11

What is What is Transportation??Transportation?? Transportation is the movement Transportation is the movement

of people and goods over time of people and goods over time and space...and space...

Transportation should be…Transportation should be…

- Safe- Safe

- Environmentally Friendly- Environmentally Friendly

22Source: http://inventorspot.com/what_is_the_future_of_transportation

SAFE

???

33Source: http://inventorspot.com/what_is_the_future_of_transportation

SAFE

???

44

ENVIRONMENTAL

LY FRIENDLY ????

Emissions from Emissions from VehiclesVehicles

Emissions

55

Transportation ModesTransportation Modes

MotorizedMotorized Non-MotorizedNon-Motorized

• Automobile

•Transit

-Bus

-Rail

- Rapid Transit (subway)

•Biking

•Walking

661860 1893 1923 1948

Time

Ridership

Horse-drawnOmni bus

Cable car

ElectricTramway

Bus

Automobile

Development of Development of Transportation Modes Transportation Modes

77

Life Cycle of a Life Cycle of a Transportation ModeTransportation Mode

Innovation Period

Growth to Maturity

Decline

Nostalgia

Ridership

Decline

Nostalgia

Time

88

History of History of TransportationTransportation

99

Hybrid Cars

Environmentally Friendly

1010

Hybrid CarsHybrid Cars

Gasoline power + Electric power

1111

1212

1313

History of History of TransportationTransportation

Year: 1804

Speed: 8 km/h

Year: 2008

Speed: ~ 500 km/h

1414

Railway Railway

Tram Metro

Regional

Locomotives

Interurban

High speed

Long distance

Speed

Very High speed

InIn Japan nearly 40 Japan nearly 40 years, In Europe years, In Europe nearly 25 yearsnearly 25 years

1515

Virgin West Coast Pendolino Virgin West Coast Pendolino (UK)(UK)

TGV Duplex TGV Duplex (France)(France)

KTX KTX (South Korea)(South Korea)

AVE AVE (Spain)(Spain) New Pendolino New Pendolino (Italy)(Italy)

320 km/h 300 km/h 230 km/h

200 km/h 300 km/h

1616

3 ways we transport 3 ways we transport on planet earth:on planet earth:

1) 1) LandLand

-Railway-Railway

-Highway-Highway

-Pipeline-Pipeline

1717

2) Sea2) Sea

3) Air3) Air

1818

Which mode has the Which mode has the most problems?? most problems??

1919

Why people like cars?Why people like cars?

We like the carsWe like the cars It often (but not always) is the fastest

mode, depending on levels of congestion, time of day and the available alternatives

Privacy Automobiles suggest that you are at a

higher level of society People simply enjoy the sensation of

driving

2020

Importance of Importance of TransportationTransportation Necessary for economic growth, but Necessary for economic growth, but

not sufficientnot sufficient- - The speed, cost, and capabilities of The speed, cost, and capabilities of available transportation have a available transportation have a significant economic impact on an significant economic impact on an area area - - Countries with better/advanced Countries with better/advanced transportation networks and services transportation networks and services are leaders in industry and commerceare leaders in industry and commerce

USA, Japan, Germany, ...USA, Japan, Germany, ...

2121

Importance of Importance of TransportationTransportation Determines the location and Determines the location and

character of cities and regions by character of cities and regions by interacting with land use (e.g. silk interacting with land use (e.g. silk road)road)

National securityNational security

2222

Components of the Components of the Transportation SystemTransportation System Infrastructure Infrastructure (supply(supply))::

-Physical facilities: -Physical facilities: highways, highways, railroadsrailroads, , portsports--Transfer pointsTransfer points: : parking areas, drivewaysparking areas, driveways-S-Supporting elementsupporting elements: : signals, signs, signals, signs, safety hardware, etc.safety hardware, etc.

Vehicles (Vehicles (demanddemand)):: P Planeslanes, t, trainsrains, , aautosutos, b, busesuses, s, shipships, t, trucksrucks

Operators/usersOperators/users: : Drivers, pilots, freight, Drivers, pilots, freight, passengerspassengers

2323

What is Transportation What is Transportation EngineeringEngineering The engineering profession is The engineering profession is

involved in all aspects of involved in all aspects of

-Aeronautical (aircraft)-Aeronautical (aircraft)

-Chemical (fuel)-Chemical (fuel)

-Mechanical (vehicles)-Mechanical (vehicles)

-Electrical (communications, control -Electrical (communications, control system)system)

-Civil (development of facilities and -Civil (development of facilities and manage demand)manage demand)

2424

Transportation Transportation EngineeringEngineering One of the specialty areas of One of the specialty areas of

civil engineering civil engineering

- Development of facilities for the - Development of facilities for the movement of goods and people movement of goods and people

- Planning, design, operation and - Planning, design, operation and maintenance maintenance

People orientedPeople oriented

2525

Multi-disciplinary Multi-disciplinary

-Economic -Economic

-Environmental -Environmental

-Planning -Planning

-Statistics -Statistics

-Law -Law

-Psychology & human factors -Psychology & human factors

-Public administration -Public administration Problems ==> solutionsProblems ==> solutions

2626

Areas of Areas of Transportation Transportation Engineering Engineering Transportation PlanningTransportation Planning Traffic Traffic Operations (signs, Operations (signs,

signals,..)signals,..) Roadway Roadway Geometric Geometric DesignDesign Pavement EngineeringPavement Engineering Railway EngineeringRailway Engineering Design and Planning of AirportsDesign and Planning of Airports

2727

Development of Development of Transportation Transportation NetworkNetwork Planning Planning DesignDesign ConstructionConstruction

2828

What is transportation What is transportation planning?planning?Activities that:Activities that:1. Identify problems, gather and 1. Identify problems, gather and

analyze dataanalyze data2. 2. Forecast future traffic demands and Forecast future traffic demands and

estimate the environmental and social estimate the environmental and social impacts impacts

3. Evaluate alternatives and determine 3. Evaluate alternatives and determine the alternative that meet the the alternative that meet the requirements and constraints of the requirements and constraints of the problem at the lowest cost problem at the lowest cost 

2929

Step 1: Trip Generation

Step 2: Trip Distribution

Step 3: Mode Choice

Step 4: Trip/ Traffic Assignment

Demographic Data

Transportation Network

OUTPUT•Estimated tripsEstimated trips

•Estimated Estimated modal sharesmodal shares

•Estimated travel Estimated travel speedsspeeds

•Estimated travel Estimated travel delaysdelays

The 4 step transport The 4 step transport planning processplanning process

3030

Trip GenerationTrip Generation

Decision to travel for a specific Decision to travel for a specific purpose (e.g. eat lunch)purpose (e.g. eat lunch)-How much do people use the -How much do people use the transport system?transport system?-Why do people use the transport-Why do people use the transport

system?system?-Where can different types of activities-Where can different types of activities

be satisfied?be satisfied?

Trip generation

Potential

3131

Trip DistributionTrip Distribution

Choice of Choice of destination destination (a (a particular particular restaurant? The restaurant? The nearest restaurant?)nearest restaurant?)

-Given a location, -Given a location, where do people go where do people go to satisfy demand for to satisfy demand for an activity type?an activity type?-Determine origin and -Determine origin and destination of tripsdestination of trips

Trip distribution

Travel demand

3232

Mode ChoiceMode Choice

How do people use the transport How do people use the transport system?system?– What modes do they choose What modes do they choose

(transit, walk, carpool, drive alone,…)?(transit, walk, carpool, drive alone,…)?– How do they react to varying How do they react to varying

transport service quality?transport service quality?

Mode choice

Transport demand

3333

Trip / Traffic Trip / Traffic AssignmentAssignment

How do people use the How do people use the transport system?transport system?– Given a mode, which route Given a mode, which route

do they choose (e.g. E-5..)?do they choose (e.g. E-5..)?– Which parts of the transport Which parts of the transport

system do they use?system do they use?

Route choice

Assigned flows

3434

Demographic DataDemographic Data

Household sizeHousehold size

Income levelIncome level

Autos perAutos per householdhousehold

3535

Network DataNetwork Data

Highway networkHighway network Transit networkTransit network

3636

Capacity Restraint for Capacity Restraint for HighwaysHighways A qualitative measure describing A qualitative measure describing

operational conditions within a operational conditions within a traffic stream and their traffic stream and their perception by drivers and/or perception by drivers and/or passengers passengers

Different for different facilities Different for different facilities (freeway, multilane, 2-lane rural, (freeway, multilane, 2-lane rural, signals)signals)

3737

Ideal CapacityIdeal Capacity

Freeways: Capacity Freeways: Capacity (Free-Flow Speed)(Free-Flow Speed)2,400 pcphpl (70 mph)2,400 pcphpl (70 mph)2,350 pcphpl (65 mph)2,350 pcphpl (65 mph)2,300 pcphpl (60 mph)2,300 pcphpl (60 mph)2,250 pcphpl (55 mph)2,250 pcphpl (55 mph)

pcphpl=passenger cars pcphpl=passenger cars per hour per lane per hour per lane

Multilane Multilane Suburban/RuralSuburban/Rural2,200 pcphpl (60 2,200 pcphpl (60 mph)mph)2,100 (55 mph)2,100 (55 mph)2,000 (50 mph)2,000 (50 mph)1,900 (45 mph)1,900 (45 mph)

2-lane rural – 2,800 2-lane rural – 2,800 pcphpcph

Signal – 1,900 pcphgplSignal – 1,900 pcphgpl

3838

Level of Service (LOS)Level of Service (LOS)

Chief measure of “quality of Chief measure of “quality of service”service”– Describes operational conditions Describes operational conditions

within a traffic streamwithin a traffic stream– Does not include safetyDoes not include safety– Different measures for different Different measures for different

facilitiesfacilities– 6 measures A through F6 measures A through F

3939

Definition- Free Flow Definition- Free Flow SpeedSpeed Free-Flow Speed (FFS)Free-Flow Speed (FFS)

– The mean speed of passenger cars The mean speed of passenger cars that can be accommodated under that can be accommodated under low to moderate flow rates on a low to moderate flow rates on a uniform freeway segment under uniform freeway segment under prevailing roadway and traffic prevailing roadway and traffic conditionsconditions

4040

LOS A LOS A

Free flow Free flow conditionsconditions

Vehicles are Vehicles are unimpeded in unimpeded in their ability to their ability to maneuver maneuver within the traffic within the traffic streamstream

4141

LOS BLOS B

Flow reasonably Flow reasonably freefree

Ability to Ability to maneuver is maneuver is slightly restrictedslightly restricted

General level of General level of physical and physical and psychological psychological comfort provided comfort provided to drivers is highto drivers is high

4242

LOS CLOS C

Flow at or near FFSFlow at or near FFS Freedom to Freedom to

maneuver is maneuver is noticeably noticeably restrictedrestricted

Lane changes Lane changes more difficultmore difficult

Queues may form Queues may form behind significant behind significant blockageblockage

4343

LOS DLOS D

Speeds begin to Speeds begin to decline with decline with increasing flowincreasing flow

Freedom to Freedom to maneuver is maneuver is noticeably limitednoticeably limited

Drivers experience Drivers experience physical and physical and psychological psychological discomfortdiscomfort

Even minor incidents Even minor incidents cause queuingcause queuing

4444

LOS ELOS E

CapacityCapacity Vehicles are closely Vehicles are closely

spacedspaced Disruptions such as Disruptions such as

lane changes can lane changes can cause a disruption cause a disruption wave that wave that propagates propagates throughout the throughout the upstream traffic upstream traffic flowflow

4545

LOS FLOS F

Breakdown or forced Breakdown or forced flowflow

Occurs when:Occurs when:– Traffic incidents Traffic incidents

cause a temporary cause a temporary reduction in capacityreduction in capacity

– At points of recurring At points of recurring congestion, such as congestion, such as merge or weaving merge or weaving segmentssegments

– In forecast situations, In forecast situations, projected flow projected flow (demand) exceeds (demand) exceeds estimated capacityestimated capacity

4646

Design Level of Design Level of ServiceService This is the desired quality of traffic conditions This is the desired quality of traffic conditions

from a driver’s perspective (used to from a driver’s perspective (used to determine number of lanes)determine number of lanes)– Design LOS is higher for rural areasDesign LOS is higher for rural areas – LOS is higher for level/rolling than LOS is higher for level/rolling than

mountainous terrainmountainous terrain – Other factors include: adjacent land use Other factors include: adjacent land use

type and development intensity, type and development intensity, environmental factors, and aesthetic and environmental factors, and aesthetic and historic valueshistoric values

4747

Design DecisionDesign Decision

What can we change in a design to What can we change in a design to provide an acceptable LOS?provide an acceptable LOS?

Lateral clearance Lateral clearance ::Distance to fixed Distance to fixed objectsobjects

AssumesAssumes– >= 6 feet (1.8 m) from right edge of travel >= 6 feet (1.8 m) from right edge of travel

lanes to obstructionlanes to obstruction– >= 6 feet (1.8 m) from left edge of travel >= 6 feet (1.8 m) from left edge of travel

lane to object in medianlane to object in median Lane widthLane width Number of lanesNumber of lanes

4848

Highway DesignHighway Design

Problem Statement Objective and Constraints Horizontal Alignment Vertical Alignment Mass Diagram Final Report - Blueprint for

construction

4949

Problem

Lombard Street, SanFrancisco, CA Highway in west China

5050

Constraints

Environmental-Wetland, ponds and creeks.

Geometric- 90m flat grade for starting and ending points.- Simple horizontal and vertical curve

Safety- Maximum grade- Minimum radius- Enough stopping sight distance

Budget- Maximum cut-and-fill depth- Mass balance

5151

AlignmentAlignment

Alignment is a 3D Alignment is a 3D problem broken problem broken down into two 2D down into two 2D problemsproblems– Horizontal Horizontal

Alignment (plan Alignment (plan view)view)

– Vertical Vertical Alignment (profile Alignment (profile view)view)

5252

Vertical Vertical AlignmentAlignment

Horizontal Horizontal AlignmentAlignment

5353

Vertical AlignmentVertical Alignment

Objective: Objective: – Determine elevation to ensure Determine elevation to ensure

Proper drainageProper drainage Acceptable level of safetyAcceptable level of safety

Primary challengePrimary challenge– Transition between two gradesTransition between two grades– Vertical curvesVertical curves

G1 G2

Crest Vertical Curve

G1G2

Sag Vertical Curve

5454

Horizontal AlignmentHorizontal Alignment

Objective: Objective: – Geometry of directional transition to ensure:Geometry of directional transition to ensure:

SafetySafety ComfortComfort

Primary challengePrimary challenge– Transition between two directionsTransition between two directions– Horizontal curvesHorizontal curves

FundamentalsFundamentals– Circular curvesCircular curves– SuperelevationSuperelevation

5555

Cut areasFill areas

Profile

Mass diagram

Ele

vatio

nV

olu

me

Grade

Indicate grade points

Indicate points where cuts = fills

Ground

MassMassDiagramDiagram

5656

Pavement DesignPavement Design

Flexible

Pavements

Rigid

Pavements

(WsDOT, u.d.)

Surface layer is asphalt concrete

Surface layer is portland cement concrete

5757

Questions and Questions and DiscussionDiscussion