11 Mutualism Chapter 15. 22 Introduction _______________: Interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both partners. – ___________________
22 Introduction _______________: Interactions between
individuals of different species that benefit both partners.
___________________ occurs when a species can live without its
mutualistic partner. ___________________ occurs when a species is
dependent on a mutualistic relationship. Margulis and Fester
amassed evidence
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33 Plant Performance and Mycorrhizal Fungi Two most common
types of mycorrhizae: 1) (AMF) Produces arbuscules -
http://www.umanitoba.ca/afs/fiw/060105.html
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44 Plant Performance and Mycorrhizal Fungi Two most common
types of mycorrhizae: 2) Ectomycorrhizae (ECM)
http://www.ibot.cas.cz/mykosym/mycorrhiza.html
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55 Mycorrhizae and Plant Water Balance Allen and Allen studied
water relations of grass Agropyron smithii. Plants with mycorrhizae
maintained
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66 Mycorrhizae and Plant Water Balance Hardie suggested
mycorrhizal fungi improve water relations by providing more
extensive contact with ____________ in rooting zone and providing
extra area for ______________.
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77 Nutrient Availability and Mutualistic Balance Sheet Johnson
investigated whether fertilization can select for less mutualistic
mycorrhizal fungi. Fungal partner received an equal or greater
quantity of photosynthetic product in trade for In nutrient poor
environments, many plants invest
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88 Nutrient Availability Results suggested mycorrhizal fungi
from unfertilized soils supplied plants with Plants able to invest
more energy in above-ground photosynthetic material principle of
?
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99 Ants and Bulls horn Acacia Herbivores attempting to forage
on accacia plants occupied by accacia ants are met by a large
number of fast, agile, highly-aggressive defenders. Ant
Benefits:
Slide 10
10 Ants and Bulls horn Acacia
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11 Experimental Evidence For Mutualism Janzen demonstrated ants
significantly improve plant performance. Acacias without ants had
Suckers growing from accacia stumps occupied by ants lengthened at
_______________rate of suckers without ants. Suckers with ants
______________________the rate of suckers without ants.
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12 Coral Mutualisms Zooxanthallae and Corals Zooxanthallae live
within coral tissues. Corals induce release of organic compounds
with signal compounds that
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13 Coral Mutualisms Corals also control rate of zooxanthallae
population growth and density by influencing
____________________________. Main zooxanthallae benefit appears to
be access to Uptakes ___________________ excreted by coral.
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14 Coral Protection Mutualism Glynn found 13 coral species
protected by Crustacean mutualists substantially improved chances
coral will avoid attack by sea stars.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uNUDtLCxj0&feature=fvsr
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15 Coral Protection Mutualism Also found crab activity promotes
coral health and integrity. Pocillopora coral increases production
of _____ _________ in the presence of crabs. Digestive tract of
crabs inhabiting corals contained
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16 Evolution of Mutualism Theory predicts mutualism will evolve
where the benefits of mutualism exceed the costs. Keeler developed
models to represent relative costs and benefits of several types of
mutualistic interactions. _________________ Give and receive
benefits. ______________________ Give, but do not receive
benefit.
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17 Evolution of Mutualism _____________________ Neither give
nor receive benefit. For a population to be mutualistic, fitness of
successful mutualists must be ____________ than unsuccessful or
non-mutualists. If not, natural selection will eventually
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18 Facultative Ant-Plant Mutualisms Keeler proposed for a
facultative ant-plant mutualism to evolve and persist proportion of
plants energy budget ants _____ from destruction by herbivores must
exceed proportion of the plants energy budget ______ in
_____________ and ______.
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19 Facultative Ant-Plant Mutualisms So what conditions might
produce higher benefits than costs?
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20 Facultative Ant-Plant Mutualisms p [H ( 1 D ) A ] > I
A
