11/18/06ACTFL, Nashville, TN1 SKYPING the WEST with the EAST Presented by Li Jin University of South Florida

11/18/06 ACTFL, Nashville, TN 1

SKYPING the WEST with the EAST

Presented by Li Jin

University of South Florida


Purpose of the Presentation

• Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication (SCMC) & Foreign Language Education

• What is SKYPE?• My Study: Skyping Chinese as a Foreign

Language (CFL) Students with Native Speakers in China

• Benefits and caveats of SKYPING Foreign Language Students with Native Speakers

• Pedagogical implications


SCMC

• Synchronous computer-mediated communication: a.k.a. chat, Internet-based communication through synchronous technologies such as MUD (Multi-User Domain), MOOs (MUD-Object-Oriented), ICQ (QQ in China), public chat room, instant messenger.

• Emerging synchronous technologies: VOIP

(SKYPE, GIZMO), MSN IM, AOL IM, Yahoo! IM, Gmail Chat, etc.


SCMC & FLE

• SCMC has been used in FLE since the early 1990s. – Text-based large-group synchronous chat was

used in various FLE classrooms (e.g. Beauvois, 1992; Chun, 1994; Kelm, 1992; Kern, 1995)

– Dyadic text chat (e.g. O’Rourke, 2005; Pellettieri, 2000; Sotillo, 2005)

– Bimodal chat (Blake, 2005)


Features and Benefits of SCMC in FLE

• Chat tends to produce more complex language than traditional face-to-face communication (e.g. Chun, 1994; Kern, 1997);

• Participation increases;• Attitudes toward the target language improve;• SCMC elicits similar discourse functions to those in face-to-

face communication (Sotillo, 2000); • Chat experience increases oral achievements (Abrams,

2003; Beauvois, 1997; Dussias, 2006; Payne & Whitney, 2002);

• Chat experience enhances acquisition of lexical items (Smith, 2004);

• Chat helps students improve interlanguage pragmatic competence (e.g. Sykes, 2005)


Bimodal CMC

• Bimodal chatting can stimulate linguistic interactions that provide similar benefits to those in face-to-face collaborations. (Blake, 2005)


What is SKYPE?

• SKYPE is an open-source software that supports one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many bimodal chat: both voice and text, which requires speakers and a microphone.

• SKYPE supports multilingual interface



Synchronous Interaction Afforded in SKYPE

• Computer-to-computer call and computer-to-landline call regardless of local or international distance

• Text chat

• One-to-one or One-to-many

• Text messages when friends are offline; voice message (paid service)

• Call/Chat history


Text-chat

window

Chinese native

speaker

CFL Student

call text

Voice chatting

text chatting


The Study

• Context– Modern Chinese III: Chinese conversations

and Literacy in the Department of World Languages

– Lab-based class– Students use Chinese input system: NJ-Star


The Purposes of Using SKYPE

• Build intercultural connections between CFL students and native speakers of Chinese;

• Amplify authentic language learning opportunities that afford meaningful communications;

• Enhance students’ communicative competences in Chinese


Participants

All students enrolled in Modern Chinese III

university students in Central China

Each CFL student was paired upwith a native speaker to conduct

SKYPE conversations


Integrating SKYPE in After-class Conversation Activities

• Students learned characters, phrases, and sentence structures used in typical Chinese conversations in class;

• Students selected topics to practice Chinese with their partner on SKYPE;

• Students emailed their partners to introduce themselves and set up a SKYPE chat time;

• The teacher joined the conversation to introduce the CFL student and his/her partner.




Features of SKYPE Interaction

• Both text and voice chat: – Use text to request for clarification in voice

conversation: CFL students asked NS partners to type what they are saying in both Chinese and English;

– Use text to check voice comprehension: CFL students used text to ensure what they said was comprehended by their partners;

– Use both text and voice for linguistic learning: CFL students typed/said English to ask Chinese partners to translate.


Students’ Perceptions

• “SKYPE conversations are very helpful. I can practice my Chinese speaking and know more about Chinese culture.”

• “It is exciting. I have a Chinese friend now!”• “I don’t know what to talk to my partner. If I was given

some topics, SKYPE conversations will be much easier.”• “I am scared. I feel someone was laughing at me when I

was speaking Chinese. I don’t know my partner that well. I prefer to practice it with my teacher before talking to my Chinese partner.”

• “I have scheduling issues. I cannot stay up at night to wait for my Chinese partner [to get online]. I am always sleepy in the morning. So I never get chances to talk to my Chinese partner on SKYPE.”


CAVEATS in SKYPE Conversations

• Affective: CFL students may be intimidated by speaking the target language with an unfamiliar native speaker;

• Cognitive: even intermediate-level CFL students may not possess plenty of linguistic knowledge in authentic conversations;

• Logistical: CFL students may have scheduling conflicts with China native speakers;

• Pedagogical: CFL students need topics in intercultural communication with native speakers.


Pedagogical Implications

• Teacher’s roles

• Students’ roles

• Group size

• Learning tasks for SKYPE conversations

• Follow-up Activities

• SKYPE conversation training


Teacher’s Roles (FLET)

• Technology guru (SKYPE & Chinese Input System)

• Facilitator / Mediator (introduce dyads and mediate the first SKYPE conversation)

• Liaison / middle-person (with students and teachers in China)

• Encourager (intercultural communicator)


Students’ Roles

• Autonomous language learner– Use Chinese partner as a language resource– Practice Chinese listening & speaking skills

• Intercultural communicator (intercultural communication competences, Byram, 1997)



Group Size

• Dyadic chat/tandem learning: – reciprocity, but requires intrinsic motivation

(Belz & Thorne, 2006)– Teacher’s mediation (assigned topics, follow-

up activities)

• Group chat: – not good for voice interaction, too distracting– Information-overload, bimodal chat

suggested


Learning TasksTask-based activities provide conditions allowing learners to maintain the balance of fluency, accuracy, and complexity of language development (Skehan, 1998).• Linguistic & Discourse Competences

– Ethnographic interviews – Career paths, current events in the press, differences in the educational

system in two cultures– Classroom themes

• Pragmatic proficiency– Role-play or open discussion about how to praise and react to appraisal;

invitation and refusal• Intercultural communication competences

– Questionnaires on C1/C2 (Bauer, deBenedette, Furstenberg, Levet, & Waryn, 2006)

– Parallel texts/images on the same topic in two cultures (Kinginger, et al, 1999)

– Ethnography (O’Dowd, 2006)


Follow-up Activities

• Students can bring new linguistic forms they learn during conversations to share with the class;

• Students can reflect on their communication with their partner and practice critical thinking during intercultural communication;

• Students can reflect on the learning experience and modify their future learning in terms of technology use and language use.


SKYPE Conversation Training

The teacher needs to• demonstrate where to access and install the software;• demonstrate how to make good use of the technologies

(Chinese input System and bimodal chat);• demonstrate how to play the dual roles of language

learner and intercultural communicator (how to ask for help in language learning and how to express ideas in an interculturally appropriate way)

• demonstrate how to remedy intercultural communication breakdown


Online Recourses for SKYPE Implications

• SKYPE http://www.skype.com/helloagain.html

• Gizmo, Google Talk, Yahoo!Voice, MSN Chat

• NJ Star Communicator http://www.njstar.com/communicator/

• Microsoft (control panel/regional and language option/languages)

http://www.skype.com/helloagain.html

http://www.njstar.com/communicator/


If you have any questions or concerns, please contact me at

[email protected]://helios.acomp.usf.edu/~lijin

mailto:[email protected]

http://helios.acomp.usf.edu/~lijin

Documents

11/18/06ACTFL, Nashville, TN1 SKYPING the WEST with the EAST Presented by Li Jin University of South Florida