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1
What is Psychology? David Myers (8th Edition)
Prologue
PowerPoint SlidesMr. Mable
Tucker High School
2012
Student’s will be able to:
• Define Psychology
• Explain the specific jobs Psychologist do
• Name key psychologist in its history
• Describe where Psychology came from
• List the Major Modern Perspectives
• List the types of degrees needed in psych
• Explain how to be a better psych student
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4
Prologue: The Story of Psychology
Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology
Psychological Science is Born
Psychological Science Develops
5
Prologue: The Story of Psychology
Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Big Debate
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
Psychology’s Subfields
Psychology attempts to answer the following questions:
• Why do I do the things that I do?
• _________?
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Behavior vs. CognitiveCognitive
• Cannot normally be seen• Cognitive means ______• It is any mental activity• For example:
dreaming
perception
__________
judgments
planning
Behavior• Can be seen• Something that can be
________• i.e. Pushups
kissing
_______
playing
football
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Psychology’s RootsPrescientific Psychology
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In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas.
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Prescientific PsychologyConfucius (551-479 B.C.)
In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance of an educated
mind.
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Prescientific PsychologyHebrew Scriptures
Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the body.
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Prescientific PsychologySocrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind
continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate.
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Prescientific PsychologyAristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that
knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.
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Aristotle
• Wrote the ____ book about psychology called Peri Psyches
• Greek: “_______”
• The Greek letter ___
Is the symbol of
Modern Psychology.
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Prescientific PsychologyRene Descartes (1596-1650)
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how
the immaterial mind and physical body communicated.
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Prescientific PsychologyFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental
method.
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Prescientific PsychologyJohn Locke (1632-1704)
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences
wrote on it.
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Prescientific Psychology
Mind and body are connected
Mind and body are distinct
The Hebrews Socrates
Aristotle Plato
Augustine Descartes
What is the relation of mind to the body?
22
Prescientific Psychology
Some ideas are inborn
The mind is a blank slate
Socrates Aristotle
Plato Locke
How are ideas formed?
Modern Scientific PsychologyYou should know the differences between:
•_________ = Why?
•Physiology = Science of _________
•Psychology = What Causes ________?
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Psychological Science is Born__________
Wundt and _______ studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting
experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.
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Wilhelm Wundt
• Made the first ________ ________ EVER in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.
• A student of his named G. Stanley ___ made the first Psych lab in the United States at Johns _____ University in Baltimore, MD. His lab was modeled after Wundt’s.
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G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
• Started 1st laboratory in ___
• Invited Sigmund Freud & Jung to visit USA
• Translated Freud’s work into English
• 1st President of the _____
• Founded American Journal of Psychology
• Studied adolescence and childhood
• Promoted the study of educational psychology
• Earliest study of the differences between men and women
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Psychological Science is Born_________
Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism,
which opposed structuralism.
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William James
• Wrote the first modern textbook EVER in _____ called _______ of Psychology.
• James was a professor of Psychology at _______ University.
• Much of what was in his book still holds true today!
29
Gestalt Psychology• A theory of mind and brain that
proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
• Counters attempts to believe one can break down the mind or experience into bits and parts, as if we were machines .
• The idea that we tend to see the “Big Picture”, the forest instead of individual trees. Experience is always more than the sum of its parts
• Gestalt means _________or ________.
What do you see?
35
Psychological Science is BornThe Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the
unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.
Fre
ud
(1856
-1939)
Sigmund FreudAustrian Neurologist (1856-1938)
• Invented Psychoanalysis the “talking cure”
• Unconscious mind• _____ Interpretation• Importance of early
childhood experiences• Theory of personality (Id,
ego, superego)• Defense mechanisms
such as repression, displacement
• ______ conflictTime Magazine voted him the 2nd Most
Influential Person in 20th Century
Sigmund Freud
• Medical Doctor of Neurology.
• “__________ of the Mind”.
• Founded:Psychoanalysis/Psychoanalytic Approach
Dream Analysis
Free Association(the “_____ _____”)
The ____________ Mind
And lots more…
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Psychological Science Develops____________
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as
the subject matter of scientific psychology.
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)Brilliant Russian ScientistWon Nobel Prize in Medicine for study
of the digestive system
Contribution to Psychology
• Concept of the “Conditioned Response”
• Classical __________ (learning by association)
Famous for his
experiments with dogs illustrating
the effects of conditioning
John B. Watson and Behaviorism
• He believed it is _________ to study consciousness.
• ______: the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of ______ behavior
Little Albert – Where is he now?
Watson succeeded in conditioning fear into a normal child who previously did not react fearfully to the sight of a white rat, now the child feared all things white and furry (generalization)
B.F. SkinnerAmerican Psychologist (1904-1990)
• Pioneered “_______Conditioning” which is a kind of conditioning based on reinforcement (rewards & punishment)
• Promoted “Radical Behaviorism”, everything we do, think and say is the result of conditioning
• Invented all kinds of laboratory devices to study the learning process and measure simple behaviors in laboratory animals called a “_______Box”
Skinner Boxes
Skinner was a genius at developing ways to precisely measure behavior in laboratory settings.
46
Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology
_____________ and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our
growth potential and our need for love and _______.
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(1908-1
970)
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Psychology Today
We define psychology today as the
scientific study of _____ (what
we do) and ______ processes (inner thoughts and feelings).
What do we mean by control?
• This means to _____ something for a better outcome.
• This is not an ____ intent
• To make things _____
51
American Psychological Association (Founded 1892)
• Professional organization for Psychologists
• Over 150,000 members
• Sets ethical guidelines for _____
• Lobbies for mental health and psychological issues
• ______colleges that have psychology programs
• Provides conferences, meetings and annual convention on psychological topics
• Encourages scientific research in psychology
• Headquarters in Washington D.C.
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Psychology’s Big Debate
Nature versus Nurture
Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
Darw
in (1
809-1
882)
• _____ versus Experience
• Am I the way I am because I was born that way or because of my _________?
Nature vs. Nurture
Can I ever be like these people, or does nature give me limitations?
Stability v. Change
• As the years pass, do we change or remain the _____?
• Are we become adults or are we always just big kids?
• Personality traits, physical appearance, sense of humor, tastes, etc…
What is a perspective?
• A point of _____• A philosophy about why things occur• A different way of ______ at something• Normally cooperative not antagonistic
Most psychologists take an _____ approach: a little bit of all the approaches depending on the patient and situation
Perspectives in Psychologya.k.a Approaches or Theoretical Perspectives
• Biological or Neuroscientific• Psychoanalytic (________)• Behavioral/Learning• Cognitive• _____________• Humanistic• Evolutionary
Biological Perspectives
• Emphasizes the influence of biology on our behavior
activity of brain cells, and ______ and ______processes Looks for the connections between events in the brain with behavior
BRAIN CELL
The Learning Perspective
• Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior.
Personal experience and ________ guide individual development
Social-Learning Behavior
• Suggests that people can change their environments or create new ones
• People can learn intentionally by _________ others
Cognitive Perspective
• Emphasizes the role played by ______ and perceptions in determining behavior
Studies _____ processes to understand human nature
Socio-cultural Perspective• Addresses issues such as _____, _____,
culture, and _____ status
• Based on the idea that these facts have significant impact on human behavior and mental processes
Humanistic Perspective
• Stresses the human capacity for _____ and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make _____
• Considers people’s personal _______ to be the most important aspect of psychology
The Evolutionary Perspective
• Looks at how our behaviors ensures our _______.
• What genes are inherited that influence our species.
• Focuses on _________.
• i.e. Facial Expressions: Surprise!
69
Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsNeuroscience How the body and
brain enables emotions?
How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?
How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics
How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?
To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
70
Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Psychodynamic
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?
How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observable responses?
How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?
71
Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode,
process, store and retrieve information?
How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?
Social-cultural
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?
How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
Jobs Psychologists do
• ______• Counseling• School• Educational• Developmental• Industrial/
Organizational• Personality
• Social• Forensic• Environmental• _________• Health• Research/
Experimental
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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Psychologist What she does
ClinicalStudies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
CounselingHelps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.
EducationalStudies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/Organizational
Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.
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Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Psychologist What she does
BiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.
DevelopmentalStudy changing abilities from womb to tomb.
CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
SocialExplore how we view and affect one another.
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A _______(Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy.
_______ on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments
like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
NOT TO BE CONFUSEDWITH A PSYCHIATRIST!!
A PSYCHIATRIST is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems & who can _____ medication for clients.
Psychologists Psychologists ______________ prescribe prescribe medication!medication!
VALIUM (A DRUG FOR TREATING ANXIET)
Bachelor of Arts / Science
• A BA or BS in Psychology on the ______ level is one of the fastest growing and popular majors
• A very diverse discipline that is a good background for any career.
81
Master of Arts / Science
• To be a clinical psychologist or _______ you must obtain a Master’s.
• Requires Master’s thesis w/ research.
• The academic hood is shown to the right.
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Doctorate: PhD or Psy D
• PhD is more for teaching in college.
• PhD is a approximately 3-4 years of school and research w/ ________.
• PsyD is for _____ practice.
83
Graduate Degrees
• You don’t go get a grad degree from anywhere because of the _____ or name recognition of the school.
• You look at the research being done and the facilities/program provided. Is the professor on the cutting edge of ____ on the topic you want to study???
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Other Profession Grad Degrees
• M.D. = Medical Doctor
• J.D. = Juris Doctorate (Law)
• M.S. = Master of Social Work
• M.T. = Master of Teaching
• MBA = Master of Business Admin
• MFA = Master of Fine Arts
• MTh = Master of Theology
• Pharm D = Doctor of Pharmacology85
Degree Summary
• To work in the field of psychology you will probably need to obtain at least a master’s degree.
• You will need ____ years of schooling and training, as well as a profession license from the state.
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How to be the best AP Psychology student that you
can be…
the following slide give some study tips
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Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.
Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections
and chapters in entirety. Review: Margin definitions. Study learning
outcomes. Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with
quizzes.
Close-upYour Study of Psychology
Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)