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1
ZOONOTIC DISEASES
Diseases & infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man
2
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• Direct or direct contact with affected animals or contaminated products.
• Intermediate hosts.
• Vectors (arthropods)
3
Factors Affecting The Occurrence of Zoonoses
• Size and density of animal populations.
• Customs and standards of human society increasing human exposure.
• Prevalence of occupational exposure.
• Environmental factors.
• Inadequate attention to animal health.
4
Impact of Zoonotic Diseases on Man
• Morbidity & overall deterioration of health and reduction of work ability.
• Contribution to human malnutrition.
• Reducing resistance to other diseases.
• Mortality.
5
Socio-Economic Losses
• Loss of millions of human working hours.
• Cost of health care.
• Livestock and animal reduced reproduction.
• Reduced export and loss of foreign exchange.
6
SURVEILLANCE
• Collection of epidemiological information of sufficient accuracy, completeness, distribution and determinants of infection and disease for ACTION.
7
Problems & Constraints Administrative Problems
• Insufficient coordination among national institutions and authorities responsible for VPH.
• Inadequate/Inappropriate legislation for zoonoses control.
• Insufficient budgetary allocations.• Inefficient information system and poor exchange of
information at country and inter-country levels.• Inadequate trained man power.• Insufficient community involvement.• Inadequate inter-country and international
cooperation.
8
Technical Problems
• Inadequate diagnostic facilities.• Inadequate reference laboratories.• Insufficient supply of high quality vaccines for
veterinary and medical services (quality and potency of locally produced vaccines need improvement)
• Limited introduction of appropriate technologies for production and inspection of food, for prevention and control of zoonotic diseases.
9
Educational Obstacles
• Inadequate inclusion of zoonotic disease subjects in the curricula of medical professionals.
• Insufficient availability of learning and training materials.
• Inadequate health education to achieve involvement of communities.
• Weak participation of institutions in design of health education programs and materials
11
Brucella Bacterial Type In Palestine
• Br. melitensis • Br. abortus• Nearly all of the human brucellosis in Palestine
will be caused by Br. melitensis• Diagnostic test is : - Rose Bengal test - Agglutination - Elisa test
12
Source of infection
• 1- Dairy products ( 80% )
• 2- Animal contact ( Farmers, Veterinarians, Abattoir workers, Laboratory technicians) 10%
• 3- Unknown 10%
13
Means of Animal to Human Transmission
• Skin & mucous penetration.
• Inhalation
• Ingestion of contaminated dairy products made with non heat treated milk
14
Patho Genesis
Brucellosis abortus . Brucellosis meletensis
Opsonized by Normal Human Serum
Phagocytosis Promotion
By PMNs
15
Host immunity Acute infection : IgM rises first.The only IG detectable in the first week (s)
Begin dropping off 3 months after onset IgG begin to rise in the second week Remain
elevated for at least 1 year In untreated patient
Decrease to very low level or disappear to months after onset in treated patient
During re infection IgG +++, IgM+++Recently increases IgG+++, IgM+++
16
PMNs
Killing Brucellosis abortus
Little ability of killing itracelular
Brucellosis melitensis
For the production of
5 guanoosine monophosphate & adinine
Inhibit degranulation of peroxides- positive granules in PMNs
17
Clinical manifestation Severity1. Brucella melitensis 2. Brucella seuis3. Brucella abortus , canis 1/3 with impresive systemic toxicity 2/3 symptom over 1 or more weeks90%sweats,chills,fever, weakness, Common, malaise, headache, anorexia.25-50%weight loss, myalgias, artharlgias,back pain.12-21%lymphadenopathy(cervical inguinal)20-30% splenomegaly.
18
ComplicationsLess treated early More treated late 1- Skeletal Arthritis, spondyhtis, osteomyelitis, sacrolitis,………2- NeurologicMeningoencephalitis, myelititis, paresis,depression,
psychosis(2-5%)3- Genitourinary Unilateral epidiolymo- orchitis(2-4%)-(2-10%)Acute
interstizial nephritis or pyelonephritis4- CardioVascularEndocarditis less than 2%The most common cause of death
19
5- GastrointestinalHepatomegaly, caseating or non caseating
granuloma ( Brucella abortus ) Hepatitis , abscess- GI discomfort6- SpleenSpleen megaly, abscess formation7- Pulmonary Inhelation or bacterimia ( 15-25 ) cough8- HematologyAnemia ,leucopenia, thrombocytopenia9- Cutaneous ( 5% )Transient & non specific skin lesions.
20
Brucella melitensis
1- Resist the bactericidal effect of serum
2- Resist intracellular killing by PMNs
Greater Virulence
Brucellosis not killed by PMNs
Migrate to regional lymph nodes
Blood stream
Localization in the R.E.S
21
Uterine exudates 200 days
Water 10-20 days
Street dust/ soil 21 days 10weeks
Vegetable 15 days
Milk & milk product 20-60 days
Feces ( bovine) 120 days
Urine( animal & human) 2-49( 70days)
Frozen tissue for many years
Aborted fetus 75 days