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Chapter Six
A Look at Ancient Rome
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Three Periods of Roman History
I. Kingdom: 753 BC – 509BC
• Tiber River Seven Hills
II. Republic: 509 BC – 31 BC
III. Empire (Imperial) :
31 BC – 476 AD (Western)
31 BC – 1453 AD (Eastern = Byzantine)
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The Development of the First Roman Republic
The Italian Peninsula
Rocky mountain range in center of peninsula -- Apennines
Rich soil, Olive Trees (Olive Oil), Vineyards (Wine)
Early Peoples
Indo-Europeans – 2000 BC
Greek Colonists
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The Etruscans
Ruled Northern Italy: 900 – 500 B.C.
Little is known about them.
Language still is not deciphered;
alphabet from the Greeks.
Some Greek influence – Would
influence the Romans.
Wealthy society; social classes.
Legacy left in burial chambers and
artifacts.
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Etruscan Funeral Rites
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Latin's
Tiber River
Drains into the Mediterranean Sea
Marshy area – disease prone
Rome – 8th century B.C.
Legend
Fact – Farming people
Join into a single unit
Seven Hills of Rome
City develops unique character between these hills
Early 7th century B.C. falls under control of Etruscan’s
Tarquin Family – Provides Etruscan kings over Rome and
the Latin’s
Remain in power approximately 100 years.
Tarquin the Proud 534 – 509 B.C.
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Latin’s Cont.’
Brought first city-state civilization to Italy
Taught Greek Alphabet and Arches
Group of Nobles -- named Senate -- Called Patricians
Common people called Plebeians
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Rome under the Tarquins
Roman Forum develops – market place –center of town
Greek = Agora
509 B.C. – Roman populace rise up – overthrow the Tarquin monarchs
Romans vow to never live under a king.
Republic established 509 B.C.
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The Roman Forum
The Center of the Life of
Rome
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Rome begins to grow
as a Republic
Conflict with
Neighbors
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Executive Branch
Consuls – Two each– One Year terms
Dictator – sole leader in time of emergency
Legislative Branch
Senate
300 Patricians – serve for life
Plebeians Against Patricians
Plebeians want equal rights
Made up the bulk of the army
Plebeian assembly -- Tribunes
”Veto = I Forbid”
Writing down of laws for all to see
Plebeian assembly becomes
popular assembly
The Twelve Tables 451 B.C.
Placed in the Forum19
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Religion
• Strong Greek influence
• Deities names and functions
Family
Family Values – Father absolute head of household
• Live simply
• Work hard
• Sense of duty
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Hi; I’m
Travel Bear
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Expansion and Crisis
Romans conquer the Southern Italian/Greeks
Pyrrhus - Greek
Beat Roman army twice
Third battle indecisive with Romans,
returned to Greece
”Pyrrhic Victory” --- Won at great cost!!
(“Perhaps not worth the effort”)
Romans exercise wise leadership
after conquests
Roman citizenship given to
conquered peoples
Romans controlled administration
of justice
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Roman Legions
•Originally -- Citizen soldiers
•Roman Legion - 5/6,000 men
•Only Romans at first
•Used auxiliaries
•Built military roads
•Romans successful because
of geography
•Central location of Rome
•Established military coloniae
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The largest element of the Roman Army was the Legion (“Muster”)
Approximately 6,000 men; Height of the Empire, 30 legions (180,000)
+Auxiliaries (300,000) from all over the Republic and Empire
One legion (+ Staff) = 10 Cohorts (500 men) = 60 centuries (80 men)
Symbol of
the Legion
Eagle
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Roman Army Develops Warfare
Tactics and Strategies
Move from use of the Phalanx
to what becomes the Legion
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The Roman Soldier Emerges as the Best Fighting Man
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Reforms of
Marius
1st Professional
Standing Army in Rome .. Loyalty to
the Commander
Start of Pax
Romana
Standard Image
of the Roman
Legionnaires
Equipment would remain the same for
200 years
(31 / 27 B.C.)
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By the time of Augustus the Roman century was
down from 100 men to 80 men.
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The Roman Army was masters at Siege Warfare
… each soldier was also and engineer and builder
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Rome’s First “Real Crisis” --- Rome Against Carthage
Roman rival in trade and control of the Mediterranean Sea
Phoenicians -- 814 B.C.
Punic = Latin for Phoenicians
Port of City of Carthage
Rich Trade – Competition from Rome
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Rome Builds a Navy
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The First Punic War (264 BC – 241 BC)
Fought over Sicily (Straits of Messina)
Romans won
Carthage – Indemnity Paid to Rome
Rome Controls Sicily
Establishes Presence
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Roman Villa at Casale, Sicily
3rd Century A.D.
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1,700 Year Old
Mosaics!
World Famous Mosaic
The “Bikini Girls”
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Curious Image
Why?
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The Second Punic War (218 BC – 202 BC)
Rome vs. Hannibal
•Sagunto, Spain
•Alps - Elephants
•Battle of Cannae (216 BC) - Defeated Rome
Roman Scipio invaded N. Africa
•Hannibal returns to Carthage
•Hannibal defeated at Zama
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Battle of Cannae 216 BC – Hannibal is victorious
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Hannibal Never Attacked Rome Itself! Why?
The Walls of Rome Protected the City!
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Archimedes
Dies 212/211 BC in Roman Siege
of Syracuse
Tomb ?
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Scipio’s Triumph on his return to Rome after the Battle of Zama
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The Third Punic War (149- 146 BC)
Roman ultimatum – Cato – Roman Senate
“Carthage Must Be Destroyed”
Destruction of Carthage – Sowing of Salt in the Earth
Gen. George S. Patton 1943
Mare Nostrum “Our Sea” -- the Mediterranean
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The Republic in Crisis
Political Changes -- Corruption in the Provinces
*Power concentrated in Senate
*Small land owners unhappy – lose farms
*Slave labor (Latifundia)
Crowding the Cities
Reformers and Generals
Tiberius Gracchus
Gaius Gracchus
Roman Civil War
Marius vs. Sulla
General Sulla brought temporary peace
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Slave Revolt – Spartacus (73 BC – 71 BC)
Began at the Gladiator School at Capua (Southern Italy)
•2nd Largest Amphitheater in Roman Empire!
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Julius Caesar
Popular military leader
Had support of the army
Became part of the 1st triumvirate
Pompey -- military hero
Crassus -- wealthy Roman
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Caesar and the PiratesCaesar in Spain
Caesar and Cleopatra
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Julius Caesar
Popular military leader
Had support of the army
Became part of the 1st triumvirate
Pompey -- military hero
Crassus -- wealthy Roman
Caesar conquers Gaul
and Northern tribes
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Celtic Influence in Europe!
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Celts and the Romans in Gaul (France)
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Alesia 52 B.C.
Caesar’s Greatest Triumph
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Siege of Alesia 52 BC
Then
Alesia, France
Now
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Julius Caesar
Popular military leader
Had support of the army
Became part of the 1st triumvirate
Pompey -- military hero
Crassus -- wealthy Roman
Caesar conquers Gaul
and Northern tribes
Roman Civil War –
“Crossing the Rubicon”
(Popular term!)
Defeats Pompey in Greece
Becomes a dictator for life
Extends Roman citizenship to
conquered peoples
Begins public works projects
Murdered by Brutus -- “Et Tu Brutae?”
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Roman Civil War
“Crossing the Rubicon”
(Popular term!)
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Rome at the Death of Caesar in 44 B.C.
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End of the Republic
Caesar Murdered 44 BC – Ides of March
Civil War 44 – 31 BC (2nd Triumvirate)
Octavian
Marc Antony
Marcus Lepidus – (“goes away”)
Octavian grandnephew of Caesar
(Adopted Heir)
Marc Antony defeated by Octavian
Cleopatra
Battle of Actium 31 B.C.
Egypt becomes a Roman province
Octavian called “Imperator”
(Victorious General) = Emperor
Empire Begins under one ruler
Octavian is now called Augustus
“Majestic One” 63
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Cleopatra’s Royal Barge
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Augustus – the First Emperor of Rome (27 BC – 14 AD)
Significant Reforms – Life better/Less corruption/Stable society
Does not establish clear line of succession
Pax Romana Begins (31 BC – 180 AD)
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Circus Maximus
•In the center of Rome
•150,000 or more spectators!!
•Chariot Races (“Ben Hur”)
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Ostia / The Port of Rome
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Four Story
Apartment
Buildings
of Ostia
(2009)
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St. Peter &
St. Paul ?
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All Roads Lead to Rome
Major Highway -- Appian Way
50,000 miles paved roads
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Eruption of Mount Vesuvius – 79 AD
Southern Italy – South of Naples
Buries Pompeii and Herculaneum
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Herculaneum Today --- 2005
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The “Good” Emperors
(96 – 180 AD)
Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian (Final Revolt in
Judea)
Antoninous Pius
Marcus Aurelius
*Strengthened Rome’s
Frontiers
*Continued economic
prosperity
*Greatest extent of the Roman
Empire
*Strong imperial Government
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Building the Frontiers of Rome
The Limes in England (73 Miles) and Germany (Rhine and Danube Rivers)
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July 2017
Dillingen, Saar,
Germany
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July 2019 - North of Frankfurt
Like my
Selfie?
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Roman London (Londinium)
Established 43 AD (Claudius)
Walled City by 200 AD
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The Pantheon – Best Preserved
Ancient Structure in Rome!
126 A.D.
Temple to all the gods of Rome
St. Mary & the Martyrs Basilica
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Various modern legal
concepts can trace
their origins to Roman
law codes
Lictors of Rome
Bodyguard to the magistrates
Power to arrest and punish
As a symbol of office; carried the
“fasces” Axe and Rods
Associated with
Mussolini -Fascist Italy 1919
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Science and Medicine:
•Ptolemy -- Egyptian – Astronomy
•Galen – Greek / Doctor / Medicine / Blood circulation
•Romans built the first hospitals
Roman Education
•Followed Greek models
•Private – at Home – Slaves as tutors
•Caesar’s Conquests -- Gallic wars
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Language and Literature of Rome
Latin language preserved through the Catholic Church.
Remained in common use through 1500’s
Virgil -- Aeneid – Similar to Homer – Epic Poem – praise of Rome
Livy – History of Rome (excellent source)
Tacitus: The Annals (14 – 68 AD)
Histories (68 – 96 A.D.)
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Jewish Revolt in 66 A.D. – Sicarii – Extremist Branch of Zealots
Revolt Defeated by 70 AD
Vespasian / Titus
Jerusalem Sacked
One Roman Failure -- Judea
Jerusalem Destroyed a
2nd time 132 AD
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Siege and conquest of Jerusalem
would last four years (66-70 A.D.)
Documented in book called “The Jewish War”
written by a Jewish leader Josephus
captured by the Romans and became an
advisor to them in return for his freedom …
became a controversial figure
Excellent source for early Christian history!
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Zealots seized Herod’s fortress -- Palace in the Judean Desert
Held out against the Romans until 72/73 A.D.
Died by their own hand rather than surrender to the Romans
Symbolic Center of Israeli Defense Forces
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MASADA
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Flavius Silva’s
Roman Legion CampRoman Siege Ramp
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Fortress of Masada
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66 A.D. 1990
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The Spread of
Christianity
The Five Early Patriarchs
Rome
Antioch
Alexandria
Constantinople
Jerusalem
Bishops become successors of
Apostles
Chosen locally by followers
Bishop of Rome becomes head of the
Christian (Catholic) Church
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Symbolism = To recognize
fellow believers
Anchor = Strong Faith
Fish = Jesus and followers
– fishers of men
Chi Rio = First two letters
of Christ’s name in Greek
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To Improve Control
Divide the Empire
West
Gaul
Italy
East
Illyricum
Byzantium
Temporary
Rivals fight it out!
Consolidation again
Key Cities
Trier
Milan
Ravenna
Byzantium
Diocletian – 284 to 305 A.D. (Retires)
Tetrarchy
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Battle of Milvian Bridge28 October 312 A.D.
“In this sign
you will
conquer”
Chi Rho
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Legalizes Christianity
Edict of Milan 313 A.D.
Defender of Christianity
St. Augustine
St. Ambrose – Milan
Former Government buildings become
first churches!
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In the East
Theodosius makes
Christianity the
“Official” Religion of
Rome in 392 A.D. 395 A.D.
Rome in the West = Roman Empire
Rome in the East = Byzantine Empire (Byzantium)
Constantine’s
Move to Byzantium
– 330 A.D.
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Decline and Fall of Rome – 476 A.D.
Do you see any modern parallels??Critical “Hypothetical” Thinking
Diocletian’s Reforms Failed – end of 3rd Century
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Invasions
Focus on
West
Collapse
476 A.D.
