PHRASES AND CLAUSES - WORKSHEET

1. What is the difference between a phrase and a clause?

2. In the following sentences, underline the dependent (main) clause in pen

and the independent (subordinate) clause in pencil.

2.1. The sprinter came to a halt after he had torn a hamstring.

2.2. The house, which stands on the corner, is for sale again.

2.3. A film that I think will interest you is showing at the cinema.

2.4. The country which has the world’s richest oil reserves is Saudi-Arabia.

2.5. Unless you work very hard, you will not pass the examination.

2.6. When his mother reasoned with him, the little boy refused to go to bed,

because he was obstinate. (TWO subordinate clauses).

3. Identify whether the following phrases are Noun, Appositive, Verb or

Prepositional Phrases.

3.1. Jeff rode on a skate board.

3.2. My four children go to school here.

3.3. The small dog was reluctant to learn new things.

3.4. Christmas Eve afternoon we scrape together a nickel and go to the

butcher’s to buy Queenie’s traditional gift, a good gnawable beef bone.

The bracelet in the storefront window is the one I want.

3.5. Reliable, Diane's eleven-year-old beagle, chews holes in the living

room carpeting as if he were still a puppy

3.6. Throwing knives is dangerous.

SYNONYMS AND

ANTONYMS

Synonyms

Synonyms are words that have almost the same meaning. For example:

That storm cloud is huge!

That storm cloud is enormous!

Antonyms

Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning. For example:

I love the rain!

I hate the rain!

Gerunds

What is a gerund?

Gerunds are verbs that function as nouns and have an –ing ending.

Gerund examples:

I am waiting. (Present Participle)

(This is the present continuous. “Waiting” here is part of the verb. It is not a gerund.)

I don’t like waiting. (Gerund)

(This is present simple, but it contains a gerund. “Waiting” is the direct object of this sentence.)

How to Use Gerunds with Examples

The gerund form of verbs is used as follows:

The Gerund Can be Used as Subject of a Sentence

Examples:

Writing in English is difficult.

Watching TV is my favorite pastime.

The Gerund Can be Used as Direct Object of a Sentence

Examples:

I like writing in English.

I love going out to restaurants.

The Gerund Can be Used as a Subject Complement

Gerunds Examples:

My cat’s favorite activity is sleeping.

One of his duties is doing homework.

The Gerund Can be Used as an Object of a Preposition

Gerunds examples:

We shall be interested in hearing your comments.

Would you like to walk instead of taking the bus?

The Gerund Can be Used after Certain Expressions

It’s no use, it’s no good, there’s no point in…

Gerunds examples:

It’s no use tying it; you have to glue it.

There’s no point in wasting time.

The writing process

• Planning

• First draft

• Final draft/ product

Planning

Create a mind map:

• It allows you to see if you have enough ideas.

• It focuses your thoughts and ideas.

• It orders your thoughts logically and in a sequence.

The essay: Paragraphs

The Introduction:

• Introduces the topic and sets the scene.

• It should be short, gripping and inviting.

• Ex. Topic: I remember how angry I was- The rage burned up inside of me like a raging hot fire that was about to burst into flames.

The essay: Paragraphs

The Body:

• The introduction is followed by several paragraphs- Forms the

body or development of the text and explores the topic.

• Each paragraph usually deals with a different aspect of the

topic.

The essay: Paragraphs

Conclusion:

• The last paragraph is the conclusion which ties up loose ends.

• The reader should sense finality.

• Last sentence should be strong and should linger in the mind of the reader ex:

“By the end of the afternoon, the embers had died down and I had learnt a bitter

lesson”

“This was the best day of my life and I shall remember it forever and always”

Hints to enhance your writing:

• Write what you know about:

Read through the topics carefully.

Dismiss any topic you do not understand/ like/ can not relate to.

Avoid the topic if you are unsure about the meaning.

Hints to enhance your writing:

• Write in full sentences

• Vary paragraph and sentence lengths

• Ensure that you use the correct language structures and

punctuation: NO SPELLING ERRORS!!!

Essay writing

• Narrative writing:

Tells a story or gives an account of events/ incidents

Narrative revolves around a plot or story line

Written in the past tense and in the 1st or 3rd person- I, he, she, they, them.

Essay writing:

Planning via mind map to ensure a logical progression of thoughts and actions-

plot or story-line.

Introduction indicates time and setting and introduces the main characters.

Characters should be limited.

Body (paragraphs) indicates series of events which take place. Dialogue is often

used.

Conclusion ties up loose ends.

Essay writing

• Descriptive essay

Paints a picture with words.

You may be required to describe people, places, situations, processes or

even feelings.

Relies on detail and requires suitable vocabulary and creativity.

Adjectives, adverbs and figures of speech should be used appropriately,

WHAT IS AN ADVERB OF PLACE?

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ADVERBS

WHERE?

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VERB

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• THERE.

• HOMEWARDS

• HERE

• NEARBY

CLOSE THE DOOR WHEN YOU GO ___________.

1. OUT

2. WESTWARD

3. LIGHTLY

4. HERE

THE CAT IS HIDING _______________ THE COUCH.

1. ON

2. UNDERNEATH

3. SOMEWHERE

4. THERE

WILL YOU BE STARTING YOUR PLANTS ________________ OR IN A GREENHOUSE?

1. ROUND

2. HOME

3. OUTSIDE

4. AROUND

THE SHIP SAILED ________________, ENCOUNTERING HEAVY WEATHER ALONG THE WAY.

1. UP

2. DOWN

3. NORTHWARDS

4. BACKWARDS

WHEN SHE SAW ME WAITING, SHE RAN __________________ ME.

1. AROUND

2. TOWARDS

3. THROUGH

4. FORWARD

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• THEY WERE ALMOST FINISHED.

• THIS CAKE IS ABSOLUTELY WONDERFUL.

• THE TEMPERATURE WAS BARELY ABOVE FREEZING.

• OUR DRIVEWAY IS COMPLETELY FROZEN.

• WE FELT INCREDIBLY LUCKY AFTER WINNING TICKETS TO THE WORLD SERIES.

• MY TEACHER IS TERRIBLY GRUMPY TODAY.