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8/8/2019 10 Work Measurement
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ModuleModule --1010ModuleModule --1010
Productivity & Work MeasurementProductivity & Work Measurement
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OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview
Work Measurement /Work Measurement /
Time StudyTime Study
Motion StudyMotion Study
PMTS techniques of workPMTS techniques of work
measurementmeasurement
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WORK STUDYWORK STUDYWORK STUDYWORK STUDY Concerns with better ways of doingConcerns with better ways of doing
things and control over output of thosethings and control over output of those
things by setting standards with respect tothings by setting standards with respect to
time.time. Components of Work StudyComponents of Work Study ::
(a)(a) Method StudyMethod Study : Means of improving: Means of improving
ways of doing things,ways of doing things,
(b)(b) Time studyTime study (Work measurement)(Work measurement)
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WORKMEASUREMENTWORKMEASUREMENTWORKMEASUREMENTWORKMEASUREMENT
TIME STUDYTIME STUDY
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USES OF TIME STUDYUSES OF TIME STUDYUSES OF TIME STUDYUSES OF TIME STUDY
To determine the work contentsTo determine the work contentsand thereby setting wages andand thereby setting wages and
incentives.incentives. To arrive at cost standards perTo arrive at cost standards per
unit of output,unit of output,
To compare work efficiency ofTo compare work efficiency of
different operationsdifferent operations,, more..more..
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USES OF TIMEUSES OF TIME STUDYSTUDY (CONT.)(CONT.)USES OF TIMEUSES OF TIME STUDYSTUDY (CONT.)(CONT.)
ToTo arrive at job schedules,arrive at job schedules,
Manpower planning,Manpower planning,
To aid in method studyTo aid in method study
Product design by providingProduct design by providing
basic data onbasic data on costs ofcosts ofalternative materials andalternative materials and
methods.methods.
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BASIC SYSTEMS OF TIME STUDYBASIC SYSTEMS OF TIME STUDYBASIC SYSTEMS OF TIME STUDYBASIC SYSTEMS OF TIME STUDY
Time standardTime standard is establishedis establishedthrough the following threethrough the following three
methods :methods : Stopwatch studyStopwatch study
Predetermined motion timePredetermined motion timesystems (PMTS)systems (PMTS)
Work SamplingWork Sampling
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Steps of Work Methods AnalysisSteps of Work Methods AnalysisSteps of Work Methods AnalysisSteps of Work Methods Analysis
1.1. Make an initial investigation of theMake an initial investigation of theoperation under considerationoperation under consideration
2.2. Decide what level of analysis isDecide what level of analysis is
appropriateappropriate3.3. Get suggestions from anyone familiarGet suggestions from anyone familiar
with operationwith operation
4.4. Thoroughly describe and evaluate presentThoroughly describe and evaluate presentmethodmethod
5.5. Devise a new proposed methodDevise a new proposed method
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Steps of Work Methods AnalysisSteps of Work Methods AnalysisSteps of Work Methods AnalysisSteps of Work Methods Analysis
66.. Compare new and present methodsCompare new and present methods
7.7. Modify the proposed methodModify the proposed method
8.8. Perform the proposed method on aPerform the proposed method on atrialtrial basisbasis
9.9. Install the proposed method andInstall the proposed method and
train workerstrain workers
10.10. Check on new method periodicallyCheck on new method periodically
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Work MeasurementWork MeasurementWork MeasurementWork Measurement
Work measurementWork measurement refers to therefers to the
process of estimating the amount ofprocess of estimating the amount of
worker time required to produce oneworker time required to produce oneunit of output.unit of output.
A goal of work measurementA goal of work measurement is tois to
develop labor standards that can bedevelop labor standards that can beused for planning and controllingused for planning and controlling
operations.operations.
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Labor StandardsLabor StandardsLabor StandardsLabor Standards
AA labor standardlabor standard is the number ofis the number ofworkerworker--minutes required to complete anminutes required to complete an
element, operation, or product underelement, operation, or product under
ordinary operating conditions.ordinary operating conditions.
Ordinary operating conditionsOrdinary operating conditions
refers to a hypothetical average situation,refers to a hypothetical average situation,average or typical worker, material,average or typical worker, material,
machinery, environment, etc.machinery, environment, etc.
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Labor StandardsLabor StandardsLabor StandardsLabor Standards
Labor standards are used in:Labor standards are used in:
Cost estimationCost estimation
Pricing of products and servicesPricing of products and services
Incentive pay systemsIncentive pay systems
Capacity planningCapacity planning Production schedulingProduction scheduling
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Labor StandardsLabor StandardsLabor StandardsLabor Standards
A labor standard can be determined usingA labor standard can be determined using
one or more of the following approaches:one or more of the following approaches:
Time studyTime study
Work samplingWork sampling
Predetermined time standards (subjective)Predetermined time standards (subjective)
Historical standardsHistorical standards Supervisor estimatesSupervisor estimates
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TIME STUDYTIME STUDY
Carried out to get the standardCarried out to get the standardtimes for the work to arrivetimes for the work to arrive
at labor standardat labor standard
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Time StudyTime StudyTime StudyTime StudySuitable JobsSuitable Jobs for Time Study :for Time Study : Job performed by a single worker in aJob performed by a single worker in a
fixed locationfixed location
Job involves repetitive short cyclesJob involves repetitive short cycles
Job expected to continue unchanged for aJob expected to continue unchanged for a
long periodlong period
Job produces large quantities of outputJob produces large quantities of output
Where resultingWhere resulting time standard must betime standard must be
veryvery accurate,accurate, more..more..
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Time StudyTime StudyTime StudyTime Study Analysts useAnalysts use stopwatchesstopwatches to time theto time the
operation being performed byoperation being performed by
workersworkers
These observed times are thenThese observed times are then
converted intoconverted into labor standardslabor standards
The labor standards are expressed inThe labor standards are expressed inminutes per unitminutes per unit of output for theof output for the
operationoperation
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Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studiesfrom Time Studies
Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studiesfrom Time Studies
ObservedObserved
TimeTime
NormalNormal
TimeTime
StandardStandard
TimeTime
PerformancePerformance
RatingRating
AllowanceAllowance
FractionFraction
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Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studiesfrom Time Studies
Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studiesfrom Time Studies
1.1. Make sureMake sure correct methodscorrect methods are being used toare being used to
perform the operation being studied.perform the operation being studied.
2.2. Break the operation down into basic tasksBreak the operation down into basic tasks
((elementselements).).
3.3. Determine how many cycles to time. ADetermine how many cycles to time. Acyclecycle
is one complete set of the elemental tasks.is one complete set of the elemental tasks.
4.4. Observe and record the elapsed time for eachObserve and record the elapsed time for eachelement for the number of required cycles.element for the number of required cycles.
. . . more. . . more
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Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studies (contd.)from Time Studies (contd.)
Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studies (contd.)from Time Studies (contd.)
5.5. For each element, estimate the observedFor each element, estimate the observedworkersworkers performance ratperformance ratinging. A rating. A ratingof 1.00 indicates the worker is working atof 1.00 indicates the worker is working at
normal speed.normal speed.6.6. Compute the allowance fraction for theCompute the allowance fraction for the
operation. Theoperation. The allowance fractionallowance fraction isis
the fraction of time that workers cannotthe fraction of time that workers cannotwork through no fault of their own.work through no fault of their own.
. . . more. . . more
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Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studiesfrom Time Studies
Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studiesfrom Time Studies
7.7. Compute theCompute the mean observed timemean observed time for eachfor eachelementelement::
(Sum of observed element times)(Sum of observed element times)
(Number of cycles timed)(Number of cycles timed)
8.8. Compute theCompute the normalnormal timetime for each elementfor each element::
= (Mean observed time)= (Mean observed time) xx (Performance(Performance rating)rating)
. . . more. . . more
==
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Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studiesfrom Time Studies
Determining Labor StandardsDetermining Labor Standards
from Time Studiesfrom Time Studies
9.9. Compute theCompute the total normal timetotal normal time for thefor theentire operation:entire operation:
= (Sum of element normal times for all= (Sum of element normal times for all
elements)elements)
10.10. Compute theCompute the labor standardlabor standard for thefor the
operation:operation:
= (Total normal time)= (Total normal time) // (1(1 -- AllowanceAllowancefraction)fraction)
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Example: Time Study ApproachExample: Time Study ApproachExample: Time Study ApproachExample: Time Study Approach
In aIn a time studytime study of a manufacturingof a manufacturing
operation, the average time observed tooperation, the average time observed to
complete a product was 8.6 minutes. Thecomplete a product was 8.6 minutes. The
performance rating applied to theperformance rating applied to the
observed worker was 0.95 and theobserved worker was 0.95 and the
allowance during an 8allowance during an 8--hour shift washour shift was
12.5% or60 minutes.12.5% or60 minutes.
Compute the labor standard.Compute the labor standard.
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Example: Time Study ApproachExample: Time Study ApproachExample: Time Study ApproachExample: Time Study Approach
Observed timeObserved time =8.6 minutes=8.6 minutes Performance ratingPerformance rating = 0.95= 0.95
Allowance fractionAllowance fraction = 0.125= 0.125
Normal time = Observed timeNormal time = Observed time xx Performance ratingPerformance rating
=8.6=8.6xx 0.950.95
=8.17 minutes=8.17 minutes
Standard Time =Normal time / (1Standard Time =Normal time / (1 -- Allowance)Allowance)
=8
.17
/ (1=8
.17
/ (1 -- .125).125)
=8.17 / (0.875)=8.17 / (0.875)
= 9.337 minutes= 9.337 minutes
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TIME STUDYTIME STUDY WORKERS FEELINGSWORKERS FEELINGSTIME STUDYTIME STUDY WORKERS FEELINGSWORKERS FEELINGS
WorkersWorkers do not like to be controlled fromdo not like to be controlled from
outside force through labor standards andoutside force through labor standards and
production quotasproduction quotas
Operations ManagerOperations Managerto apprise workers on allto apprise workers on allpersonnel being in same situationpersonnel being in same situation
ProblemsProblems to be solved jointly by managers andto be solved jointly by managers and
workers for economic health of companyworkers for economic health of company Teamwork conceptTeamwork concept will help overcome badwill help overcome bad
feelings towards labor standardfeelings towards labor standard
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WORKSAMPLINGWORKSAMPLINGWORKSAMPLINGWORKSAMPLING
AnotherAnother
work measuringwork measuringtechnique that helps intechnique that helps in
arriving at labor standardarriving at labor standard
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Work SamplingWork SamplingWork SamplingWork Sampling
The work of one or more employees isThe work of one or more employees is
randomly sampled at periodic intervalsrandomly sampled at periodic intervals
TheThe proportion of the total operation thatproportion of the total operation that
is accounted for in one particularis accounted for in one particular activityactivity
is notedis noted
The results of these studies are used to:The results of these studies are used to: Set allowances used in labor standardsSet allowances used in labor standards
Set labor standardsSet labor standards
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Work SamplingWork SamplingWork SamplingWork Sampling
Suitable Jobs :Suitable Jobs : Job performed by a single worker in a fixedJob performed by a single worker in a fixed
locationlocation
Job involves repetitive short cyclesJob involves repetitive short cycles Job expected to be changed periodically asJob expected to be changed periodically as
customer orders changecustomer orders change
Job produces relatively small quantities of outputJob produces relatively small quantities of output Where resultingWhere resulting time standardtime standard are usedare used forfor
accounting cost standard, pricing analysis, andaccounting cost standard, pricing analysis, and
production planninproduction planningg
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Example: Work SamplingExample: Work SamplingExample: Work SamplingExample: Work Sampling
A work sampling study was performed on anA work sampling study was performed on anelectronic assembly operation at OK Instruments.electronic assembly operation at OK Instruments.The study covered an 8The study covered an 8--hour shift with a singlehour shift with a singleworker. The results of the study were:worker. The results of the study were:
ActivityActivity % of Workers Time% of Workers Time
Assemble UnitsAssemble Units 8080
AllowancesAllowances 2020
If the worker received a performance rating ofIf the worker received a performance rating of1.20 on the Assemble Units activity and 400 units1.20 on the Assemble Units activity and 400 unitswere assembled during the study, what is the laborwere assembled during the study, what is the laborstandard for this operation?standard for this operation?
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Example: Work SamplingExample: Work SamplingExample: Work SamplingExample: Work Sampling
1) Compute the1) Compute the average time peraverage time per assembly:assembly:== (Total(Total Minutes ofAssemblyMinutes ofAssembly Work) /Work) /
(Number(Number of Unitsof Units Assembled)Assembled)
= .8(480)/400 = .960 minutes per unit= .8(480)/400 = .960 minutes per unit
22) Compute the) Compute the normal time per unit:normal time per unit:
= (Average Time per Unit)(Performance Rating)= (Average Time per Unit)(Performance Rating)
= .960(1.20) = 1.152 minutes per unit= .960(1.20) = 1.152 minutes per unit
3) Computethelabor standard:= NormalTime/(1 AllowanceFraction)
= 1.152/(1 - .20) = 1.44 minutesperunit
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PREDETERMINEDPREDETERMINEDMOTION TIME SYSTEMSMOTION TIME SYSTEMS
(PMTS)(PMTS)
Another approach toAnother approach to
determination of labordetermination of laborstandardsstandards
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Predetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time Standards
Method ofMethod ofwork measurementwork measurement commonlycommonly used forused fornew operations or new productsnew operations or new products
When labor standard must be determined in advanceWhen labor standard must be determined in advanceof performing an operationof performing an operation
Utilize data that have been historically developed forUtilize data that have been historically developed forbasic body movements, elements of operations, andbasic body movements, elements of operations, andentire operationsentire operations
Many predetermined time standard systems are used:Many predetermined time standard systems are used: Work factorWork factor MethodsMethods--time measurement (time measurement (MTMMTM)) Basic motion time (Basic motion time (BMTBMT) study) study and others custom designed for companiesand others custom designed for companies
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Predetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time Standards
Suitable JobsSuitable Jobs
Job performed by many workers over a compact areaJob performed by many workers over a compact area
Tasks may involve little repetition, but if repetitiousTasks may involve little repetition, but if repetitious
the cycles are very longthe cycles are very long Workers must be observed by a single analystWorkers must be observed by a single analyst
A moderate degree of accuracy in the labor standardA moderate degree of accuracy in the labor standard
is desirable, but a time study is too costlyis desirable, but a time study is too costly
Only large elements of work need to be observedOnly large elements of work need to be observed
Little detail is needed in setting the timeLittle detail is needed in setting the time standardstandard
moremore
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Predetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time Standards
SuitableSuitable Jobs (contd.)Jobs (contd.)
Any job or group of jobs in which:Any job or group of jobs in which:
Very accurate labor standards are notVery accurate labor standards are notrequired, orrequired, or
The cost of time study, predeterminedThe cost of time study, predetermined
time standards, and work sampling istime standards, and work sampling isprohibitiveprohibitive
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METHODS TIME MEASUREMENT (METHODS TIME MEASUREMENT (MTMMTM))METHODS TIME MEASUREMENT (METHODS TIME MEASUREMENT (MTMMTM))
The basicThe basic MTMMTM approach to PMTS is :approach to PMTS is : to classify the human work motions into certainto classify the human work motions into certain
fixed categories such as reach, move, turn, applyfixed categories such as reach, move, turn, apply
pressure, grasp, release, position, eye motions,pressure, grasp, release, position, eye motions,
bodybody--legleg--andand--foot motions etc,foot motions etc,
time them,time them,
and create anand create an inventory of standard microinventory of standard micro--motionsmotions
A job is visualized to consists of a series of microA job is visualized to consists of a series of micro--
motions frommotions from MTMMTM inventory of standard microinventory of standard micro--
motionsmotions
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End ofEnd of ModuleModule--1010End ofEnd of ModuleModule--1010