities, and Environmental Monitoring Activities for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and the Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatra. Information was obtained through on-site observations, and interviews and informal discussions with village officials, local residents, and specialists in construction, water, and sanitation.

The assessment confirmed that proposed construction site does not contain “valued environmental components”, such as rare or endangered animals or plants, and no long-term adverse environmental impacts are anticipated. Indeed, cumulative impacts on the environment from the reconstruction of homes in Cot Langsat could be less than before the tsunami for the following reasons:

Fewer people will reside in the community because of the substantial loss of life in the disaster.

CRC and other NGO commitments to “build back better”, including improved practices for waste management, environmental conservation, and sustainability.

Efforts by CRC to minimise or eliminate requirements for rock, bricks, and wood in house construction.

Overall improvements are anticipated in the quality of life and environment in the community compared with the situation before the tsunami through progress in:

water quality and water conservation; wastewater treatment, disposal, and re-use; solid waste management;


vii Hatfield Indonesia

public facilities; community environmental awareness; and the development of sustainable livelihoods that build on and augment

local skills, aptitudes, and traditions.

Potential environmental impacts during construction were identified in relation to:

i. the acquisition of raw materials and supplies for housing construction, in particular gravel, soil, sand, wood, and bricks, especially if there are no government-authorised sites in Aceh Jaya for removal of non-renewable and renewable resources;

ii. requirements for significant amounts of fill for low-lying areas;iii. transportation of construction materials;iv. on-site construction;v. construction waste disposal; vi. water supply and distribution;vii. sanitation and wastewater disposal; andviii. in-migration of construction workers.

Post-construction, during occupancy of the rebuilt community, potential environmental impacts could result from:

i. susceptibility of housing areas to earthquake, tsunami, and periodic flooding;

ii. disposal of domestic solid wastes; iii. water supply and distribution;iv. sanitation and wastewater disposal, including rainwater runoff; v. facilities and infrastructure maintenance requirements; andvi. community livelihoods and environmental awareness.

New business and work opportunities are envisaged for local residents during and after housing construction. A key factor will be the need to provide skills training to help improve livelihoods and the quality of life, and to enhance community awareness of environment and health concerns. CRC is not responsible for all of these initiatives, but will be involved to various degrees in their planning and coordination.

The environmental management plan (UKL) and environmental monitoring plan (UPL) are designed to minimise adverse environmental effects during and after rebuilding activities, and to continually improve procedures for housing construction in Aceh Jaya to create sustainable communities.

CRC will be responsible for management of material procurement for, and construction of, housing and, in conjunction with other NGOs, will assist with the provision of some community facilities and infrastructure needs. American Red Cross (ARC) has responsibility for planning and implementing water supply and sanitation (WATSAN) requirements.


viii Hatfield Indonesia

1.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM PROPOSED ACTIVITIES

1.1 APPENDIX II MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE 308/2005

I. IDENTITY OF INITIATORName of organisation: Canadian Red Cross (CRC)

Address: Jl. Ajun Jeumpet No. 18B, Desa Ajun Jeumpet, Aceh Besar 23353

II. PLAN OF ACTIVITIESName of planned activity: House construction

Location: Cot Langsat village, Sampoiniet sub-district, Aceh Jaya district, Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

Description of activities: Construct permanent houses for qualified tsunami survivors

Scale of activities: A total of 45 houses for approximately 150 people on 20 ha of land remaining in the original village location

Main components ofplanned activities:

Site preparation, house construction, and community infrastructure

III. QUESTIONNAIRE (LIST OF TESTS)

A. LAND USE

No. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION YES NO DESCRIPTION

A-1 Are planned activities situated in and / or have direct boundaries with:

protected forest area x

peat area x

water catchment area x

river embankments x

the vicinity of lake/dam x

the vicinity of a water spring x

nature reserve area (consisting of nature preserve, wildlife reserve, tourism forest, core protection area, and animal protection area)

x


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No. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION YES NO DESCRIPTION

Risk of earthquake / tsunami

marine nature reserve area and other waters (including seawater, fresh waters, coastal area, river estuary, coral groups or coral reefs, and atolls which have unique characteristics, such as diversity and / or unique ecosystem)

x

mangrove forest x

national park x

forest park x

natural tourism park x

culture and science preserve area (including karst area; area with special community culture; area with ancient sites or high value artifacts)

x

natural disaster prone area. x

A-2 Are there any conflicts in the spatial planning with other activities currently being carried out or planned for the future?

x

No spatial conflicts are anticipated, and careful consultative community planning is underway to optimise use of space. Satellite images from before and after the tsunami are shown in Figures 1, 2.

B. LAND AND SOILB-1 Will the project acquire land from the community or other legal entities? If yes,

what is the total area needed and the procedure for acquisition? x Yes No

Before the tsunami, the village of Cot Langsat consisted of three dusuns, Cot Seulanga, Cot Punti, and Cot Bayu. Cot Seulanga was completely inundated, and the community plans to rebuild on approximately 20 ha of land remaining in Cot Punti and Cot Bayu. The site, shown in Figure 3, must accommodate plots for 45 houses (45 m2 each), community facilities, and infrastructure. All the land is privately owned by members of the community. BRR is arranging for land title searches, confirmation of ownership, and conveyancing.B-2 Will the project cause slope instability or build levees which have high risk of

slippage? Yes x No

The land is low-lying and hummocky, with some lower, wet spots. Geotechnical assessment was not available, but soil type is expected to be similar to the neighbouring dusuns of Suka Damai and Ulee Gunong in Jeumpheuk village, i.e., loose sandy silt at the surface grading to medium dense to dense sandy silt at depths between 1.5 and 3 m.B-3 Will project activities cause large scale changes in the landscape or remove a

large amount of soil? Yes x No

The site will need considerable levelling to remove undulations, but rather than removing soil, it is probable that significant amounts of fill will be needed for the low spots and swampy areas.B-4 Will project activities remove agricultural land, production forest, or other

productive land? Yes x No

B-5 Will project activities change the contour of a coastline, hinder drainage, or disturb river flow?

Yes x No

B-6 Will project activities permanently damage, cover, fill, or alter unique landscape? Yes x No



B-7 Will project activities cause enhanced soil erosion due to water or wind? x Yes No

Erosion is likely in locations where soil needed for fill is excavated unless controls are implemented.

B-8 Will project activities restrict the use of land for other uses in the long term? x Yes No

Construction of permanent houses will eliminate other possible uses of the land, which is already privately owned.

C. AIR QUALITY, CLIMATEC-1 Will project activities release air emissions that are estimated to exceed

environmental quality standards, or which may decrease ambient air quality? x Yes No

During construction, there will be road dust and vehicle emissions from transport of materials and on-site activities, such as unloading and transfer of some materials, which will affect air quality temporarily.

C-2 Will project activities cause changes in wind direction, humidity or temperature? Yes x No

C-3 Will project activities cause objectionable odours? Yes x No

D. WATERD-1 Will project activities use surface water during the construction and operation

phase? x Yes No

Small volumes of freshwater will be needed for cement making and other miscellaneous cleaning and washing needs. The water may be obtained from surface or ground water sources.

D-2 Will project activities discharge liquid waste to a river, lake, or seawater which may cause changes in water quality, including changes in temperature and turbidity?

Yes x No

Except for rainwater runoff, no direct discharges of liquid waste to surface waters are expected.

D-3 Will project activities involve the use of groundwater? Does the removal of groundwater potentially disturb the direction of flow and flow rate of groundwater.

Yes x No

Previously, residents used shallow well water as their primary source of supply. Some residents will probably continue to use dug wells for some of their water needs, but there will not be sufficient usage to affect groundwater flow. ARC is also considering installation of drilled wells, and spring water sources.

D-4 Will the project involve construction which may disturb the flow and flow rate of groundwater?

Yes x No

D-5 Will the project cause changes in groundwater quality? If yes, define the variables that will impact groundwater temporarily or permanently, and the area of impact, as well as management measures.

x Yes No



Adverse effects on shallow groundwater quality are possible as a result of disposal of liquid wastes from households. Effects may include increases in coliform organisms, BOD, and nutrients. However, the impacts are likely to be less than under previous disposal practices, since engineered treatment solutions are planned for wastewater discharges. Prior to the tsunami, wastewater was not treated. Laboratory analysis results for groundwater collected from a new public well in Cot Langsat are shown in Appendix A.

D-6 Will the project cause pollution of groundwater used to meet the residents’ water needs?

x Yes No

As noted in D-3, some residents will probably use groundwater to meet part of their needs, and as noted in D-5, wastewater discharges from the new houses may affect shallow groundwater quality, but the impacts will be mitigated by proposed treatment options.

D-7 Will the project produce significant quantities of domestic liquid waste (WC, kitchen wash water, use by employees or visitors, etc.)? If so, from where, and what volume? Explain management measures for the waste.

x Yes No

If all the planned houses and community facilities are built, initially there will be up to 150 residents in Cot Langsat. Assuming a maximum use of 100 litres (L) water per person per day, plus an additional 20% for community and business use, and 80% of the water is discharged, the total volume of liquid waste will be 14,400 L/day.

D-8 Will the project cause enhanced risk of flooding? Yes x No

According to local information the site is subject to flooding to a depth of 30 cm during high tides.

E. SOLID WASTE E-1 Will construction activities and project operations produce non-hazardous and

non-toxic solid wastes ? x Yes No

Some construction waste is inevitable, but management and monitoring procedures will be in place to minimise amounts of solid wastes as environmental protection and cost-saving measures.

E-2 Will construction activities and project operations produce hazardous and toxic solid waste?

Yes x No

E-3 Will solid waste management be carried out at the location of the project? x Yes No

During construction, solid wastes will be managed on-site through the implementation of routine housekeeping and disposal measures. After construction, domestic solid waste management practices will be developed, evolved, refined, matured, and improved over time for the community. There is no sanitary landfill in Aceh at present, and according to women in Aceh Jaya communities, the current practice of residents burning domestic waste is likely to continue in the immediate future.

F. NOISE, VIBRATION, RADIATION, GLAREF. NOISE, VIBRATION, RADIATION, GLARE

F-1 Will the project cause increased noise during construction and operation? x Yes No

During construction, there will be additional noise on access roads and on-site from trucks transporting materials, and on-site from construction activities, such as cutting, hammering, unloading materials, genset operation, etc. Based on observations at existing construction sites in Aceh Besar, in most cases the noise will not be excessive or unduly disturbing. Community residents have indicated that they are more than willing to have a short-term increase in noise for the pleasure of having new homes built.



F-2 Will the project cause vibration, radiation, or glare in the community? Yes x No

G. FLORAG-1 Will the project cause changes in diversity or productivity of plant species? Will

the project cause changes in the number of plant species?x Yes No

Compared with the current situation, in which opportunistic species have colonised the tsunami-scoured coastal plain, the diversity and productivity of plant species will probably increase as farming, landscaping, home and market gardening are re-introduced. Existing vegetation on the Cot Langsat site comprises primarily wetland grasses (Figures 3 - 7); vines, such as Ipomoeia Pescaprae (Figures 7, 8); and reeds of the Sacharum sp. (Figures 6 - 8).

G-2 Will the project affect the habitat of rare or protected plants? Yes x No

There are no rare or endangered plants on the proposed housing site.

H. FAUNAH-1 Will the project affect the habitat of wild or protected animals? Yes

x No

There are no rare or endangered animal species or suitable habitat for wild animals on the proposed housing site.

H-2 Will the project cause the introduction of new species of animals? Yes x No

H-3 Will the project cause barriers which may limit the migration/movement of animals or fish?

Yes x No

H-4 Will the project cause disturbance to the habitat of fish or wild animals? Yes x No

H-5 Will the project cause emigration of wild animals and allow for interaction between the residents and wild animals resulting from the emigration?

Yes x No

I. NATURAL RESOURCESI-1 Will the project cause increased use of natural resources? x Yes

No

Mineral resources required for the construction of homes include, soil, sand, gravel, rock, rebar, metal framing, cement and brick manufacture.



I-2 Will the project cause a reduction in non-renewable natural resources? x Yes No

Wood may be used for reinforcing roof frames, for window frames, doors, and interior wood panels. Strenuous efforts will be made to ensure only legally harvested timber is used in CRC housing construction, and to employ alternative materials where possible.

J. ENERGYJ-1 Will the project consume energy in significant amounts? Yes

x No

Total energy needs are not expected to exceed pre-tsunami levels, since the total population is substantially less than before. Each house will have a minimum capacity of 900 watts electrical power installed internally. External supply and connections will be completed by PLN.

J-2 Will the project increase energy needs outside the location of the project due to activities in the future?

Yes x No

Energy-intensive activities resulting from the re-building are not anticipated in the foreseeable future.

J-3 Is it necessary to build new energy sources to meet the needs of the project or to anticipate any growth in the vicinity of the project?

Yes x No

It will not be necessary to expand energy supplies for the community alone, but a detailed energy audit will be needed to assess total needs for all Aceh Jaya communities.

K. TRANSPORTATIONK-1 Will the project cause increased numbers and movement of motor vehicles? x Yes

No

There will be a significant increase in traffic during the construction phase, primarily due to trucks transporting materials, some movement of heavy machinery, and contractors’ and CRC vehicles. After construction is completed, traffic volume will diminish to levels expected to be similar to those before the tsunami, since the main Banda Aceh to Calang highway will be reconstructed near to the original route visible on the left side of Figure 2.

K-2 Will the project bring about impacts on existing parking lots and increased needs for parking lots?

Yes x No

K-3 Will the project affect the current traffic system? Yes x No

K-4 Will the project change the goods, services and human circulation system? Yes x No

Re-vitalisation of traditional livelihoods and development of new sources of income and occupations may shift the commercial make-up of the community in the long term.

K-5 Will the project increase the risk of road accidents, and pose a risk to pedestrians and other road users?

x Yes No

As Noted in K-1, there will be increased traffic during the construction phase, including trucks and heavy



equipment. Safety and environmental protection measures will be implemented to minimise safety risks.

K-6 Will the project require the construction of new roads. x Yes No

A limited number of roads will be constructed to service the housing areas. A new road is needed linking Cot Langsat with dusun Ulee Gunong in Jeumpheuk. Roads will have rainwater drainage channels.

LL. PUBLIC FACILITIESL-1 Will the project cause changes in the need for public facilities, services and

government institutions, such as fire-fighting, schools, sub-district offices, public health facilities, etc?

Yes x No

New public facilities and services will be required for the reconstructed community. Plans are to build better facilities that will perform more effectively, with less adverse environmental impacts than before the tsunami.

M. M. UTILITIESM-1 Will the project require the construction of new facilities, or affect facilities such

as electrical networks, telecommunication networks, supply of clean water, drainage system etc?

x Yes No

Improved electrical supply, telecommunications, water, drainage, and sanitation are all planned for the community.

N. POPULATION N. POPULATION N-1 Will the project remove residents or change the composition of the population? Yes

x No

The composition of the population has already been changed by the impact of the tsunami.

O. RISK OF ACCIDENTO. RISK OF ACCIDENT O-1 Will project activities pose risks of exposure to hazardous materials, such as oil,

pesticides, chemicals, radiation or other materials if a work accident occurs, or there is disturbance to operations?

Yes x No

O-2 Are there activities that use, store, and dispose of hazardous and toxic materials?

Yes x No

O-3 Do project activities during preparation, construction, operation, and post-operation have a high risk of accident or disaster?

Yes x No

O-4 Are activities in the project prone to accident because of the project is situated in a hazardous area?

x Yes No

The re-development is in an earthquake- and tsunami- prone region. There are low hills approximately 0.5 km distant from the site (visible in the distance in Figures 4, 7), which may serve as a refuge if there is sufficient advance warning of a tsunami.

P. ECONOMYP. ECONOMY



P-1 Will the project cause negative impacts on the local or regional economy?

a) interference with tourism Yes x No

b) interference with local community income Yes x No

c) decrease in land values Yes x No

d) decrease in job opportunities and increase in unemployment Yes x No

e) transfer of economic, trade, and industry facilities Yes x No

Because of the attention and support from national and international agencies, the rebuilt community will have better prospects to improve economic conditions, including appreciation of land values, job and employment opportunities, trade, tourism, and personal incomes compared with before the tsunami.

Q. PUBLIC PERCEPTIONQ. PUBLIC PERCEPTION Q-1 Can the planned project bring about controversy with the local community? Yes

x No

The community appears have improved social cohesion since a preliminary environmental assessment conducted in June 2006, possibly due to the erection of 38 temporary houses on the site. There are no plans for in-migration from outside Aceh Jaya, except temporarily during the construction phase (see R-1)

Q-2 Does the planned project contradict cultural values of the local community? Yes x No

Q-3 Does the planned project interfere with facilities in the local community? Yes x No

Facilities in the community will be rebuilt better than before the tsunami.

R. PUBLIC HEALTHR. PUBLIC HEALTHR-1 Are there non-local workers who might bring disease to the project area? x Yes

No

During construction, contractors from outside the region will bring in skilled workers. Controls will be implemented to screen workers to prevent introduction of disease to the project area.

R-2 If the project will cause transfer of people, does the new settlement area have a higher potential to cause health disturbance?

Yes x No

R-3 Is the planned project likely to increase the burden on local public health facilities (toilets, clean water, etc.)?

Yes x No

There are far fewer residents than before the tsunami, and facilities will be built to meet demands.

R-4 Could the planned project change the habitat of disease vectors with regard to:

a) changes in hydrology (water flow, depth, temperature) Yes x No

b) changes in morphology (slope, plant cover) Yes X No

c) climatic changes (rainfall and climatology) Yes X No

d) biological changes (composition of plants and food chains). Yes X No



S. AESTHETICSS. AESTHETICS

S-1 Will the planned project change natural panorama or affect public spaces? Yes X No

T. ARCHAEOLOGY, CULTURAL PRESERVES, AND HISTORICAL SITEST. ARCHAEOLOGY, CULTURAL PRESERVES, AND HISTORICAL SITEST-1 Will the planned project disturb archaeological sites, cultural preserves, or

historical sites? Yes x No

1.2 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Cumulative adverse impacts on the environment from the reconstruction of homes could be less than before the tsunami for the following reasons:

Fewer people will reside in the community because of the substantial loss of life in the disaster. CRC and other NGO commitments to “build back better”, including minimising or eliminating the use of rock/stone, wood, and bricks in construction by substituting alternative materials, and promoting improved practices for waste management, environmental conservation, and sustainability.

In fact, overall improvements are anticipated in the quality of life and environment compared with the situation before the tsunami through advances in:

house construction materials; water quality and water conservation; wastewater treatment, disposal, and re-use; solid waste management; public facilities; community environmental awareness; and the development of sustainable livelihoods that build on and augment

local skills, aptitudes, and traditions.CRC is not responsible for all of these initiatives, but will be involved to various degrees in their planning and coordination, and will be the principal agency managing the construction of homes.As required by Ministry of Environment Decree 308/2005, Tables 1.1 and 1.2 summarise project activities during the construction and operation (occupation) phases that are likely to impact the environment, the nature of the impacts, and their potential magnitude.



Table 1.1 Potential sources, types, and magnitude of environmental impacts – construction phase.

Environmental ImpactComments

Source Type MagnitudeExtraction and removal of non-renewable raw materials (sand, soil, gravel, rock, clay, etc.) for housing construction

Erosion, landslides, watershed and aesthetic damage, drainage.

Potentially severe if unmanaged.

Need to use licenced quarries or other government-authorised locations to obtain non-renewable raw materials. Rock will not be used in Aceh Jaya house foundations.

Acquisition of raw wood and lumber for housing construction

Deforestation, loss of habitat and endangered species, damage to watersheds.

Potentially severe if unmanaged.

To be done in accordance with BRR1, WWF2, and ADB3 guidelines. Plan to use alternative materials, such as aluminum window frames, gypsum interior walls.

Brick manufacture Deforestation due to removal of wood for fuel; smoke emissions from kilns. Clay removal from agricultural land.

Moderate to severe depending on the number of operating brick kilns.

Plan to use sand-cement blocks and “Calciboard” instead of bricks.

Transport of construction materials and equipment by road

Air pollution from road dust and vehicle emissions. Also noise and public safety concerns from increased traffic volume.

Locally moderate to high, especially for road dust during the dry season; temporary.

Also affects communities not receiving housing assistance.

On-site construction activities

Air pollution from dust; noise; public safety in relation to traffic and equipment.

Low; temporary. Observations at Aceh Besar construction sites indicated low, localised impacts.

Disposal of construction wastes

Land use; land, surface water, and groundwater contamination; aesthetic effects. Air pollution if burned.

Low to moderate. Use authorised tsunami debris landfill areas. Reuse and recycle where possible.

In-migration of contractors’ construction workers.

Social and cultural stressors.

Low to moderate; temporary

Community members want houses built soon, and for this reason will tolerate and may even welcome outside workers

Livelihoods Opportunities for small businesses serving construction activities and

Moderate, temporary.

Food and equipment suppliers, vehicle maintenance shops, and drivers will benefit

1 Timber Administration: Information and Guidelines for Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, NAD – Nias. Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi (BRR) NAD-Nias. 2007. 2 Green Reconstruction Policy Guidelines for Aceh. WWF. 2005.3 Environmentally Friendly Construction Material Procurement. ADB Earthquake and Tsunami Emergency Support Project. 2005.



workers.

Table 1.2 Potential sources, types, and magnitude of environmental impacts – post-construction (occupation) phase.

Environmental ImpactComments

Source Type MagnitudeEarthquake / tsunami Destruction of land,

water, human resources, and infrastructure.

Catastrophic Man-made protective measures will be put in place by “building back better” to minimise damage and loss of life.

River and/or seawater incursion onto housing sites

Flooding Moderate to severe

The site is low-lying with little protection from the sea and river. Flood protection measures will be addressed.

Withdrawal of groundwater or spring water for community supply

Depletion of ground and surface water resources.

Low American Red Cross WATSAN will plan and install water supply system. Need ongoing monitoring of quality and quantity.

Rainwater run-off Water pollution – mostly from solids.

Low Village drainage will be improved compared with pre-tsunami situation.

Wastewater from houses and from commercial sources

Groundwater and surface water pollution – BOD5, coliform organisms, nutrients.

Low to moderate

Sanitary waste management will be improved compared with pre-tsunami situation. Education and awareness programs will be needed to change traditional sanitation practices.

Solid waste disposal Land use; land, surface water, and groundwater contamination; aesthetic effects. Air pollution if burned.

Low to moderate

Solid waste management will be improved compared with pre-tsunami situation. Education and awareness programs will be needed to change traditional methods of solid waste disposal.

Energy supply Various from energy production and transmission facilities.

Low Overall strategy and planning of electrical supply to be done by PLN.

Community planning Community wellbeing

Beneficial Quality of life, and potentially, standard of living are expected to improve through NGO-led assistance programs and facilities.

Livelihoods Continuing pre-tsunami livelihoods, plus other forms of employment resulting from improved rebuilt community facilities.

Moderate NGOs are likely to provide training in new trades and skills; tourism has excellent potential.

Bapedalda, Banda Aceh, has requested inclusion of additional matrixes summarising UKL/UPL activities. These are contained in Appendix B.



2.0 SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PROGRAM

The following activities and issues have been identified as sources of potential environmental impacts requiring management and monitoring based on answers to the List of Tests in Appendix II of Decree 308/2005:

Susceptibility of housing areas to earthquake, tsunami, and periodic flooding.

Acquisition of non-renewable and renewable raw materials for construction, such as sand, soil, rock, gravel, bricks, and wood.

Transportation of construction materials. On-site construction. Use of construction labour from outside the local area. Sources and distribution of fresh water. Disposal of domestic liquid wastes. Disposal of construction and domestic solid wastes. Community livelihoods and environmental awareness.

CRC plans for Environmental Management Activities (UKL) and Environmental Monitoring Activities (UPL) are designed to address these key concerns, and others that were identified during the environmental assessment.



3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES (UKL)

CRC is responsible for management of material procurement for, and construction of, housing and, in conjunction with other NGOs, will assist with the provision of some community facilities and infrastructure needs. American Red Cross (ARC) has responsibility for planning and implementing water supply and sanitation (WATSAN) requirements.

CRC will plan and implement the following environmental management activities to minimise adverse impacts and optimise positive impacts of housing and community development on the environment.

3.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE

3.1.1 Land Acquisition

Selection of the proposed reconstruction site will be influenced by the results of the environmental assessment and community planning processes. Comprehensive procedures have been agreed upon, and are being implemented, involving BRR, BPN, CRC, public and private land owners to ensure that land surveys, mapping, and ownership are conducted equitably for the beneficiaries and the various levels of government. BRR is responsible for negotiations with individual property owners regarding acquisition of land, and for signing agreements confirming or transferring ownership. The following criteria are the framework for qualification of beneficiaries:

1. The family home was destroyed or damaged beyond repair by the tsunami and/or earthquake.

2. At the time of the tsunami the family was living in the home and was:

a. the primary family occupying the affected house;b. a secondary occupant household; orc. a renter.

3. At least one family member survived the tsunami.4. Where more than one family lived in the same house at the time

of the tsunami, each surviving family is eligible for a new house.

Formal legal and traditional inheritance rights are being recognized for family members who were living in the same house at the time of the tsunami, and where the head of the household is deceased as a result of the tsunami. These rights include:

a. children who have been orphaned; andb. women who have been widowed.



Post-disaster marriages occurring before June 1, 2006, are being recognized for the purpose of housing eligibility. At least one member of the new household must have previously lived in the village, and have lost their house in the disaster.

3.1.2 Risk of Flooding

The Cot Langsat site is only slightly above sea level and must be considered vulnerable to flooding by ocean surges, and high river flows combined with high tides. More data and information are needed to formulate management plans for reducing the risk and impacts of flooding.

3.1.3 Raw Material Sources

There are no authorised sites in Aceh Jaya for extraction of the various materials required for housing construction, i.e., soil, sand, clay, gravel, rock, wood. As a consequence, there is ample evidence of “wild-cat” excavation and logging along the roadsides throughout the coastal plain and in the coast mountain range.

The immediate and obvious environmental insults from illegal mining and logging are the ugly scars caused by such activities. The probable consequences are erosion, stream sedimentation, slope instability, and landslides which, in addition to being potential physical hazards, degrade watersheds and the appearance of the landscape in Aceh Jaya, and create an impression that such operations are condoned and acceptable.

There is no simple solution to the problem, but it is suggested that there is an urgent need for the provincial government to designate specific areas in Aceh Jaya for authorised removal of non-renewable construction materials, such as soil, sand, clay, gravel, and rock. In addition, CRC will make efforts to acquire materials removed during the rebuilding of the USAID-funded road from Banda Aceh to Calang. Coordination will be needed between CRC and USAID contractors to ensure that excavated sand, soil, rock, and gravel that are not needed for road fill are stored at specified locations for reuse in housing construction. Subsequent monitoring and policing of CRC construction material suppliers will be keys to the effective implementation of such initiatives.

The materials of construction for CRC houses in Aceh Jaya will differ from those in Aceh Besar. Rock will not be used in the foundation area of the houses, and sand-cement blocks will be used in place of bricks. These changes will reduce the environmental impacts by eliminating the need for excavation of rocks, and the scavenging of clay and wood for brick kilns. In addition, CRC is examining the possibility of eliminating the use of wood from house frames, window frames, and doors, by substituting aluminum framing, and glass-fibre



doors. Some wood may still be needed for the front verandah, but the quantities will be greatly reduced compared with previous houses in Aceh Besar.

CRC will develop and implement procedures to ensure they, and their designated agents, require suppliers of raw materials for housing construction to provide documentary evidence that delivered goods are from government-approved sites or, if such sites have not been officially specified in Aceh Jaya, from locations authorised by CRC in consultation with Bapedalda. Contract requirements for suppliers of timber components will conform with BRR1, WWF2, and ADB3 advisories for reconstruction in Aceh (see Table 1.1 for reference citations). Current plans are for CRC to obtain the reduced lumber requirements for Aceh Jaya houses from overseas sources, but Indonesian suppliers are also under consideration.. Criteria specified in contracts with suppliers of raw materials for housing construction will provide the basis for monitoring and assessing their performance in relation to environmental conservation and protection.

At present, the only direct access to Cot Langsat from the north is by two small ferries across arms of the Kreung Masen and Kreung Ligan, or via a 90-minute detour from Crak Mong to Patek through the coast mountains. Bringing supplies from the north directly via Kuala Ligan will require rebuilding and strengthening of a log bridge connecting Crak Mong with Lhok Kruet, and reconstruction of bridges from Kuala Ligan to Babah Nipah and from Babah Nipah to Jeumpheuk that were demolished by the tsunami. The southerly route through Patek and Suak Ano will require upgrading of the road connecting Jeumpheuk to the Banda Aceh to Calang highway. In addition, the track connecting Cot Langsat to dusun Ulee Gunong in Jeumpheuk must be upgraded to accommodate heavy vehicles.

3.1.4 Water Supply and Distribution

American Red Cross (ARC) WATSAN is responsible for planning and installing freshwater supply and distribution systems in Aceh Jaya. Preliminary proposals4 have been put forward for extensive water distribution systems from various sources in Aceh Jaya. However, these will take many years to install, and therefore ARC is assessing the availability of local sources for adequate supply and quality of freshwater.

Prior to the tsunami, groundwater was a readily accessible source of supply via shallow dug wells, since the depth of the water table is typically less than two metres in the coastal zone. In informal discussions, members of various communities stated that they would prefer to continue to use well-water as their main source, but some wells are not currently useable because of saltwater contamination from the tsunami incursion. It is expected that rainwater will eventually flush out the salinity from the shallow groundwater, 4 ESP (Environmental Services Program). Infrastructure outline concept plan: kabupaten Aceh Jaya: water, sanitation, solid waste,

drainage. USAID. February 2006.



rendering it useable again. CRC houses will be constructed with facilities for piped water and indoor plumbing. However, given the natural human tendency to resist change, it may be some time before the household plumbing is used as intended.

Unofficial ARC estimates of water supply requirements specify 100 litres (L) per person per day, with additional capacity (estimated at 20%) for public markets and other business, institutional, and community buildings. For the projected immediate population, a total of approximately 18,000 L/day will be needed. The figure does not include losses during distribution, or requirements for future population growth.

Local opinion was that the groundwater supply is adequate for community needs. Since the previous population, which relied primarily on well-water, was far higher than the projected number of resettled residents, shallow groundwater depletion from water usage is unlikely to be a threat in the rebuilt community.

Rainwater is a supplementary source of supply that could be considered. Long-term average rainfall in Banda Aceh (the nearest place for which data are available) is 1,600 mm per year (Haider 20065). With this amount of precipitation, the average daily roof-drain water for each 45 m2 CRC house would be at least 200 litres, a portion of which could be stored, as is currently the case at some temporary houses. CRC permanent house design will include gutters and downspouts as a component of site drainage infrastructure, and these will also enable implementation of water conservation. Occupants of some temporary houses were collecting rainwater from roof drains for various uses.

3.1.5 Wastewater Disposal

ARC WATSAN personnel are assessing the feasibility, benefits, and specifications for various wastewater treatment configurations and designs for “black water” (sewage) from toilets involving engineered and natural wetlands, and other in-ground systems. Individual house and communal systems are under consideration. A recent UNEP report (Haider 20065) recommended an arrangement where “several tens of houses” are connected to a single septic tank, from which the discharge flows to a leach/tile field or constructed wetland. Treatment options under consideration include:

a septic tank for black water at each house, from which the outflow is treated by a sealed engineered wetland in the yard of the house;

5 Haider, J. Environmental aspects of reconstruction in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam two years after the tsunami: brown environmental issues. UNEP. October 2006.



treatment of the combined outflow from septic tanks at multiple houses in a sealed engineered wetland; several such wetlands could be constructed throughout each dusun; collecting toilet waste from multiple houses in a single septic tank, from which the clarified effluent flows to an engineered wetland5

or a leach/tile drainage field; and the use of natural wetlands for polishing.

Treatment and disposal options for household grey-water are also under review by ARC. Because of land limitations, it may not be practical to process all domestic wastewater through secondary treatment systems. A key consideration in disposal of all household wastewater will be to avoid contamination of the groundwater supply. The building code for Aceh6

specifies a minimum separation distance of 10 metres between a wastewater treatment or disposal location and a clean water source. Given the limited availability of land, it may be difficult to meet this requirement.

Overall environmental impacts from wastewater discharges are expected to be less than before the tsunami, when wastes from a larger population drained untreated to the ground or the nearest water body.

3.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

3.2.1 Raw Material Sources and Construction Supplies

Projected quantities of the major materials and supplies required for construction of 45 m2 houses have been extrapolated from existing data for CRC houses built in Aceh Besar. Raw material resources (i.e., soil, sand, gravel, and wood) will be obtained from government-authorised locations or from designated sites agreed upon between CRC and Bapedalda during the pre-construction phase of the project, with the goals of minimising physical, biological, and aesthetic damage to the environment, and risks to workers, the public, communities, livelihoods, and infrastructure. Excess materials removed during route preparation for the USAID-funded road from Banda Aceh to Calang are also potential sources of supply for CRC housing.

Project management control procedures will include contractual requirements for suppliers to extract or obtain raw materials using techniques that minimise the risk of erosion or landslides, adverse effects on watersheds, visual aesthetic impacts, and incursions into previously undamaged areas. Contracts with transporters of raw materials will require them to verify the sources of their deliveries to construction sites.

6 PU Building Code matrix of NAD Province. Shelter Data Pack, Book 3, Guidelines on Housing Repair and Construction, Matrix of Building Code, NAD Province; Chapter 2.2.4.c: Disposal and processing of wastewater. UN HIC and BRR. 2005.



3.2.1.1 Bricks

There are few brickworks in Aceh Jaya, so most brick supplies would have to be transported from kilns in Aceh Besar. Based on information from a brick manufacturer near dusun Alue Batak, desa Lhok Geulumpang, kecamatan Setia Bakti, daily output from a moderately-sized operation is 3,000 bricks. This level of production would supply sufficient bricks to construct approximately 150 houses per year. A total of 14 such brickworks would be needed to construct all the CRC houses planned for Aceh Jaya in one year.

Brick kilns are fired with wood, and the heavy fuel demands result in substantial timber scavenging and consequent depletion of forest resources and damage to watersheds. The clay is often obtained from agricultural land, causing further reduction in valuable natural resources.

As a consequence of these drawbacks, CRC favours the use of sand-cement blocks, but the local community prefers houses with brick walls. Efforts will be made to minimise the use of bricks in all CRC housing developments in Aceh Jaya through prior discussions with communities, and construction of demonstration houses using sand-cement blocks.

3.2.1.2 Lumber

Alternative materials will be sought to replace wood for roof and window frames, and for doors and door frames in Aceh Jaya houses. Where wood must be used, it will be sourced from legally-procured timber supplies in accordance with BRR1, WWF2, and ADB3 guidelines (see Table 1.1 for reference citations) to the maximum extent possible under current conditions in Aceh. Proof of legitimacy will be required from vendors. Certified lumber will be used wherever practical. CRC recognises its role in the donor community’s responsibility to help conserve forest and watershed resources in Aceh and throughout Indonesia. To minimise adverse impacts on all types of natural resources and the environment from activities related to housing construction, CRC will specify relevant performance requirements related to sourcing and procurement of raw materials in supplier contracts as an integral component of the project management system and procedures.

3.2.2 Transportation of Materials and Supplies

During construction, traffic movement on the Banda Aceh to Calang road will increase substantially as materials and supplies are delivered to the site. A minimum of 30 return (60 total) 7-tonne truck journeys per house will be needed for the various types of raw materials and goods. For the 45 houses planned for Cot Langsat, the estimated minimum total number of journeys is 2,700. The estimate does not include soil requirements for fill, which will be significant for some areas of the site, and is contingent on various assumptions, including optimum use of available box space for each load. In



reality, it will not be practical to maximise the loading of every truck. There will also be deliveries of small items such as pipe joints, door hinges, sinks, toilets, light switches and fixtures, fuse boxes, handles, bolts, nails, and other hardware, and removal of construction wastes, which could add another 25% to the number of journeys. In addition, there will be movement of construction equipment and CRC vehicles. For reasons of transportation costs, efficiency, safety, and environmental protection, the haulage distance for all items will be minimised by sourcing supplies as close to the building sites as possible.

The following environmental impacts and community health and safety concerns arise in connection with increased traffic movements during housing construction:

Safetyo Road conditions and signage.o Vehicle condition, e.g., brakes, windshield, truck box,

tires, steering, etc.o Overloading of trucks, and driving habits.o Pedestrian and motorcycle traffic in village areas and

on the open road. Environment and public health

o Vehicle noise and exhaust emissions.o Dust and debris blow-off from trucks.o Road dust emissions.

A wide range of Aceh Jaya residents will be subjected to these impacts, but the greatest concerns are likely to arise in communities that are not included in rebuilding efforts, where the people will bear costs of increased traffic volume with no evident benefits, and in villages where residents are waiting for construction of their home to begin.

3.2.2.1 Safety

The Banda Aceh to Calang road is, for the most part, in adequate condition north of Lamno. All prefabricated and manufactured items needed for housing construction will most likely pass along this section of the road. However, authorised sources of bulk non-renewable raw materials have not yet been identified, and it is probable that some or all may be transported from south of Lamno, where long dirt stretches of the road are severely potholed, with surface water and mud pits during wet weather. While the poor driving conditions help to control traffic speed, the numerous obstacles, and detours to avoid them, increase the hazards.

Regular grading of dirt sections of the Banda Aceh to Calang road is required to provide the safest possible travel conditions. Posted speed limits are



needed at the entrances to occupied areas alongside the road to help protect local inhabitants, and it may be advisable to augment and formalise homemade “sleeping policemen” that many communities have constructed to slow traffic. The Ministry of Public Works is officially responsible for road maintenance, and for installing signs and “traffic calming” measures.

CRC and their construction agents will include in contracts with haulage companies requirements to ensure that all vehicles used for CRC projects are in road-safe condition, are routinely maintained, not overloaded, and are driven with care. Contract conditions will include penalties and progressive discipline for non-compliance.

Construction site safety measures will be implemented rigorously for residents and workers. On-site security personnel will attempt to ensure that children and other local people do not encroach on areas where house construction is underway. Parents will be encouraged by means of posters, handouts, and community meetings to keep their children away from dangerous areas of traffic movement and construction activities.

3.2.2.2 Environment and Public Health

Specifications in contracts with haulage companies will include requirements that vehicle noise and exhaust emissions are controlled, i.e., mufflers are in good condition and are operating effectively, and that emission controls are in place so that there are no visible fumes from trucks under full load. Contracts will require vehicles transporting dusty materials (e.g., soil or sand) to use covers to minimise blow-off. The same requirements will apply to IFRC vehicles.

During dry conditions, dust created by vehicle movements is a severe problem along dirt sections of the Banda Aceh to Calang road. Poor visibility due to clouds of road dust significantly increases the hazards for vehicles, motorcycles, pedestrians, bystanders, and animals. It is also a health hazard and a nuisance, causing respiratory difficulties and eye irritation, and coating laundry, food, and surfaces inside and outside of homes and other buildings. While many members of beneficiary communities may be willing to endure temporary discomfort and inconvenience to obtain a new home, residents of non-involved villages, and those still waiting for their homes to be built, are unlikely to be as tolerant.

CRC will investigate the feasibility of using road dust suppression measures to reduce the impacts of these emissions on the public. Various commercial formulations are available to control road dust by wetting and binding surface particles. However, it has been shown that spraying seawater on road surfaces is one of the most effective, and inexpensive, means of dust suppression. Magnesium salts are the principal binding ingredients in proprietary solutions, and seawater contains a high concentration of these chemicals. The dust particle binding action is more important than mere



wetting of the surface, since it provides longer-term control of dust emissions. Since all CRC reconstruction sites are near the coast, seawater could provide a cost-effective, simple remedy for the road dust problem. It will be important to ensure that road drainage is channelled directly to the sea to avoid increasing the salinity of soils and freshwater bodies. Responsibility for implementing road dust controls will be determined in discussions between CRC, the Ministry of Public Works, and other government agencies.


ARC plans to obtain freshwater from bore holes, nearby natural springs, and/or shallow wells for delivery by underground high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes to each house, and/or to communal outlets distributed throughout the site. Data from the pre-construction assessment phase will be used to verify that water supply sources are sustainable, and that groundwater will not be depleted, or subject to further seawater incursion. Project management procedures will be implemented to prevent further contamination of groundwater during construction activities.

CRC houses will have gutters and downspouts to capture rainwater from the roof. As a conservation measure, this water could be collected and used to supplement the formal water supply source. Some temporary houses are already equipped with plastic barrels to store roof-drain water, which is used for various purposes such as laundry and watering gardens, but not for consumption because of fears about adverse effects on health. Ongoing education and awareness programs will be needed to familiarise all residents with alternative sources of water supply, and to socialise procedures for water usage and conservation from proposed new distribution and delivery facilities.


ARC WATSAN will install wastewater treatment and disposal facilities at CRC housing sites to handle “black water” from household and public toilets, and grey-water from other domestic and community sources, such as kitchens, markets, school, mosque, public buildings, etc.

Present plans are for each CRC house to be constructed with an adjacent two-compartment, sealed brick and cement septic tank, into which the in-house toilet will drain. Solids will settle in the first compartment, and the overflow to the second compartment will discharge to whichever treatment system is selected by ARC. In informal discussions, men in Aceh Jaya noted that indoor toilets are fine for women, but that male residents would continue to follow traditional practices using various outdoor venues. Consequently, ongoing education and awareness programs will be needed to encourage and promote behaviour changes over time in order to realise the full benefits from the improved sanitation facilities that will be installed.



Assuming that 80% of the water delivered to houses is disposed of as waste, 14,400 L/day will be discharged from the proposed 45 households and community facilities. Grey-water and rainwater runoff from roads and other paved areas will be collected in concrete surface drainage channels that are graded to promote outflow and to minimise standing water. Nearby natural wetlands (Figure 8) could be used to polish the combined wastewater flow prior to final discharge to the ocean. For this reason, and as an environmental conservation measure, efforts will be made to protect wetland areas during and after construction.

3.2.4.1 Flooding

The proposed Cot Langsat housing site is very close to river and sea- level. Although a substantial sand barrier has built up at the beach, the village appears to be vulnerable to inundation under certain natural conditions, and residents reported that flooding occurs during the highest annual tides.

Provision of site drainage will be a priority. Rainwater runoff will be collected in a network of neighbourhood concrete drains and directed to roadside channels flowing to the river or sea. Responsibility for implementing flood control measures will be determined through discussions between CRC, other NGOs, and government agencies, such as the Ministry of Public Works.

3.2.5 Solid Waste Management

For environmental and economic reasons, CRC will implement plans and procedures to minimise generation of solid wastes during construction activities. Wastes are a result of incomplete or inefficient use of purchased natural resources and supplies, and therefore loss control measures are an essential component of project management by CRC. Construction wastes will be stored in specified locations at each site, and regularly transported to a waste site in Banda Aceh when sufficient volume has accumulated. Unused non-renewable raw materials (sand, soil, gravel, rock), and other left-over materials and supplies will be taken to other CRC housing construction sites. Scrap metal, empty paint cans, wood trimmings, and other reusable or recyclable items will be provided to recyclers. Waste disposal requirements, including prohibition of on-site burning or burial of wastes, will be incorporated into contracts with suppliers and construction contractors.

3.2.6 Community Health

A vital component of CRC’s commitment to “build back better communities” is the creation of healthier environmental and living conditions. A recent WHO report7 stated that 88% of debilitating and fatal diarrhoea globally is 7 Prüss-Üstün, A. and Corvalán, C. Preventing disease through healthy environments. Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease. WHO. 2006.



attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene. The report also noted that 40% of malaria deaths in Southeast Asia could be avoided by environmental management of accumulated water in low-spots and open drains, and in water storage sites and wastewater treatment ponds, which provide habitat for mosquito larvae. Incidences of dengue and lymphatic filariasis, for which mosquitoes are also vectors, can also be substantially reduced by such measures.

Improvements in water supply, sanitation, and waste management planned by CRC and ARC are key components of a healthier living environment in Aceh Jaya. In planning and constructing housing sites and the associated infrastructure, CRC and ARC will address the need to minimise standing water by, for example, attending to land preparation and site levelling, rainwater drainage, covered domestic water storage, and eco-management of wetlands.

3.2.7 Community Relations

Elected officials and residents stated that they recognise the community does not have the skills required for housing construction, and will accept construction workers from other parts of Indonesia in order to have their houses built. Workers from elsewhere will be expected to behave appropriately while in the area. CRC will include clauses in contracts to require that employers control their workers to ensure they do not harass or offend the local people. A procedure will be developed in cooperation with village officials to deal with complaints during the planning and construction phases concerning housing, ownership, and land issues; activities of construction workers; environment, health, and safety concerns; community facilities and livelihoods; and other matters related to CRC’s mandate.

3.2.8 Business and Work Opportunities

CRC contracts with transportation and construction firms will require them to make available employment and business opportunities to local residents and neighbouring villages. Although only a few men in the community have construction experience, they and others may be interested in learning trades and skills during the rebuilding project. Openings for truck drivers and assistants will also arise. Small businesses in the area, such as restaurants, market vendors, and fish stalls will benefit from the presence of construction crews, and there could be opportunities for the establishment of a few emergency maintenance and repair shops for vehicles.



3.3 POST-CONSTRUCTION PHASE

3.3.1 Water Supply

Long-term supply of freshwater to communities will be possible only if the water sources are sustainable and are adequately maintained. Watersheds must be protected against indiscriminate logging, which alters water flow and quality, and constraints probably will have to be placed on the withdrawal of shallow and deeper groundwater to prevent its depletion and/or the incursion of saltwater. Responsibility for such actions lies with government agencies, such as the Ministries of Forests, Environment, and Public Works. Maintenance of water supply infrastructure is outlined later.


Settled solids and sludge from toilet waste will have to be removed periodically from septic tanks and safely disposed of. The procedure involves pumping the contents from the first compartment of each septic tank into a tanker truck for transport to a suitable disposal location. Since there are no facilities in Aceh for digestion of sewage sludge, and it is unlikely they will be built for some time, application on land is the simplest, most economical, and probably the only feasible method of sludge disposal for the foreseeable future in Aceh. Care will be needed in selecting locations for, and methods of, application to ensure the sludge does not pose a direct health risk or cause contamination of surface water or groundwater. Consultation with the Ministries of Health, Environment, Forests, and Public Works will be required to develop appropriate procedures and to determine responsibilities for sludge handling and disposal. International donor agencies may provide funding in the future for one or more sludge digestion units to serve Aceh Jaya. Maintenance requirements for sanitation facilities, operations, and infrastructure are described in Section 3.3.7.

3.3.3 Flood Control

After housing construction and infrastructure provisions are completed there will be a need to continually maintain and upgrade flood control installations and provisions. The Department of Public Works and the local community will be responsible for ensuring that any dykes, embankments, drainage channels, river water outflow, and other flood control facilities are adequate and are properly maintained. Assistance and advice should be available from the international community, drawing on experience in other low-lying, flood-prone areas of the world.




Traditional methods of dealing with solid wastes throughout Aceh Jaya involve burning, burying, and dumping in selected and random locations. Combustible organic materials are burned by each household every day or two. Plastics and non-combustibles are buried or deposited on roadsides, stream and river banks, drainage channels, and any other convenient location.

According to a recent UNEP document (Haider 2006 – see previous footnote 5), Aceh Jaya residents generate an estimated 0.6 kg/person/day of solid waste. Another report (ESP - see previous footnote 4) estimates 2.5 L waste per capita per day at a density of 0.2 – 0.3 kg/L, which is in line with the UNEP figure. An estimated 65 – 80% of the waste is organic kitchen and garden material, which could be composted rather than burned.

Based on the above data, the projected initial population will generate an estimated 90 kg (0.4 m3) of domestic solid waste per day. Interpolating figures in the ESP report4, markets and public facilities are predicted to contribute a further 25% or thereabouts, resulting in a total of approximately 110 kg (0.5 m3) of garbage daily. Installation of receptacles for individual household waste is planned for the construction phase and, in time, provisions will be made for garbage pick-up, transfer to a temporary storage site (TPS), and subsequent final disposal in a sanitary landfill (TPA). In order to be used, new provisions for waste disposal will need to be conveniently placed for individual households. Even then, traditional methods of waste handling probably will continue to be the norm in the community for some time to come, until awareness programs and practices are adequately socialised. Development of sanitary landfill facilities for Aceh Jaya are planned through international donor projects, and managed by the Department of Public Works. The private sector could be engaged to collect and transport garbage, and to operate and maintain temporary storage areas and landfills, offering additional sources of livelihoods and income for local residents.

3.3.5 Escape Routes

Consideration has been given to emergency escape routes in the event of another tsunami surge. Cot Langsat is approximately 0.5 km from some low hills (visible in the distance in Figures 4, 7), which may provide refuge if there is sufficient advance warning of a tsunami. Emergency evacuation drills should be introduced for residents.

3.3.6 Landscaping

The proposed housing site is exposed to sun and wind, with no trees, shrubs, or plants to provide shade or protection (Figure 3). Once construction has been completed, the residents could be engaged in landscaping the site to provide shade and shelter, erosion control, fruit and vegetable crops, and



aesthetic benefits. It is likely that various NGOs would be willing to assist with these endeavours.

3.3.7 Facilities Maintenance

Continual, routine maintenance of fresh water and sanitation, flood control, and solid waste handling facilities will be vital to the health, wellbeing, and sustainability of the community. The required activities will also offer new livelihood opportunities to residents.

Fresh water sources and distribution systems will require regular maintenance and prompt repairs to ensure a reliable, safe supply. Sanitation facilities and infrastructure, such as septic tanks and piping, treatment units (leach/tile fields and/or engineered wetlands), and surface drainage and discharge channels must be kept in working order, and free of detritus that could cause blockages. Flood control facilities will have to be maintained. Natural wetlands provide many environmental and ecological benefits, but are also mosquito breeding grounds. Stocking the wetlands with fish will help to minimise larvae populations. In other locations, such as drains and surface pools, standing water should be removed on a routine weekly basis, where practical, to reduce breeding sites for mosquitoes. Solid waste handling and disposal facilities and procedures need daily attention to maintain effective control of health and safety hazards, and to reduce environmental contamination from accidental or intentional dispersion of wastes. Escape routes to and on the hills will need to be kept in good physical condition and clear of obstructions.

Practical procedures and skills for local implementation of maintenance requirements will be developed in collaboration with the community as a component of the awareness, education, and training programs described in the next section. Responsibility for these activities will be shared by various NGOs, government agencies, and community residents.

3.3.8 Environmental Awareness, Education, and Training

Implicit in CRC’s commitment to “build communities”, and the NGO and international donor agencies’ promise to “build back better”, is an obligation to provide support for the software of community development and livelihoods in order to back-up and optimise use of the hardware provided in the form of houses, public facilities, and infrastructure. Traditional lifestyle practices, such as use of the outdoors for toilets, burning and random dumping of garbage, use of surface waters as sewers and solid waste conduits, consumption of impure water supplies, and indiscriminate logging and removal of hillside vegetation are unlikely to change significantly in the short-term, regardless of the improved living conditions and facilities provided by CRC and others.



In the past 50 or so years western countries have implemented waste management programs that have transformed previously dirty, untidy towns and cities, and grossly polluted rivers into cleaner, more healthy living environments. Lessons learned from strategies, plans, and initiatives in these countries can be adapted and applied in Aceh Jaya communities to help raise awareness, change behaviours, and improve understanding of the importance of long-term environmental protection, conservation, and sustainability.

In consultation with local community leaders and residents, and with the governments of Indonesia, Aceh, Aceh Jaya, and the kecamatans, NGOs will need to design, plan, and implement comprehensive awareness, education, and training programs to help optimise the benefits of the new housing developments. Schools, women’s groups, and other community organisations are avenues through which gains can be made in awareness and understanding of the links between lifestyle practices and behaviours, waste management, preventive maintenance, environmental sustainability, and health. Specifically, the following areas should be targeted for awareness, education, and vocational knowledge and skills training:

Water supply and conservation. Rainwater capture, storage, use, and health concerns. Wastewater treatment and disposal. Use and maintenance of sanitation facilities, including engineered

wetlands, if developed. Mosquito control. Solid waste management practices. Composting and recycling of food and garden wastes. Conservation of hillside and forest vegetation for erosion control and

protection of fresh water supplies. Effects of excessive logging on forest and ecological values and

benefits. Conservation of wetlands. Importance of routine maintenance of structures and facilities for water

supply, sanitation, flood control, and solid waste handling and disposal.

Knowledge and skills training in alternative livelihoods, including community facilities’ operation and maintenance requirements.

Other traditional and non-traditional livelihood opportunities.Government-sponsored programs in Aceh Jaya to encourage improved environmental care, analogous to the Ministry of Environment ADIPURA (clean cities) initiative, could promote competition among communities to implement healthier environmental behaviours and practises.



3.3.9 Business Opportunities and Livelihoods

Traditional sources of livelihood, such as fishing, farming, animal husbandry, hunting, and small business enterprises will continue to be the community’s economic base. The rebuilt Banda Aceh to Calang road will be routed close to the old road through Jeumpheuk, bypassing Cot Langsat as in the past. Some employment opportunities will arise through the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure and facilities developed during the rebuilding program. Water supply, wastewater disposal, solid waste handling, and flood control will require ongoing attention and improvement if they are to be sustainable. Business and skills training for new trades and handicrafts may be offered to residents by some of the many NGOs active in Aceh Jaya.

The Aceh Jaya coastline is a scenic attraction, though long-term prospects for tourism in the region depend on the stability of the peace process between GAM and the GOI, and the provision of adequate visitor facilities. Success in these areas could lead to a significant influx of tourists, and economic gains for residents through associated employment opportunities.



4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES (UPL)

CRC will implement the following program to monitor activities that may impact the environment at each stage of the project. Personnel will be assigned to ensure that all elements of the environmental management and monitoring plans are implemented, with the goal of continually improving performance.

4.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE

4.1.1 Land Acquisition

Monitoring plan. Monitor land and cadastral surveys, acquisition, and ownership to ensure complete, equitable allocation of houses to eligible beneficiaries.

Frequency and responsibility. Continually during pre-construction and construction phases by CRC management in Banda Aceh, field officers in Lamno and Calang, and by CRC’s planning contractor, McElhanney.

4.1.2 Risk of Flooding

Monitoring plan. Through interviews with local residents and on-site observations, assess the risk and extent of flooding at the proposed housing sites to determine requirements for improved protective measures. CRC has also retained Seaconsult to advise on the susceptibility of the site to flooding and on flood prevention.

Frequency and responsibility. During land surveys and community planning visits by McElhanney consultant personnel, and Seaconsult assessments.

4.1.3 Raw Material Sources

Monitoring plan. Advocate and track government initiatives to specify and certify authorised sites in Aceh Jaya for extraction of renewable and non-renewable raw materials (i.e., wood, soil, sand, gravel, rock, clay) for housing construction. Monitor availability and locations of surplus non-renewable construction raw materials produced during route preparation for construction of the USAID road from Banda Aceh to Calang. Monitor the preparation of CRC contracts with raw material suppliers and transportation companies to ensure requirements that materials are obtained only from authorised sources, and penalties for non-compliance, are specified.



Frequency and responsibility. As required in discussions on development of government-authorised sites and for contract terms by CRC management in Banda Aceh. For USAID roadworks, weekly by CRC field officers.


Monitoring plan. Sample and analyse potential sources of fresh water to assess their quality, quantity, sustainability, and suitability for potable and other uses.

Frequency and responsibility. Monthly by ARC for each prospective source until a decision has been made.


Monitoring plan. Assess performance needs for wastewater treatment facilities, and monitor space requirements and availability at each housing area based on projected population and land use to specify the optimum process, configuration, and construction for wastewater treatment and disposal. Monitor natural wetland water quality and wastewater polishing capacity at each site.

Frequency and responsibility. Continuously by ARC for treatment performance and space needs, and monthly for natural wetland water quality and polishing capability until a decision has been made on the location, design, and configuration of wastewater treatment facilities and discharges.

4.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

4.2.1 Raw Material Sources and Construction Supplies

Monitoring plan. Visual spot checks will be conducted at locations where non-renewable raw materials are extracted (a) to verify that only authorised sources are used; (b) to assess environmental impacts of extraction procedures with regard to erosion potential, impacts on watershed integrity, and aesthetic effects; (c) and to ensure that raw material shipments are accompanied by valid documentation. Spot checks will also be carried out on documentation provided by transportation company employees when delivering loads to housing sites to monitor compliance with contract requirements for acquisition of supplies only from authorised locations. For wood shipments, monitor the accompanying documentation to verify that the source and legality of supplies are in accordance with contract requirements.

Frequency and responsibility. Daily for documentation with deliveries of non-renewable raw materials at construction sites; weekly for non-renewable



supply sources; and for every shipment of lumber throughout the construction period. CRC Banda Aceh management will be responsible for planning and implementing the monitoring program with support from staff environmental advisors and field officers.

4.2.2 Transportation of Materials and Supplies

Monitoring plan. Transportation logistics for materials and supplies will be monitored to ensure efficiency, cost effectiveness, and minimum environmental impacts. Environmentally-related factors to be monitored will include optimum use of truck load capacity, minimum haulage distance, and scheduling to provide timely deliveries to building sites.

Frequency and responsibility. Daily by CRC construction management personnel and field officers.

4.2.2.1 Safety, Environment, and Health

Monitoring plan. Spot checks will be carried out to verify:

Safe road conditions, and adequate posting of road signs; the Ministry of Public Works will be notified of any deficiencies.

Safe loading and roadworthy condition of vehicles transporting construction materials and equipment, and competent driving by operators. Monitoring will include checks that vehicle mufflers and exhaust emission controls are operating effectively, and that truck boxes are fitted with covers when dusty loads are carried. Drivers and truck owners will be notified of any deficiencies, and cautioned, if necessary, regarding future performance and consequences of subsequent non-compliance with contract terms and conditions.

The effectiveness of road dust suppression measures. Any additional mitigation measures required will be immediately communicated to personnel responsible for dust control.

Flooded road sections, and “wetspots” where mud pits have formed due to rainfall, are provided with means of safe passage.

Adequate measures are in place to protect the environment, and the health and safety of community members on construction sites.

Interviews will be conducted at communities along transportation routes to monitor public opinion regarding the effectiveness of health, safety, and environmental management measures. Community meetings and informal discussions with local residents will provide opportunities to monitor feedback on construction site environmental, health, and safety procedures.



Frequency and responsibility. All the above monitoring activities will be carried out daily by staff environmental advisors and field officers, reporting to CRC construction management personnel.


Monitoring plan. Construction of water delivery systems from source(s) to housing sites will be monitored to ensure piping is routed so as to cause minimum environmental impact. Water sources will be monitored by visual inspection and sampling to ensure water quality is maintained and extraction of water does not significantly impact other important uses or watershed needs. Configurations and procedures for rainwater conservation and use will be monitored to optimise efficiency of recovery, storage, and use. Rainwater captured from house roof drains, and groundwater, will be sampled to assess ongoing water quality for future decisions on alternative and supplementary sources of supply and, for groundwater, to also ensure construction activities are not causing contamination.

Frequency and responsibility. ARC personnel will be responsible for monitoring any impacts during the installation of water supply infrastructure, and for assessing water quality. Monitoring of delivery systems will be on a continual basis during installation. Spring water and groundwater sampling will be conducted monthly during housing construction. Roof drain rainwater will be sampled quarterly to monitor changes due to seasonal variations and storage time. Samples will be analysed in accordance with requirements in Decision of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 907/MENKES/VII/2002 concerning Drinking Water Quality Supervision and its Requirements.


Monitoring plan. During construction of wastewater treatment and disposal facilities, the design and location of installations such as septic tanks, piping, leach/tile fields, surface drains, and engineered wetlands will be monitored to control potential impacts on the natural environment, in particular, on surface waters and groundwater. Groundwater quality sampling will be conducted as described under the water supply and use monitoring plan. Wetlands water, vegetation, and bottom sediments will also be sampled to acquire further baseline data and to assess purification and waste assimilation capacity.

Frequency and responsibility. ARC personnel will be responsible for monitoring the installation of wastewater treatment and disposal infrastructure. Construction of facilities will be monitored daily. Sampling for laboratory analysis will be conducted monthly for groundwater, and quarterly (three-month intervals) for wetlands.




Monitoring plan. Waste minimisation, reuse, recycle, storage, and disposal will be monitored during the construction phase to ensure efficient use of raw materials and supplies, and to reduce environmental impacts of disposal. Proper use of on-site solid waste storage areas will be checked, as will the effectiveness of reuse and recycling initiatives, and the transport of wastes to a final authorised disposal site. Amounts of various types of wastes, such as raw materials, metal and wood trimmings, paint cans, unused cement, packaging, etc. will be logged to improve construction management procedures and loss controls, and to reduce environmental impacts.

Frequency and responsibility. CRC construction managers will be responsible for ensuring that contractors, staff environmental advisors and field officers continually monitor solid waste handling and disposal procedures during construction, including the prohibition on burning and burying wastes.

4.2.6 Community Health

Monitoring plan. Site surveys will be conducted during the construction phase to detect temporary, and potential permanent, low spots on housing sites, where water could accumulate and provide breeding sites for mosquitoes. Rainwater drains will also be monitored to identify and remediate locations where water may pool.

Frequency and responsibility. Monitoring of site preparation and drainage channels for actual and potential water accumulation will be conducted routinely by CRC and ARC environmental staff and field officers at a minimum frequency of once per week. Corrective measures, if required, will be conveyed to construction managers.

4.2.7 Community Relations

Monitoring plan. Internal community relations concerning provision and construction of houses, and relations between residents and construction crews will be assessed through formal and informal discussions with community officials, family members, and workers. The effectiveness of complaint procedures will be monitored, and adjustments made if needed to ensure prompt and fair treatment of any issues.

Frequency and responsibility. CRC field managers and officers will be responsible on an ongoing basis during construction to monitor internal and external community relations and, jointly with community leaders, to facilitate resolution of complaints and disputes related to housing construction.



4.2.8 Business and Work Opportunities

Monitoring plan. Through communication and exchange of ideas with village leaders and residents, opportunities will be assessed for ways in which local people can participate directly and indirectly in housing construction employment and related businesses. Contractor employee rosters, and postings for openings will be monitored to ensure local representation is considered, when possible.

Frequency and responsibility. CRC field managers and officers on an ongoing basis during the construction phase.

4.3 POST-CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Comprehensive maintenance, monitoring, education, awareness, and skills training programs will be essential to ensure the sustainability and wellbeing of the rebuilt community. CRC cannot commit to undertake long-term maintenance or environmental monitoring of Aceh Jaya communities, and it will be incumbent on national, provincial, and local governments to provide support for facilities and infrastructure provided in the “build back better” initiatives of the Shelter Program, with potential input from donor agencies. CRC will engage in discussions with the various levels of government, NGOs, and foreign government aid agencies to facilitate establishment of responsibilities for ongoing maintenance and monitoring. The following proposed monitoring plan to address long-term needs of the new community is subject to amendment by agencies who ultimately will be accountable for implementing the plan.


Monitoring plan and frequency. If spring-water is used as a source of supply, the surrounding watershed areas must be monitored to ensure that logging and other potentially destructive activities do not adversely affect water quality and quantity. Year-round sufficiency of supply must be verified by monitoring seasonal variations of the volume available. All sources of water used in the community, including shallow groundwater and borehole water supplies, if used, should be sampled and analysed routinely to assess their suitability for human consumption and other uses. Water should be obtained from all sources (spring, borehole, and a representative number of shallow wells), for analysis of relevant parameters related to drinking water and other household uses.

Watershed conditions, and year-round flow-rate and volume from spring and borehole sources, should be monitored monthly for at least the first two years. Water quality surveys should be conducted initially on a monthly schedule, progressively decreasing to quarterly (every three months) if laboratory results demonstrate that water quality is acceptable. This is a key public health issue.




Monitoring plan and frequency. Wastewater and rainwater run-off should be initially sampled monthly at surface locations where they discharge to receiving waters such as wetland, river, stream, or ocean. Monthly monitoring of surface receiving water quality also should be undertaken in the vicinity of discharges or subsurface outflows for early detection of any contamination. Groundwater sampling for the water supply monitoring program will also provide information on any subsurface contamination due to wastewater treatment and disposal. Water quality variables to be monitored will be in accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 82/2001 concerning Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control, and State Minister of Environment Decree No. 115/2003 concerning Guidelines for Determining the Status of Water Quality.

The volume of septic tank sludge should be monitored at six month intervals for a representative number of households to determine the rate of accumulation and required frequency of removal. To protect the environment and public health, sludge application on land, and any adjacent water bodies, including groundwater, must be monitored monthly for the first six months after application, and subsequently at a frequency to be determined through consultation with Bapedalda and other relevant Ministries. Soil pathogens, and water quality variables required by the above-noted legislation should be monitored.


Monitoring plan and frequency. Solid waste management plans for the community have not yet been developed. It will be necessary to monitor volumes and, if possible, weights and general classes of solid wastes generated, initially on a weekly basis, to optimise plans for reuse, recycle, and disposal. Disposal practices and preferences of residents, market stall owners, and other businesses should be also be monitored each week to design appropriate handling and transportation plans, and suitable awareness and education programs for the community. Plans for neighbouring communities should be monitored with a view to coordinating solid waste management plans.

4.3.4 Escape Routes

Monitoring plan and frequency. Accessibility and stability of escape routes should be visually inspected each month to ensure they are in good condition, free of obstructions, and safe to use. Emergency evacuation drills for residents should be conducted and independently observed every three months initially, until residents are familiar with the procedures.



4.3.5 Landscaping

Monitoring plan and frequency. The effectiveness of landscaping initiatives in providing shade and attractive and useful garden and community crops should be monitored periodically.

4.3.6 Facilities Maintenance

Monitoring plan and frequency. Maintenance procedures for fresh water sources and distribution, sanitation, flood control, and solid waste handling and disposal facilities and operations should be monitored daily to verify their effectiveness as part of a community development program.

4.3.7 Environmental Awareness, Education, and Training

Monitoring plan and frequency. Evaluation of the effectiveness and success of education and training programs should be an integral component of their design. Monitoring the retention, understanding, and transfer of knowledge, skills, and behaviours into everyday living, and consequent effects on the quality of the environment, public health, and individual and community lifestyles should be incorporated into each program as a feedback mechanism to improve content, communication, and training methods.

4.3.8 Business Opportunities and Livelihoods

Monitoring plan and frequency. Ongoing assessment should be undertaken of emerging business and livelihood opportunities in the community, and of successful and unsuccessful ventures and skills training to refine and improve methods of identification and implementation. Monitoring new business and employment opportunities needs to be a permanent focus for the community, assisted by government, NGOs, and other donor agencies.

4.4 RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES AND FUNDING FOR UKL/UPL

Implementation, funding, and oversight of the environmental management and monitoring plans will be the responsibility of the agencies shown in Table 4.1.



Table 4.1 Implementation of environmental management activities (UKL) and environmental monitoring activities (UPL).

UKL/UPL Activity ProjectPhase

Responsible Agency Funding Oversight Agency1

Land acquisition Pre-construct. BRR, BPN BRR, BPN BRR, BPN

Flood control:

Drainage and barriers

Pre-construct. CRC CRCBapedalda,

Ministry of Public WorksConstruction TBD2 TBD2

Post-construct. Local Gov’t TBD2

Raw material sources – authorised supplies

Pre-construct. CRC, Bapedalda, Ministry of

Energy and Min. Res.

Ministry of Energy and Min.

Res.Bapedalda,

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

Construction CRC CRC

Transportation of materials – health, safety, environment

Pre-construct. CRC CRC

Bapedalda,Ministry of Public Works

Construction CRC CRC

Road maintenance Construction CRC, Ministry of Public Works

CRC, Ministry of Public Works

Vehicle maintenance Construction CRC CRC Bapedalda

Water supply and distribution

Pre-construct. ARC ARC Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and Public Works

Construction ARC ARC


Wastewater and sanitation

Pre-construct. ARC ARC Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and Public Works

Construction ARC ARC


Solid waste management

Construction CRC CRC Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and Public Works


Community health Construction CRC CRC Bapedalda, Ministry of Health


Community relations Construction CRC CRC Ministry of Social Affairs


Business and work opportunities

Construction CRC CRC Ministry of Labour and Transmigration


Escape routes Post-construct. Local Gov’t TBD2 Bapedalda,Ministry of Health

1 District level office, except for Bapedalda. 2 To be determined. NGOs and other donors are potential funding agencies and responsible parties.



Table 4.1 (cont’d.) Implementation of environmental management activities (UKL) and environmental monitoring activities (UPL).

UKL/UPL Activity ProjectPhase

Responsible Agency Funding Oversight Agency1

Landscaping Construction CRC CRC Bapedalda


Facilities maintenance

Post-construct. Local Gov’t, TBD2

TBD2 Ministry of Public Works

Environmental awareness, education and skills training

Post-construct. Local Gov’t, TBD2

TBD2 Bapedalda,Ministry of Labour and

Transmigration1 District level office, except for Bapedalda. 2 To be determined. NGOs and other donors are potential funding agencies and responsible parties.



FIGURES

Figure 1 Cot Langsat before tsunami (Ikonos, 10-01-2003; McElhanney image).

CRC Environmental Assessment, UKL/UPL Cot Langsat 38 Hatfield Indonesia

Figure 2 Cot Langsat after tsunami (Orthophoto, 06-2005; McElhanney image).



Figure 3 Panorama of Cot Langsat housing site.


Figure 4 Cot Langsat site wetland grasses. Figure 5 Temporary houses at Cot Langsat.

Figure 6 Mixed wetland vegetation. Figure 7 Site vegetation - Ipomoiea Pescaprae vine, reeds (Sacharum sp.), grasses.

Figure 8 Wetlands adjacent to Cot Langsat housing site.



Appendix A

Water Quality Assessment

APPENDIX A

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

FIELD SAMPLING METHODS

Sample Containers, Sample Storage and Shipment – General Information

Table A1 provides details of sample bottle materials, volumes, and preservation methods for the various types of analysis. All bottles were new, and pre-treated by the analytical laboratory when required, before shipment to the field. The volume and number of bottles were sufficient to permit a full suite of analyses to be conducted. The mouth of each plastic bottle was fitted with a polyethylene insert and cap to form a double seal. Metal caps on glass bottles had a polystyrene liner or polyethylene insert to prevent direct contact of the water sample with metal, and to provide an airtight seal. At all times, care was taken to eliminate the risk of contaminating sampling equipment, bottle and bottle cap surfaces, and the collected samples.

The initial portion of water obtained was used to rinse the sample collection containers, i.e., a plastic bucket and plastic scoop, prior to collecting sufficient volume for analysis. The sample was gently agitated in the bucket to maintain homogeneity during the period of transfer to sample bottles. Chemical preservative was added to an analysis bottle, if required (as indicated in Table A1), immediately after transferring a water sample from a bucket to the bottle using the plastic scoop. Bottles were filled completely to avoid air entrainment. A travel blank containing deionised water was included in the sampling program.

Following collection, sample bottles were stored in insulated coolers, and chilled using pre-frozen plastic ice packs prior to shipment by air from Banda Aceh to Jakarta at the end of the day. Glass sample bottles were protected from breakage during storage and shipment using plastic “bubble wrap”. Coolers were sealed by airline security personnel in the presence of the sampling team prior to loading at Banda Aceh airport. A Hatfield Indonesia technical staff member accompanied the samples from the time of collection to the point of delivery and acceptance for chemical analysis at ALS Indonesia laboratory, Bogor within 24 hours of collection. Documented chain of custody procedures were followed to ensure sample integrity.

Sampling ProceduresTable A2 shows the sample location and coordinates. Water from a communal shallow dug well used by current residents of Cot Langsat was collected with the bucket in regular use at the well. The sample was clear and was bottled and preserved directly without filtration.



LABORATORY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Analysis of the water sample was undertaken by PT ALS Indonesia laboratory in Bogor, West Java. A summary of the analytical methods used is presented in the following sections.

The sample was analysed in accordance with requirements in Decision of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 907/MENKES/VII/2002 concerning Drinking Water Quality Supervision and its Requirements, omitting odour, taste, total cyanide, radioactivity, VOC, and pesticides; and adding TSS, alkalinity, salinity, ammonia, calcium, magnesium, potassium, COD, BOD5, oil and grease. Physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics were analysed using APHA procedures described in “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater”, 20th edition. Method references are listed in Table A3, together with detection limits for each analysis.

Laboratory Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Procedures conformed with international standards of quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) throughout the analyses. The chain of custody that began in the field at the time of collection was continued on receipt of the sample at the laboratory. A copy of the chain of custody form was returned to PT Hatfield Indonesia with the paper copy of the completed analysis results.

Elements of quality control routinely undertaken by ALS Indonesia include method blanks, replicate analyses of samples, spike recoveries, and analysis of certified and standard reference samples to assess accuracy and precision. A travel blank was included with the samples submitted. This is a sample of laboratory deionised water that is taken to the field and returned unopened to the laboratory as a means of monitoring potential contamination during shipment.

QA provides an overall assessment of analytical laboratory competence and procedures, and includes participation in inter-laboratory analysis programmes, control charting of methods and instrumental performance, statistical analysis of laboratory QC data trends over time, and certification by independent external agencies. Quality control procedures included:

1. Replicate laboratory analyses.2. Method blank analyses of deionised water.3. Determinations of analyte recoveries from reference samples (see

Table A3).



Table A1 Sample bottles, volumes, and preservation methods.

Analysis Bottle type Vol (mL) PreservativeMajor cations, anions; physical properties Polyethylene 1000 NoneMetals Polyethylene 125 10% Nitric acidMercury Amber glass 125 10% Nitric acidHexavalent chromium Polyethylene 250 10% Sulphuric acidSulphide Polyethylene 125 10% Zinc acetate and

sodium hydroxideAmmonia, nitrate, nitrite Polyethylene 250 10% Sulphuric acidSurfactants, COD Amber glass 1000 10% Sulphuric acidOil and grease Amber glass 1000 Pre-rinsed with solventColiforms Polycarbonate 100 Sterilized

Table A2 Water sample collected from Cot Langsat.

Location Coordinates Date/Time Depth (m)

New public wellN 4 49 37.6E 95 26 23.7

15-04-0710.25 1

Table A3 Laboratory analytical methods, detection limits, and quality control results.

Analysis Units Detection Limit Method1 Method

Blank2

Reference Material

% Recovery3

Physical TestsColour TCU 5 APHA 2120D ND 96

pH - - APHA 4500H ND -

Hardness-total (calculated) mg/L 1 APHA 2340B ND -

Salinity 0/00 0.5 APHA 2520B ND -

Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 1 APHA 2540C ND -

Total Suspended Solids mg/L 1 APHA 2540D ND 99

Turbidity NTU 0.5 APHA 2130B ND -

Dissolved AnionsAlkalinity-total as CaCO3 mg/L 1 APHA 3230B ND 95

Chloride Cl- mg/L 0.5 APHA 4500 Cl- E ND 106

Fluoride F- mg/L 0.02 APHA 4500 F- C ND -

Sulphate SO42- mg/L 2 APHA 4500 SO4

2- E ND -

Sulphide H2S mg/L 0.02 APHA 4500 S2- G ND -

NutrientsAmmonia - N mg/L 0.02 APHA 4500 NH3 D ND 98

Nitrate - N mg/L 0.005 APHA 4500 NO3 E ND 95

Nitrite - N mg/L 0.001 APHA 4500 NO2 B ND 971 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition. APHA, AWWA, WPCF.2 Method blank ND for each sample set. ND = Not Detected. 3 Percentage recovery of known amount of reference

material.



Table A3 (cont’d) Laboratory analytical methods, detection limits, and quality control results.

Analysis Units Detection Limit Method1 Method

Blank2

Reference Material

% Recovery3

MetalsAluminum Al mg/L 0.01 APHA 3125B ND 96Arsenic As mg/L 0.0005 APHA 3114C ND 89Barium Ba mg/L 0.01 APHA 3125B ND 102Cadmium Cd mg/L 0.0001 APHA3125B ND 99Calcium Ca mg/L 0.05 APHA 3120B ND 115Chromium VI Cr mg/L 0.01 APHA 3500 Cr B ND -Copper Cu mg/L 0.01 APHA 3120B ND 98Iron Fe mg/L 0.005 APHA 3120B ND 99Lead Pb mg/L 0.05 APHA 3120B ND 102Magnesium Mg mg/L 0.05 APHA 3120B ND 102Manganese Mn mg/L 0.01 APHA 3120B ND 97Mercury Hg mg/L 0.00005 APHA 3112B ND 90Potassium K mg/L 0.05 APHA 3111B ND 111Selenium Se mg/L 0.0005 APHA 3114C ND 99Silver Ag mg/L 0.02 APHA 3120B ND 90Sodium Na mg/L 0.05 APHA 3111B ND 103Zinc Zn mg/L 0.005 APHA 3120B ND 99Organics5-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD5

mg/L 5 APHA 5210C ND 85

Chemical Oxygen Demand COD

mg/L 10 APHA 5220D ND 102

Oil and Grease mg/L 5 APHA 5520D ND 102Surfactants mg/L 0.01 APHA 5540A,B,C ND 111Microbiological TestsE. Coli Bacteria MPN/100

mL1 APHA 9221 ND -

Total Coliform Bacteria MPN/100 mL

1 APHA 9221 ND -

1 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition. APHA, AWWA, WPCF.2 Method blank ND for each sample set. ND = Not Detected. 3 Percentage recovery of known amount of reference

material.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Laboratory analysis results are shown in Table A4 for water from a recently dug communal well fitted with “cin-cin” (concrete liner). The sample met all drinking water criteria for the analyses conducted, except coliform organisms,



for which there is zero tolerance in Ministry of Health Decision 907/MENKES/VII/2002. It is normal practice in Aceh Jaya to boil water before consuming it, which would probably render this source acceptable as a potable supply.

The water had high dissolved solids, hardness, and alkalinity, which together with the higher than normal concentrations of sodium and chloride for groundwater would probably impair its taste. In fact, Cot Langsat residents noted that well-water was slightly salty, especially in the dry season. The hardness would also result in scaling of pans when the water is boiled, due to carbonate deposition, and would cause scum to form and make it difficult to produce a lather when bathing or doing laundry. The above-normal concentrations of sodium, chloride, and sulphate indicated mild contamination by seawater. There were no abnormal heavy metal concentrations, and the concentrations of nutrients and organic material were low.

Table A4 Laboratory analysis results for a well-water sample from Cot Langsat.

Analysis Result Analysis Result

Physical Characteristics MetalsColour TCU <0.5 Aluminum mg/L 0.05

Total dissolved solids mg/L 362 Arsenic mg/L <0.0005

Total suspended solids mg/L <1 Barium mg/L 0.07

Turbidity NTU 2.4 Cadmium mg/L <0.0001

Dissolved Anions Calcium mg/L 41.7

Total alkalinity mg/L CaCO3 172 Chromium VI mg/L <0.01

Total hardness mg/L CaCO3 123 Copper mg/L <0.001

Salinity 0/00 1 Iron mg/L 0.03

Chloride Cl- mg/L 88.2 Lead mg/L <0.05

Fluoride F- mg/L 0.12 Magnesium mg/L 4.48

Sulphate SO4= mg/L 31 Manganese mg/L 0.09

Sulphide S= mg/L <0.02 Mercury mg/L <0.00005

Nutrients Potassium mg/L 8.00

Ammonia mg N/L 0.18 Selenium mg/L <0.0005

Nitrate mg N/L 1.12 Silver mg/L <0.02

Nitrite mg N/L 0.10 Sodium mg/L 93.7

Organics Zinc mg/L <0.005

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) mg/L <5 Microbiological testsChemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/L <10 Total coliform bacteria

MPN/100mL 308

Surfactants (MBAS) mg/L 1.7 E. Coli PN/100mL

15

Oil and grease mg/L <5





Appendix B

UKL and UPL Matrixes

Table B1 UKL Matrix, Pre-Construction Phase.

Environmental Component Source of Impacts Potential Impacts Measurement Implications for

Environmental Mitigation Location Implementer

Land, water Land acquisition Adverse impacts on valued environmental components

Loss of valued environmental components

Minimise encroachment on valued environmental components

Existing and relocation housing sites

BRR, BPN, CRC

Land, water Incursion of seawater and river water

Flooding Land elevation above sea-level. Historical accounts of flooding

Avoid construction in flood-prone low-lying sites


CRC, Bapedalda,Ministry of

Public WorksLand, water Removal of non-

renewable raw materials (sand, soil, gravel, rock, clay, etc.)

Erosion, landslides, watershed contamination, aesthetic damage

Availability of authorised, certified sites for acquisition of raw materials

Identify authorised, certified sites for removal of raw materials prior to construction

Aceh Jaya and Aceh Besar

Bapedalda, Ministry of

Energy and Mineral

ResourcesLand, water Deforestation due

to logging for construction lumber supplies

Loss of forest habitat and species, erosion, landslides, watershed contamination, aesthetic damage

Availability and sourcing of authorised, certified supplies of construction timber

Contracts specifying use of timber only from authorised, preferably certified, sources

NAD, Sumatera, Indonesia

CRC, Bapedalda, Ministry of

ForestsLand, air Brick manufacture Loss of forest habitat and

species due to removal of wood for fuel. Air pollution from kilns. Clay removal from agricultural land

Construction needs for bricks compared with brickworks production capacity and fuel requirements.

Use of alternative construction materials to bricks. Use of tsunami wood debris for fuel to temporarily ameliorate forest depletion


CRC, Bapedalda

Land, air Transportation of materials

Dust, noise, vehicle exhaust emissions, public health and safety

Requirements for contractors to control emissions

Contract specifications requiring emission controls, and maintenance of equipment and roads

Roads, raw material and construction sites

CRC, Ministry of

Public Works

Land, water Water supply sources and distribution networks

Loss of water and terrestrial resources. Public health

Distance from water source to points of use. Availability of adequate quantity and quality of supply

Water sources planning to minimise resource depletion and terrestrial impacts, and ensure a sustainable supply of suitable quality

At and near existing and relocation housing sites

ARC, CRC, Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and

Public Works Land, water, air Wastewater and

sanitationLand, water, and air contamination. Public health

Groundwater and surface water quality and distance from waste disposal sites

Planning and development of suitable wastewater and solid waste disposal and treatment facilities to maintain public and environmental health


ARC, CRC, Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and

Public Works

Community health and relations

In-migration of workers

Potential for social conflict and disease

Community health and wellbeing

Contracts specifying worker health pre-screening and behaviour on-site


CRC, Ministries of Health and Social Affairs


Table B1 (cont’d.) UKL Matrix, Construction Phase.Environmental

Component Source of Impacts Potential Impacts Measurement Implications for Environmental Mitigation Location Implementer


Flooding Observation of tidal height and incursions, and site drainage patterns

Installation of site drainage, and barriers to seawater incursion


TBD1, Bapedalda,Ministry of Public Works

Land, water Extraction and removal of non-renewable raw materials (sand, soil, gravel, rock, clay, etc.) for housing construction


Consistent use of authorised, certified sites for acquisition of raw materials

Conduct raw material extraction in ways that minimise environmental damage. Ensure contractors deliver materials obtained only from authorised locations.


CRC, Bapedalda, Ministry of Energy and

Mineral Resources

Land, water,air Deforestation due to logging for construction lumber supplies


Use of authorised, certified sites for acquisition of construction timber

Use only timber from authorised, preferably certified, sources

Aceh Jaya CRC, Bapedalda, Ministry of Forests



Conformance of contractors with requirements to control vehicle emissions. Road dust suppression and safety measures

Monitoring and enforcement of specifications requiring emission controls and maintenance of equipment. Supervision of road maintenance procedures

Roads, raw material acquisition, construction sites

CRC, Ministry of Public Works


Loss of water and terrestrial resources. Public health

Contamination of water sources, and destruction of terrestrial resources

Use construction procedures that minimise resource depletion and terrestrial impacts


ARC, Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and

Public Works

Land, water, air Wastewater and sanitation

Land, water, and air contamination. Public health

Groundwater and surface water quality

Construct wastewater disposal and treatment facilities and infrastructure to minimise impacts on aquatic resources


ARC, Bapedalda, Ministries of Health, and

Public Works

Land, water, air Solid waste disposal

Land, water, and air contamination. Public health

Construction site and neighbouring land contamination, groundwater and surface water quality

Optimise materials procurement and delivery schedules, use and recycle procedures. Implement on-site waste storage and disposal practices


CRC, Bapedalda, Dinas Kebersihan

Community and worker health and safety

Acquisition and transport of raw materials and construction supplies, and on-site construction activities

Dust, noise, vehicle exhaust emissions, worker and public health and safety

Implementation of transportation and construction site safety procedures

Optimise materials procurement and delivery schedules. Implement transportation and construction site safety procedures

Roads, raw material acquisition and construction sites

CRC, Ministries of Health and

Public Works

Community relations

In-migration of workers, community jealousies

Social conflict and disease

Community health, wellbeing, and harmony

Enforce worker code of behaviour. Effective communications between CRC, community members,


CRC, Ministries of Health and Social Affairs


contractors, and workers 1 TBD – To be determined


Table B1 (cont’d.) UKL Matrix, Post-Construction Phase.Environmental

Component Source of Impacts Potential Impacts Measurement Implications for Environmental Mitigation Location Implementer

Land, water Tsunami, high tides and winds, high river flows

Flooding Effectiveness of flood control facilities and infrastructure

Continual improvement and maintenance of site drainage and barriers to flooding from sea and river. Provide and maintain escape routes


Local Gov’t,Ministry of Public

Works


Loss or contamination of water and terrestrial resources. Adverse effects on public health

Sustainability and contamination of water sources and distribution systems, and activities in watersheds. Community health status

Preventive maintenance of watershed and other sources of supply and distribution systems. Control logging and other impacts in watersheds. Keep water supply and water and solid waste disposal separated


Local Gov’t, Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and Public

Works


Land, water, and air contamination. Adverse effects on public health

Groundwater and surface water quality. Community health status

Preventive maintenance of wastewater disposal and treatment facilities and infrastructure. Keep wastewater disposal separate from water supply.


Local Gov’t, Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and Public

Works


Land, water, and air contamination

Amounts and types of solid wastes. Community and neighbouring land contamination, groundwater and surface water quality. Community health status

Implement waste reduction, recycling, storage, transfer, and disposal procedures in the community


NGO, Bapedalda, Dinas Kebersihan

Community health Community sanitation, water supply, and living conditions

Disease Community health status, water quality, waste disposal practices

Implement education and training programs for environmental and public health awareness, and facilities maintenance. Provide public recreation facilities


NGO, Local Gov’t, Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and Public

Works

Livelihoods Business and work opportunities

Community wellbeing and sustainability. Environmental degradation

Employment and business development. Community prosperity and wellbeing

Implement education and training programs for sustainable livelihoods and skills development


NGO, Local Gov’t, Ministry of Labour &

Transmigration

Landscaping Exposure to weather

Overheating, erosion, community health

Shade and groundcover Plant shade trees, encourage market gardening, enhance and maintain hillside vegetation for erosion control


NGO, Local Gov’t


Deteriorating infrastructure

Degraded water supply, and wastewater and solid waste disposal facilities; increased public health problems

Condition of natural resources, water supply, sanitation, and waste disposal facilities and infrastructure

Training and skills development in facilities maintenance and waste disposal for community members. Implement waste disposal and facilities maintenance procedures


NGO, Local Gov’t, Ministries of Health,

Education, and Public Works

Public environmental awareness and training

Traditional lifestyles and practices

Deterioration of natural environment and community facilities

Community environmental and health awareness and behaviour change

Implement education and training programs for environmental and public health awareness, and sustainable livelihoods


NGO, Local Gov’t, Ministries of Health,

Education, and Labour


Table B2 UPL Matrix, Pre-Construction Phase.Environmental

Component Source of Impacts Potential Impacts Measurement Monitoring Method Monitoring Period Location Implementer

Land, water Land acquisition Adverse impacts on valued environmental components

Loss of valued environmental components

Land and cadastral surveys

Pre-construction, construction phases


CRC, BRR, BPN


Flooding Land elevation above sea-level. Historical accounts of flooding

Interviews with local residents and on-site observations

Pre-construction phase


CRC

Land, water Removal of non-renewable raw materials (sand, soil, gravel, rock, clay, etc.)


Availability of authorised, certified sites for acquisition of raw materials

CRC to advocate government initiatives to identify and certify raw material sources


Aceh Jaya Bapedalda, Ministry of Energy and Mineral

Resources

Land, water Deforestation due to logging for construction lumber supplies


Availability and sourcing of authorised, certified supplies of construction timber

Monitor availability of lumber and procedures for obtaining it from certified sources in Indonesia and abroad


NAD, Sumatera, Indonesia

CRC, NGO community, Bapedalda, Ministry of

Forests

Land, air Brick manufacture Loss of forest habitat and species due to removal of wood for fuel. Air pollution from kilns. Clay removal from agricultural land

Construction needs for bricks compared with brickworks production capacity and fuel needs.

Review feasibility of using alternative construction materials, and improvements to brickworks operations


Aceh Jaya CRC



Requirements for contractors to control emissions

Monitor contract specifications for transportation


CRC office CRC


Loss of water and terrestrial resources

Distance from water source to points of use. Availability of adequate quantity and quality

Routine sampling and analysis of water sources and available volumes of supply



ARC




Monitor groundwater and surface water quality, and treatment facilities performance



ARC

Community health and relations

In-migration of workers


Community health and wellbeing

Monitor contract specifications for construction and transportation


CRC office CRC


companies


Table B2 (cont’d.) UPL Matrix, Construction Phase.Environmental



Flooding Land elevation above sea-level.

Observation of tidal height and incursions, and site drainage patterns

Pre-construction, construction phase

Existing and relocation housing

sites

CRC

Land, water Extraction and removal of non-renewable raw materials (sand, soil, gravel, rock, clay, etc.) for housing construction


Consistent use of authorised, certified sites for acquisition of raw materials

Routine spot-checks at materials extraction sites and on transporters’ documentation

Construction phase

Aceh Jaya CRC

Land, water, air Deforestation due to logging for construction lumber supplies


Use of authorised, certified sources for acquisition of construction lumber

Routine verification of documentation accompanying lumber shipments


Aceh Jaya CRC,various NGO



Conformance of contractors with requirements to control vehicle emissions. Road dust suppression and safety measures

Routine spot-checks of emissions and vehicle condition. Effectiveness of road dust suppression and safety measures

Construction phase

Aceh Jaya CRC


Loss of water and terrestrial resources

Contamination of water sources, and destruction of terrestrial resources

Sampling and analysis of water sources and delivery systems, and flow volumes

Pre-construction, construction, post-construction phases


ARC




Sampling and analysis of groundwater and surface waters

Construction, post-construction phases


ARC



Construction site and neighbouring land contamination, groundwater and surface water quality

Monitor material use, on-site temporary waste storage areas, recycling, and waste removal to authorised disposal site

Construction phase

At and near existing and relocation

housing sites, and at disposal site

CRC

Community and worker health and safety

Acquisition and transport of raw materials and construction supplies; construction activities

Dust, noise, vehicle exhaust emissions, worker and public health and safety

Implementation of transportation and construction site safety procedures

Monitor vehicle and dust emissions, noise and construction site safety practices

Construction phase


CRC

Community relations

In-migration of workers, community


Community health, wellbeing, and harmony

Community and worker disease and injury incidence. Frequency

Construction and post-construction phases


CRC


jealousies and effectiveness of community meetings


Table B2 (cont’d.) UPL Matrix, Post-Construction Phase.Environmental


Land, water Tsunami, high tides and winds, high river flows

Flooding Effectiveness of flood control facilities and infrastructure

Routine visual inspection

Ongoing during post-construction phase


Local Gov’t,Ministry of

Public WorksLand, water Water supply

sources and distribution networks

Loss or contamination of water and terrestrial resources. Adverse effects on public health

Sustainability and contamination of water sources and distribution systems, and activities in watersheds. Community health status

Water quality and quantity monitoring program. Watershed management monitoring. Community disease incidence



Local Gov’t, Bapedalda, Ministries of Health and

Public Works


Land, water, and air contamination. Adverse effects on public health

Groundwater and surface water quality. Community health status

Water and wastewater quality monitoring program. Community disease incidence




Public WorksLand, water, air Solid waste

disposalLand, water, and air contamination

Amounts and types of solid wastes. Community and neighbouring land contamination, groundwater and surface water quality. Community health status

Solid waste generation and disposal monitoring program. Community disease incidence.


Existing and relocation housing sites, waste disposal sites

Bapedalda, Dinas

Kebersihan, Ministries of Health and

Public Works

Community health Community sanitation, water supply, and living conditions

Disease Community health status, water quality, waste disposal practices

Community disease incidence.




Public WorksLivelihoods Business and work

opportunitiesCommunity wellbeing and sustainability. Environmental degradation

Employment and business development. Community prosperity and wellbeing

Employment and income statistics



Local Gov’t, Ministry of Labour &

Transmigration

Landscaping Exposure to weather

Overheating, erosion, community health

Shade and groundcover Visual inspection of vegetation in village and hillsides



Local Gov’t


Deteriorating infrastructure

Degraded water supply, and wastewater and solid waste disposal facilities; increased public health problems

Condition of natural resources, water supply, sanitation, and waste disposal facilities and infrastructure

Visual inspection Ongoing during post-construction phase


Local Gov’t, Ministries of

Health, Education, and Public

WorksPublic environmental awareness and training

Traditional lifestyles and practices

Deterioration of natural environment and community facilities

Community environmental and health awareness and behaviour change

Community meetings Ongoing during post-construction phase


Local Gov’t, Ministries of

Health, Education, and Labour

and Transmigratio


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