10 Motivation

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MotivationChapter 11

William G. Huitt

Last revised: May 2005


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Summary

A human being is inherently

biological

conditioned by the environment

able to gather data about the world through thesenses and organize that data

emotional

intelligent (adapt to, modify, and select environments)

able to create and use knowledge able to form concepts, think rationally

able to use language

social


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Defining Motivation

Internal state or condition activates behavior

gives it direction

Desire or want energizes

directs goal-oriented behavior


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Defining Motivation

Influence of needs and desires intensity

direction of behavior

Process that

initiates directs

sustains behavior

to satisfy physiological or psychological needs orwants


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Extrinsic motivation

The desire to perform an act to meet

external demands or requirements

Classical conditioningassociated stimuli Operant conditioningconsequences

Social learningmodels and imitation

Social cognitioninfluence of others on

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Defining Motivation


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Intrinsic motivation

The desire to perform an act because it is

satisfying or pleasurable in and of itself

Satisfies internal need or desire Biology

Cognition

Emotion

Volition

Spiritual

Moral

Defining Motivation


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Instinct Theories of Motivation

The notion that human behavior is motivated

by certain innate patterns of action that are

activated in response to stimuli

Not the same as genetic tendencies Most psychologists today reject instinct theory

human behavior is too richly diverse

often too unpredictable


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Drive-reduction Theory

A theory of motivation suggesting that a need

creates an unpleasant state of arousal or

tension called a drive, which impels the

organism to engage in behavior that will satisfythe need and reduce the tension

Popularized by Clark Hull

Believed that all living organisms have certain

biological needs that must be met if they are tosurvive


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Drive-reduction theory is derived largely fromthe biological concept of homeostasis

Homeostasis

The tendency of the body to maintain a balancedinternal state with regard to oxygen level, bodytemperature, blood sugar, water balance, and soforth

Everything required for physical existence must be

maintained in a state of equilibrium, or balance When this state is disturbed, a drive is created

to restore the balance

Cognitive dissonance derived from this theory


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In the Navajo religion and culture, there is anemphasis on how you relate to everythingaround you. Everything has to be measured,weighed, and harmonious. We call it nizhoni

walking in beauty. American Indigenous Religions, Lori Cupp (Navajo)



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Primary Drives

A state of tension or arousal arising from a

biological need; one not based on learning

Oxygen

Thirst Hunger

Sleep

Sex

Comfort


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Primary Drives

Internal and external hunger cues

Hypothalamus

Of central importance in regulating eating behavior and

thus affect the hunger drive

Other internal hunger and satiety signals

Some of the substances secreted by the gastrointestinal

tract during digestion act as satiety signals

Changes in blood sugar level and the hormones that

regulate it also contribute to sensations of hunger External signals

Sensory cues, such as the taste, smell, and appearance of

food, stimulate the appetite


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Primary Drives

Eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming,

irrational fear of being fat, compulsive dieting to the point of

self-starvation, and excessive weight loss

Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by repeated and

uncontrolled episodes of binge eating, usually followed by

purging, which is self-induced vomiting and/or the use oflarge quantities of laxatives and diuretics


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Arousal Theory

A theory suggesting that the aim of motivation

is to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Arousal

A state of alertness and mental and physicalactivation

When arousal is too low, animals and humans seek

to increase stimulation

When arousal is too high, animals and humansseek to decrease stimulation


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Yerkes-Dodson law

Performance on tasks is best

when the arousal level is

appropriate to the difficulty of

the task higher arousal for simple

tasks

moderate arousal for tasks

of moderate difficulty

lower arousal for complextasks

Performance suffers when

arousal level is either too

high or too low for the task

Arousal Theory


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Abraham Maslow

Attempted to develop a theory of motivation that

would synthesize multiple theories

Proposed two sets of needs

Deficiency needs

Growth needs

Growth needs develop after deficiency needs are

met

Lowest unmet need will receive attention Believed that these motivational processes were

central to the human personality

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs


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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs


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Need for Achievement

Characteristics of achievers

High n Ach pursue goals that are challenging, yet attainable

through hard work, ability, determination, and

persistence

see their success as a result of their own talents,abilities, persistence, and hard work

Low n Ach

not willing to take chances when it comes totesting their own skills and abilities

when fail, usually give up quickly


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Parents can foster n Ach

give children responsibilities

teach them to think and act independently

from the time they are very young stress excellence, persistence, and

independence

praise them sincerely for their

accomplishments

Need for Achievement


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Expectancy Theory

Motivation to engage in a given activity is

determined by:

Expectancy a persons belief that more effort will

result in success Instrumentality the persons belief that there is a

connection between activity and goal

Valence the degree to which a person values the

results of success Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality *

Valance


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Work Motivation

The conditions and processes responsible for

the arousal, direction, magnitude, and

maintenance of effort one puts forth in ones

job Two of the most effective ways to improve

reinforcement

goal setting


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Examples of reinforcement in the workplace

include:

Recognition awards

Praise Posting of individual performance

Time off

Better offices

More impressive titles

Promotions

Bonuses

Work Motivation


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Goal setting

Have employees participate in the goal setting

Make goals specific, attractive, difficult, and

attainable Provide feedback on performance

Reward employees for attaining the goals

Work Motivation

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10 Motivation