12 ILiA Lesson11

8/3/2019 12 ILiA Lesson11

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Lesson 1:WeakVerbs I: Second ndThird-WeakRootsPart1.Second-yodhnd wawverbs.Originallyyodhandwaw unctioned sdiscrepantoot consonants,ndependentfeach ther.However, sAramaicdeveloped,he wo consonants,speciallys heyappearedn themiddleor atthe endof aroot,mergedogether,o hatnow t isoftendifficult o discern hether roothadawawas ts original econdonsonant,or ayodh. n general,heG-perfect f theseootshasa long -a/n the irst syllable(FP),while heG-imperfectasamurmured owelafter heprefixed - or t- andalong t/ in the secondyllable trlP]) It is a consistenteature f verbsof this ypeto carrya murrnllred owelor half-vowel eneath nyprefixedelement.TheD-stemhasusuallyayodhas he secondonsonant,hichneverdisappears.The ormof these erbsn theD-stem s identicalo thatof the strong erb.TheH-stem refix o theperfects 'l. Thevowelof the second yllables either7or ll( .. (E'i?il orE'i?iT).Theprefixelemento theH-sternmperfect suallycarriesustamurmured owel,as n the G-stem. heH-imperfects distinguishedfrom heG-imperfecthroughhevowelof the second yllable,which sfil (E'p').Occasionally,ther ormsof theH-imperfect ppear, aving hepattern f E'i?i'l'and ts AphelvariantE'P]

Becauseheverbal ormsof this ypeof rootarecharacterizedbyongvowels, heparadigmsresomewhatredictable.ote hat henext-to-lastyllable ftencarrieshe stressn theseorms.G-Perfect G-[mperfect H-Perfect H-lmperfect3ms 4l ) a) ' t l ) I l l t _ ! F . - t F r - - r , F r - lr l z . t r ? t J . / r 1 , ,3fs , i l ) l ) u 1l . r l ' i t r ) l 2 t I - a t Fu lrt ' r / etc.

2ms FnP (qamta) a ' t l ) t " l ErX\rit-t r) l / / t I - i r -l r '1 , ,1 ' l / e tg.2fs 'FIni?(qamtrt) i E ' t ? t ' l rnnr i : r, . r / l / t _ t ' i 'E'pFt/ etc.l cs F l t \ -, r - l / ErPS -h r i t -t r ) l / t _ l Erp$ / etc.3mp ; l'\it . I ll l i l"I t t - t l / I l1'r -:? ' l: lb'p'/ etc.3fp -t'\:tI t t - l / ltJ1l.) I ll ) l .2 t_ i 'if,'p' / etc2mp llnni? (qomtiln)1:!t' \:!-l ' lti r ) t l / / . l ! :F t t \ t j ' 1 -I t , r ) l . / t - l 'JlE'i?Filetc.2fp 'lnFi?(qomtEn) I t \:t i-l Fl I Fl f ' \ t --I t- .r / l/ / |_l l?'PF I etcl cp $inp l ' t P ) N:_n'i?il - t t t ,re) /erc .

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TheG-participlesometimesave odh,sometimesalephas hemiddleconsonant:G-stem G-stem assive H-stem Haphel)m.s. trNi? E'i2f s i]?lP ;]F'P

m.p. I'DIP I'D'i?rp lPli? jQ'P

F ! - t i r F r ! t - ? l t / F r - t ' iI l4 t l t t ) l / t r t t ) / t ) l / t )-'.\r -t r| | ) l , / t )T ' ' :'? ttr i-lllI ', 4 l


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Exercise laTranslatehis slightlysimplifiedversionof Ena 5:6-10; he first verse ou havealreadyseenbefore.6R-lil:--ll! n[P ':F]i!n?u-'ll Ntj-llNlu-]Px?)n u]lll )g N'liTi--l!!l '-l nl;p-l!$ ;=TiJJ:t'ni)p :ln?u ?lnBn:ll3 'n3 il:-r:]- : : t : ' :Ntf Nn)iDNl)n u'] '-t ' t?8Nqi"tbr:r;r'bxl)l$-'-l*?)n) xln? 'r:N+]N,l?N'lt

t l. )) l ] lR N;f nD N:l i ] ' ]r : | r i " | : ' :Ei't'llf l[xi]nr irJllnn Nj"rFo$11N|J'T'lll9

< l . t lNN:! T'N N! ]U) N:)NU ] ' - INr " : l " ' T - T : r : " : | - r :E;r NJ-IE$N:rn) ;r:r Nn'r trtJi3:) EU-]ntl\=tts\h:rii:-ru*r' : ' '-10.1;r4in) n;r)Nl)nuHrnT?urps1| " t : i f i " | : TE;t'uN:l ":t Nil:l-Et :tj::. "1Considerhe ollowing:In the irst ineof verse , thenameof thegovernors'tFlfl .In the secondineof verse , thewordNl?QlE$ appearso be a gentilicword,due o the characteristicluralemphatic/determinedndingor this ypeof word.However,t is understoodsa commonword,meaningofficials".In the he secondineof verse theobjectof theverb l )UJprecedesheverb.Thisword order Object+ Verb+ Subject)s typicalof BiblicalAramaic.Thephrase ll: is madeup of apreposition!) plus hedemonstrativeronoun

[ntroductory Lessons n Aramqic by Eric D. Reymond 82


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(i'lj'l: "this").Thephrases translatedariouslyas ollows" n theNRSVandNewJerusalemible,andas"thus" n theKJV.Thephrasemplies hatwhatfollows in the hird ineof verse7) is a quotation f the etter tself.In the hird ineof verse theclosing wo wordsare hesalutationo Darius.In the irst ineof verse ,"l:li'J') sthepreposition plus heplace amel:li'l'.In the hird ineof verse ,thephrasef4 i:lt is a nounphrasehat ndicateshematerialoutof'which the emplewasbuilt.In the ourth ineof verse , thephrase |?=rU\ is madeup of theprepositionplus heShaphelnfinitive f i)= fh. Siraph.l'i,arareconjugationn BiblicalAramaic, ssentiallyiketheHaphelor,Aphel), ndicating ausation.In the irst ineof verse 0, hephraselfillf i; f , is made p of theprepositionplus heHaphelnfinitiveof JJJ' plus he2msobjectsuffltx,you".Whenaninfinitive s in construct ith a followinewordor when t is followedbv a suffix ttakeshe ll- endins.Part2.Third-yodh, aw,and'aleph erbs.Roots hatoriginallyendedwith either odh,waw,or 'alephhavea varietyofformsdue o the act hat he original odh,waw,or 'alephwasno ongerpronounced.ypically, n theG-3msperfect,heverb orms rom rootswith anoriginal odhor wawend n il in BiblicalAramaic nd aterdialects, r sometimesN (sincehe wo consonsonantsereoftenusednterchangably).nd for thisreason,he ootsareoften istedn dictionariesith 'l as heir inalconsonant,ndaresometimeseferredo as"third-hehoots";nevertheless,mperfectorms hatlacksuffix ypicallyendwith anN: Nll' . Rootshatoriginallyendedwith an'alephare istedwith this ootconsonantn the dictionariesnd his consonantoftendoesappearn the G-3msperfect nd mperfectorms.All the same,manyformsof these erbsdonot attest J or anN. The esult s that earningheparadigm f theseweakverbss essential.The ypical oot used o illustratehisparadigms theone ndicatingbuilding":;1:1. In the G-stem,heperfect,mperfect,mperative, ndpassive erfect ave hefollowing orms.

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G-Perfect G-Imoerfect G-Imperat ive G-Passive erfect3ms I i J J It)l' t .1.,:l3fs i l,r;J $irFr ?2ms f'l? (banayle) nllFt r, , l :1 ?2fs 'nlii (banayflY) I , r -+ l . r ?l cs - ! . t : r $t lN ?3mp r t : r ?i t - r .3fp F t : * )2mp j ' [ | l j J I l r - l t ' lt : '1I -'l 72fp ] r . . r _+ ! t ' ! - t F lL i i , ' ,) ?l cp $) ' ) ! N)t) ?Becausehecorpus f BiblicalAramaic s sosmall,many ormsdo notoccur.But,theabove hartllustratesome f thepeculiaritiesf this ypeof verb.Theyodhlwawhathasdisappearedn theG-3msperfectormappearsniformlyasayoclhn theG-2ms, fsperfectorms,aswell as n theG-3fp,2fp mperfectorms.Themasculinelural orms n theperfect,mperfect, nd mperative reallcharacterizedbyhe inal - 1or,'ii-) ndingThiswill help ou o distinguishrootswith anoriginal odhlwaw sa third root-consonantnd ootswith ayodhlwaw sa secondoot-consonant;omparenP (G-3mp erf.),:ln:lP' (G-3mp mperf.),lD:lp(G-m.s.mperative).For heG-passiveerfect, ote hat hereareonly wo formsattested. he3msform s denticalo theG-m.s.mperative.s will be seenn the ollowing hart,theending f this orrn,' -, bears similarityo theendingof D-3msperfect ndtheD-m.s. mperative.heG-passivempperfect lsobears nending,' . , that ssimilar o theending n theD- andH-3mpperfects.

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D-Perfect D-Imoerfect D-Imperative3ms IrDl3fs Flt r-r * Nl lFl2ms t t t J N!lF't2fs 'n'h ? r : ' l - l h *I J-+r. rlcs n r t : Nt:tl3mp '1'f3 r i i : rI t t +3fp i'r!l *2mp l ' [ | l l l l l f r ' lzfp I - t : ! : rl r . . r + t t l-'l F! ol cp N) ' l l N):)Notice hatalthoughheD-3rnpperfect ndsn ''l'.-, heD-m.p. mperative nds ni- , and heD-3mp, mp mperfectnd n'ii-

TheH-stem asmanyof thesame ndines s heD-stem,Theparticiples,speciallyor the G-stem, lsoofferproblems ue o theiridiosyncracies.

G-Participle G-Passive art. D-Part./Pass.art. H-Part./Pass.art.m.s.n!+ irl l Nl lF / ' ! lD * Nl3[n 'l l ln nf.s. nll? nllf nl!]tr ;11!?ilbr r i r l . i : t . i : n . ? r i - t : t t tm . P . I J J { , J l . t ) ( ) | r - r r - J t ' - r l . z = i ' ' - = - ' t . - : - :t rn ?r : - '1 .?r : . : l l r l - l t l l ? i . l - ! - t l \L . V . | . - l a - | t J t ) | , l - , t t t - ). f r ; r l r : - l T i - | | r : : - ;

Introductory Lessons n Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond 85

H-Perfect H-Imperfect H-Imperative H-Pass.Perfect,from the root iJl]ll3ms nll; l $l:nr or Nll ' ?3fs - l ' l r ! - '& N):ilFl orN)lFl l l l l r l2ms N)li_1F1tc. o2fs 'n.'):i-1 l r t - r -F r *I /_!r -r . r ,)l cs n')lil Iti:;'1N ?3mp '1')l;l l i t r l

3fp l ' ! l l r - t * IZmp l i F i i i rI ' i l I r J t l i l J - J l _ l i ' l ,lzfp I | ,J-Jt_ l l - r + r _ l i ' l ? )l cp N:'):i'l It):i]) ?


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Theonly distinction etweenG-f.s., .p.participles nd he G-f.s., .p.passiveparticiples ppearsn the irst vowel,, versusTheonly distinction etweenheD-participles nd heD-passivearticiplewouldappearn them.s. orm, houghheD-m.s.passive articiple oes otoccur.As intheparadigmor theregular oot lf'lf theother ormsof theD-participleareidentical. hesame olds rue or thedistinction etweenheH-participlesnd heH-passivearticiples.heH-participles ayalsoappear ithout heheh, .e.,asA-participlesAphel-participles)flt f D, etc.The nfinitivesaresomewhat orepredictable.

G-stemnfinitive D-stem nfinitive H-stemnfinitiveNlfn nll! nllfilExercise lbTranslatehisslightly implified ersion f Ezra5.l l-13;several f theversesouhavealready een efore.11.-rDNF)Xli:'rriTN?in! NFi:r$lJ'rtsl :.D|Drf*-'r 'iliit! ib;rNJnllr'is'luJ'i'ltDnl:T D'TizDllr illiT-':T fll ]l i;l12.N"FU-T?Nlr_lit?r!Ti-tilr-1b ir?N:Trp:;+-:1)n rglltrtl ]t! iE;] il:L - - L - L . - - h r . - - b - - - r - - - - - -/ J - . / / ) t t t t { j J y t t ' t t i i t J l t , I t l | i J l

13.I ' u'ri:) nrn n:ul E:ll l 'T N!)n iN:rn)n1rnry)lr-n;:pnnqN?iB u-ri:Considerhe ollowing:In the irst ineof verse I, thewordNJll'nil is theH-3mpperfect f J"lll, with alcp objectsuffix, to us".

Introductory Lessons n Arqmaic by Eric D. Reymond


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In the hird ineof verse12,theword;=l-l.nQs theG-3ms erfect f -lllD plus he3msobjectsuffix,"it".Part3.Verbswhose econd nd hirdroot-consonantsre he same onsonant.Some oots, ite )hJ ("to enter"), ave hesameetter or theirsecond nd hirdconsonants.hisproduceserbal orms hatonewouldnotexpect, speciallyortheG- andH-stems.TheD-stem or theseypesof roots s regular.)

Thecharacteristiceature f this ypeof root s thatwhenaprefix s added,he irstof the wo dentical onsonantsssimilateso the irstconsonantf the oot. notherwords, n thecase f ))lS,the first ameds assimilatednto hepreceding'ayin;we could epresentheG-3msmperfectn transliteration:e"ol. This ormis derivedromanearlierorm *ye'lolo. bbpl *. Similarly,heH-3ms erfectcouldberepresenteda"el and heH-3ms mperfect eha"el, hough n an earliersfage f Aramaicheywouldhavebeen,espectively,ha'leland*yeha'lelf\Jyl* and )111*;Sometimes,hedoubling f a consonant,s n thedouble ayinof ha"el, isreplaced y thesequenceun*gsnsonant,o hatwehavehan'el, nstead f ha..el.Scholarsispute mongsthemselveshether r not thisnunwasactuallypronounced,nd, f so,why it appearsn some ormsandnotothers. or hebeginning tudent,t is easiesto assumehat t waspronouncedndso opronouncehe nunwhenheor shecomesacross ucha form.

G-Perfect G-lmperfect H-Perfect H-Imperfect3ms tt ft )i ' (ye"ol) hr r - r r h r r r -/ ) J t t L / ) J ) t l h l r - r / h r l r/ t t t t | , / ) J3fs t | ?)J / v t - l n)$r /nttj)il h t t - E / h r a F/ Y t l t ' t | / Y t ' l2ms F t L l i I t / v t ' l - L r l - ,\ ' l , t V r I / E I C . t l a - h)Yt l t ' l / e tc.2fs r F ) 1 1 S l , t 1r -''r!!l':r 'r-1)iJi'] t ! h t t ! F \| / ) J t t r ' ll cs t | ?)J )il$ n)ilr )9il$3mp t t t r t r rI | / t - . . r)JJil r : Lr r r - r3fp l I 7)J t i / Y t i | , / ) / l IZmp r r F h h r rt ' l t ' t ) )Y i 't ,/ Jr ' l ' t t ' t / ) J t I r q L r l t q -t ' t / v t t t ' lZfp lr ' t , ) / )J | , / ) J r ' I ) r ' 1 , / ) J t I | /Y t t t ' ll cp N)) ) t $lrgil

Introductory Lessonsn Arqmaic by Eric D. Reymond 8'l


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Based n whatyouhaveust learned,he mperatives,articiples,nd nfinitivesarenotdifficult o understand.Participles

G-stem G-stem assive H-sternHaphel) H-passivems \)p i')p tuiln )plnrs iltV n?;ip nipirn niiinm.p. 'i '?V i,)'\n i ':oro .r..rp i?v 'i?'Ip i?p,-toImperativesG-stemL'..m.s. )yfs. . ' t 'S

. L'.1m.p. 1)yn r L 'r iI .p . r | ) 9

H-stemHaphel))pir') it;rr)pln pn

Infinitive )yn - l. rr -l | , / )J t IT T -

Exercise lc.Givenwhatyou have earnedabout he verbal orms, vocalize he following two-consonant erbal orm according o the variousparsings.Checkyour list againsttheone n theAnswersAppendix:t l -?

1.asa G-3mp erfectrom'i'T (G:"to udge")2. asa G-3mpperfectrom he maginaryoot *;'T:'rt3. asa G-..p. imperativerom he maginaryoot *;'l:T4. asa G-m.p.mperativerom he maginaryoot *'f1) (G-3msimperfect' l-ll)5.asa G-m.p.mperativerom he maginaryoot*'iT' (G-3ms

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imperfect:lTll)6. asa G-3mpperfect rom he maginaryoot fj)T7 asa G-m.p.mperativerom he maginaryoot *'i)T (G-3ms

imperfect' j-T:)

Exercise ld.Translatehisslightly implified ersion f F.na5:14-17;theastverse ouhavealready een efore.t4.N??!'lN+,ITIl f{T?N-n'l-"lN::NF ll3lD)Ut-1't -'lN!:';r-'10 Elrl ''lB:-T:l:!:r):; '-tN?:'iT!nn ):'n1):+ '-tN?:'ij-'inN?)nuli: itrilpplilnnq lFP1 . . -rBlw) ll';l'l15.n)u:': '-'[N):'nr inn nnil-)itrNUNi)$?;-T-tnts-r!!!nlNT?N'l'l )* n)--rn*t

16.nlip'r-r': .:rNT?}3'l-':T NiitJt\il l ;Tttt-\Jr :sltDtD]l'lNn')u*f1*;rnnl!!-r!] 1lin-'ibr17.rp N?)A-\vl;r ti:l)=?l':T TFiN?)D.'r lMn't!n?u:': '-.'tNT?lS'l Nlfn) npp;rlr-)p ?)nnrrr'1rN:')IJ u"

u-r'r!-]F-.'.:1'i:l 'Nil

Considerhe ollowing:In the ifth lineof verse14, he astword, TFP, s theG-3msperfect f EnlDwiththe3msobject uffix, him" (i.e.,Sheshbazzar).Thesubject f EnU s Coresh.)

t l2Jt Itr'tDN! rnt : -

Introductory Lessons n Arqmaic by Eric D. Reymond 89


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Thismeanshat n order o create n diomaticEnglish ranslation nemusttranslateJ with theEnglishword"whom".In the irst ineof verse15, heword )$ is theneardemonstrative,these".n thissameine, he hreewordsni:]il-)]N NU are hreemperatives.he irstimperative oeswith thewords hatprecedet. Theother wo areunderstoodtogether ndgowith thewords hat ollow. The astof thesemperatives,'lfli_l,sfrom heroot lflJ "to so down"and s here n theH-stem.In the ifth lineof verse17, heverb l?U: .*presseshehopeof thewriter,andmavbe ranslatedMav he . ."

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A Last Note: Verbs with Obiect SuffixesThe verbal forms you have earnedcan also carry suffixes that representhe objectof the verb. In Biblical Aramaic there areonly a few verbal forms that are attestedwith suchsuffixes.Theapplicationof suffixes n general ollows the expectedrulesof vowel reduction,so that whena 3mssuffix ;':T is added o a G-3msperfectverb,e.g.-'In?, theresult s i:TlllQ This form recalls he earlier orm of theG-3msperfect,*satara.The sameapplies o other ormsof the verbas well.With the imperfectone commonly inds between he verbal orm and he suffix anextrasyllable: -inn--.So,e.g.,when he 3mssuffix;':T is added o an H-1cs' a - r t r i - rimperfect, J'l.l'lS,we find ;':T:'Tl;l$Whensuffixes reappliedo the nfinitivesn theD-, H-, tG,and D-stems,hefinal 'T,

-- endings replaced ith an 'l:l-ending. hus,when he2mssuffix -T, --is appendedo theH-infinitive, -TJJ-'liil,e find the orm:.[illJJl'f T

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12 ILiA Lesson11