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PertanikaJ. Soc. Sci. Hum. 2 2): 87-93 1994)
lSSN: 0128-7702
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Press
Factors Contributing towards the Sustainability of Youth
Organizations
as Partners
Community
evelopment
AZIMI HAMZAH
an d
TURIMAN SUANDI
Youth Development Studies U n i t
Centre for
Extension
and Continuing Education
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
43400 UP M
Serdang,
Selangor
Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia
Keywords Youth organizations partners development ommunity
development sustainability
ABSTRAK
Tujuan kajian kualitatif ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti
faktor-faktor yang menyumbang kepada kemampuan
persatuan
belia
u n tuk b e rta ha n
sebagai rakan
pembangunan
m as ya ra ka t. Tiga
kaedah
telah
digunakan untuk
mendapatkan maklumatiaitu wawancara, pemerhatian da n
penganalisaan
dokumen.
Kajian telah dijalankan di
Kampung
Endah di daerah Kuala
Langat
Selangor. Persatuan ini telah dipilih
kerana
prestasi
cemerlang
yang
telah ditunjukkan oleh ahli-ahlinyayang begitu aktif. Kajian
menunjukkan bahawa ad a 14 fuktoryang menentukan
kemampuan sesebuah persatuan belia untuk memberikan
sumbangan
kepada
pembangunan masyarakat secara
berterusan.
Faktor-faktor
tersebut merangkumi pentadbiran, kepimpinan,
wawasan,
perancangan,
pembahagian
tugas,
pengalaman,
peruntukan kewangan,
ekonomi, sokongan
masyarakat,
kerohanian,
pengawasan, hubungan
dengan agensi, sumbangan masyarakat da n semangat
kesukarelawanan.
ABSTRACT
Th e aim of this qualitative study is to identify factors
that
contribute
towards
th e
sustainability of youth organi
zation as
partner
in community development. Three major tools
were
used to
secure
information: interview,
observation and doc um e nt analysis. T he study was
conducted
a t
Kampung E ndah in the
District
of
Kuala Langat, Selangor.
Th e
study revealed 14 factors
that
contribute to th e sustainability
of
a youth organiza
tion as partner
in community
development.
They
were administration,
leadership,
vision,
planning,
division of
task,
experience, funding, economic development,
people s
support,
spiritual development,
monitoring,
linkage
with agencies, contribution
from community
an d volunteerism.
INTRODUCTION
Youth fonus the ma jor
portion of
Malaysia s popu-
lation.
The
number
is
expected to reach
9.3 mil
lion by
th e
y ear 2 00 0
th e
Sixth Malaysia
Plan).
Realising
the importance of youth
s
partner in
nation
building,
th e
government
is making all ef
forts to
unleash
this invaluable
potential.
Th e
Malaysian
approach to youth
develop
ment
calls
fo r
all development agencies
to wo rk
together. These
agencies
are given
the
roles
of
providing a conducive
educational
climate
an d
environment fo r th e young people
to
learn and
participate;
and to be creative and innovative
through constant
interaction and
guidance.
To
date, more
than
30
government
an d non-govern
ment agencies h av e
been
involved in moulding
th e young population
to become u se fu l ci ti ze ns
today
and i n t he
future
Shamsuddin
1990).
The
succeeding
paragraphs
in this section describe spe-
cifically th e major strategies a do pt ed a n d imple
mented
by
th e
government
through these
devel
opment
agencies.
outh
v lopm nt rogrammes
Numerous
programmes
have
been organized
to
prepare
youths
to
be
partners in nation
building.
These programmes ca n
be categorised
under four
major groups -
viz
Economic, Social, Educational
an d
Spiritual.
The economic
programmes encom
pass such
projects
as th e Agricultural Youth
Project, Youth
in
Business, Youth Cooperatives,
th e
Youth Land
Scheme,
the Enterpreneurship
Programme, an d Vocational Training.
Mter
par
ticipating in these e co no mi c p ro gr am me s, i t is
hoped that the youth
will
b e b et te r p re pa re d
to
face
th e future
s self-reliant individuals.
The
social
programmes include such
activities
as work camps, awareness campaigns,
community
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Azimi Harnzah
an d
Turi:rnan Suandi
work, self-help programmes and cooperation
fo r
d ev el op m en t p ro gr am me s. T h es e p ro gr am me s
are formulated in such a manner as
to
instill
th e sp irit o f
volunteerism
and community
mindedness
among
t he y ou ng people. The
edu
cational
programmes fo r
th e
youth
focus
on
im
proving performance
in
academic studies
coupled
with p re pa ri ng t he m f or working life. Activities
normally conducted
under these programmes
are:
tuition classes, career
guidance resource centers
projects,
campaigns
an d motivational talks.
T he g en er al aim of
in c o r p o r a tin g
the
spiritual
programme as
an integral element in
youth
development
is
to
create
awareness
and
strong
understanding
a m on g t he young people
of
th e various aspects of religion
t o e na bl e
them
to arrive
at
th e
code
of
ethics
of
ho w
to
communicate with
th e
Creator how to social
ise with fellow humans and how to treat and pre
serve th e environmnent. It is envisaged that these
programmes will l ea d y ou th
to
truly prac tise
religion.
Examples
of
activities
under
this
pro
gramme
include
cadre
development religious
work
camps, small
group
discussions, outreach
programmes to
th e community
going-back-to
basic
programmes
and visits.
outh olicy
The
concern to have a
well-rounded
generation
to
spearhead the country s
progress
toward excel
lence
has motivated
t he g ov er nm en t
to
formu
late a
philosophy
for youth development. The
Na
tionalYouth Policy NYP was adopted by th e cabi
net
in 1985 as th e
philosophy
which would pro
vide th e guidelines
fo r
youth
development. In
addi t i on a
Master Pr ogr amme
for
Youth
Development
was launched
in May 1991 to im
plement
th e
NYP
The NYP elaborated the n ee d fo r all youth
programmes
to
incorporate
six
major
principles.
The six principles are:
Putting into practice th e
National Tenets
2. Basingactivities
on th e spiritofvolunteerism
autonomy
and
integration
3
Developing matured
leadership
qualities
4
Encouraging involvement in decision making
5.
Developing
high morale and striving
fo r
excellence
6 Providing wide
a nd i nd e pt h
knowledge
[Na
tional
Youth Policy, Ministry
of
Youth
and
Sports, 1991]
The
activities
under
this programme call for
mass-participation.
This
is
obvious
e ve n f ro m t he
title
ofthe
programmes delineated. The
activities
are
grouped under te n major
themes:
Active Malaysia- A
programme
which empha
sizes sports activities
and
physical
recreation
to
build
a healthy
an d
active society through
regular exercise an d active participation. It
also aims at increasing
stamina
an d
endurance
to
achieve higher
productivity an d
better
quality of life.
2 Excellent
Malaysia - A
programme
to attain
t op p er fo rm an ce in sports
development; to
produce champions
in
all fields
for t he n at io n
-
outstanding sportsmen
to
whom
exellence
is a
cherished
value an d who will
acquire
a,
positive
independent
indomitable
spirit
and high
aspirations.
3
Patriotic Malaysia - A programme to foster a
spirit
of
awareness, loyalty, sacrifice
and
love
fo r the country;
to
build
a
brave na tiona l
character
with a
strong fighting
spirit
and
the ability
to
resist
negative influences;
and
to
nurture
positive values.
4 Harmonious
Malaysia -A programme
geared
towards
attaining
a
happy
life; to achieve na
tional solidarity by building a society imbued
with
m ut ua l u nd er st an di ng
an d
respect, a
sense of responsibility and patriotism.
5
Skilled Malaysia - A
programme
to
produce
a
young generation
skilled
in
various fields
in
line with
national development
objectives
of
meeting
manpower
n eed s i n t he
economic,
industrial, agriculture and service sectors.
Th e
programme
is
also aimed
at building
a
progressive
young generation.
6
Ethical
Malaysia - A programme
towards
building
a
harmoniously
balanced
young
generation -
intellectually
spiritually and
physically -
in
line with
th e national
educa
tion philosophy w hi ch emph asi zes
noble
qualities, honesty, trustworthiness, administra
ble traits,
good character an d
kindness, sin
cerity, humane attitude, positive thinking, an d
love of nation,
country
and creed.
7
Progressive Malaysia - A programme
build
an innovative, creative society with an open
attitude to all forms of
modernisation
and de
velopment, physical
or
mental in
li ne with
the objective of
making
Malaysia a developed
nation.
88
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Factors Contributing towards th e Sustainability of Youth
Organisations a s P ar tn er s in Community Development
8. Universal Malaysia - A
programme
to nur
ture a sense
of pride
in th e nation and love
o f c ou nt ry and creed, and to enhance
Malaysia s image
in
th e
international
com
munity through
cooperative relations with
other
n at io ns f or m ut ua l progress and well
being.
9.
Caring
Malaysia - A
programme
to
build
a
generation
of
Malaysians who ar e conscious
of th e
need
to h el p t he less fortunate an d
victims
of
disasters, and who
ar e
humane, re
sponsible, caring
and imbued
with th e spirit
of togetherness.
10. Cultured Malaysia - A programme towards a
Malaysian society that will practise national
unity an d e n ha nc e t he quality of life, while
preserving
positive
cultural
values
in
linewith
th e
philosophy
of th e
National Culture Policy.
Program Induk Belia Negara, 1991).
Th e
development
of
youth,
both
physically
and
spiritually and
in
accordance
with
an
acceptable
philosophy, is critical in preparing
t he y ou ng cit izens to realise th e vision of th e
present
leaders. Th e above policy and master
plan
can contribute towards fulfilling these hopes.
outh ovement
Th e
development
of
a secured youth movement
is
accepted
as
pertinent
in
th e
country s effort to
m ou ld t he youth
as
nation
builders. Each
of th e
youth organizations in Malaysia has its branches/
chapters at every administrative level
of
th e coun
try
The basic hierarchical
structure
is pyramidal
in nature with a wide base
at th e
village level
and
tapers
upwards at the
district, state and fi
nally the national level. The numerous youth or
ganizations
in
th e
country
ar e
commonly
grouped
under four
major
categories:
Uniform Associations; Religious Associations;
Ordinary Associations;
an d
Student Organiza
tions.
Practically, all the
youth orga niz a tions
in
Malaysia ar e affiliated with
th e
Malaysian Youth
Council (MYC).
Th e MYC
was established in 1948
to p er fo rm t he role of a c o-ordina ting body for
all th e youth organizations. Th e government has
recognised
MYC as
th e
National
Committee
of
youth;
thus
there
is
an
on-going
consultation
an d
provision
of
assistance
on
matters concerning
th e
young. The main objectives ofMYC are:
To
u p h o ld
an d strengthen
the volunta ry
principles
in youth
movement
2. To make recommendations to t he g ov er n
ment, statutory bodies or to o th er a pp ro
priate bodi es on matters affecting youth
3 To establish an d
maintain
relationswith
other
national
and
international youth councils
an d
organizations
4
To promote international respect, inter-eom
munal understanding,
cooperation an d har
mony through youth work
5. To
promote
an d encourage interest in th e
moral, e duc ati on al a nd physical welfare
of
Malaysian youth among interested bodies
6 To work
in
close cooperation with agencies
responsible for youth affairs in the interest of
youth movements.
7 To work
toward
establishing
an d
strengthen
in g a Malaysian Youth Policy with related
government agencies.
Pertubuhan-pertubuhan
Belia di Malaysia
1985)
Th e
sinc e re c onc e rn
of the gove rnme nt to
a cc om mo da te t he
contribution
of youth move
ments toward nation building prompted th e for
mation
of
a youth parliament cal led Nat ional
Youth Consultative Council.
As
stated in
its
con
stitution, th e council is given th e
mandate
to carry
out th e
following functions:
To deliberate on
th e
problems
of
youth
an d
ac t as adviser to th e Minister on th e formu
lation and review
of
youth programmes,
2. To ac t as a consultative
and
advisory
body
fo r
all national
youth
organizations in
Malaysia,
3. To co-ordinate programmes an d activities
of youth organizations in Malaysia,
4 To
channel y ou th ent hu si as m
and
energy
for national development,
5. To work towards instilling loyalty to th e
nation an d creating a sense
of
national
identity
among th e youth. Pertubuhan
pertubuhan Belia di Malaysia 1985)
The
following paragraphs provide a detailed
picture ofa youth organization that has benefitted
from
th e efforts of various bodies
i n p ro mo ti ng
youth development.
Th e
observation
was
made
with th e objective of revealing th e what, how, and
who ar e associated with th e success story of a
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Azimi Harnzah and Turirnan Suandi
youth organization as a partner in community de
velopment.
g
Endah Youth Organization
The Youth Organization
of
Kg
Endah is lo
cated
in a
traditional
village,
approximately
20
un
from Banting town 78
un
from
the
city
of
Kuala
Lumpur in
the
district
of
Kuala Langat, Selangor
Darnl Ehsan . The village has a total popula
tion of 1982 people where 918 are females
and 864 males. Almost all the residents
are
decendents
of]avanese and farming
is
their main
occupation.
g Endah
Youth Organization was
formed
29 years ago on the
17th
of
November
1964. Ini
tially,
the
establishment
of the
association w s a
combined effort
with a
neighbouring
village.
In
1970 they spli tt and g Endah Youth
formed
a
new organization.
Subsequently, in 1972, Kg Endah Youth Or
ganization was revived and became a chapter
of
one of the National Youth Movements 4B). It
started
with only 120
members.
Following several
membership
campaigns in 1972 and 1973,
the
number of
members increased to 250 Youth.
In 1976, there was a shift in the
top
leader
ship of the association. However, in 1977 the
former
leaders
came
back lead the organiza
tion
until 1987. Since then,
the
organization
has been able to maintain a commendable per
formance. Currently
it
has 388
members
with 274
males and 114 females.
The organization, spearheaded
by dedicated
leaders, has received several national awards for
excellence. After 1987 the state and national
panel
of judges
fo r
th e Top Association Award
requested g Endah
Youth organisation to re
train from
further
part icipation
in
the
award
competition.
M THO OLOGY
Data ollection
Three
major
tools were employed to
gather
the
data needed fo r the case study. The tools were a
semi-structered interview, observation and docu
ment analyses.
The semi-structured interview revealed rich
data through
the
use
of
systematic
probing
pro
cedures .
The
interview focused on gathering
information on the involvement
of
youth in sus-
taining
the viability of the youth organization. The
respondents interviewed were te n selected
youth
leaders, five ordinary members of
th e
organisation, ten
village leaders
and
five local
residents, five officers from the Depar tment of
Youth and
Sports,
and
five officials
from
rela
ted development agencies. The durat ion
for
each
interview was
between
one to two hours.
All interviews were tape-recorded
and
the in
formation
was later
transcribed
and quali ta
tively
analyzed with the
use of the Textual Data
Categorization TDC).
The field observation was useful in gathering
fac ts about the activities of th e
youth
organiza
tion - with special focus on the
Group
Farming
Project.
It
enriched the information obtained
through
both
the
interview
and
document
analy
sis
methods. For the
third
tool, selected docu
ments in the possession of
the
youth organization,
the Village
Development
committee
and the
De
partment of
Youth and Sport were compiled and
analysed.
The
document analyseswere found to
be
critical
in arriving a t the details about the or
ganization and its activities.
The
whole data gathering process took 60 days
to accomplish. It was completed during the first
week of]une 1993. An enumerator
w s
trained
to
do the
interview and field observation during
which
he
stayed in
the
village for two weeks.
ata
Analysis
The
first
step in the d ata analysis was
to
im
mediately transcribe
the notes
taken during
the
interview.
The
second step was to identify the k y-
words related to the major questions asked dur
ing the interview. These keywords were then or
ganized
into three
main categories: successful
activities,
impact
and
organizational strength.
Under each
category, further sub-categories were
developed.
FIN INGS
Factors Contributing Towards the Success of Kg
ndah
Youth Organization s Activities and as Part-
ner
in
Community Development
The
g
Endah
Youth
Organization
was success
ful in carrying out its activities to
bring
about
desired
changes
to
it s
members
and the
community at large. The main factors associ
ated with this achievement were
s
follows:
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Factors Contributing towards
th e
Sustainability o f Youth Organisations
as
Partners i n C ommun it y
Development
Reliable administration coupled with availability of
supportive infrastructure
The
organization
has a reliable administra
tive
s tructu re. Bei ng
different
f ro m m an y
other
village organizations
it has
its own operational
club
house
to serve as a
centre fo r
administra
tion
an d documentation.
The
set up of th e club
house facilitates th e
work
of recording and pre-
senting th e village data fo r th e
perusal
of its
mem
bers
and th e community.
Proactive Leadership Orientation
The leaders of th e organization have spearheaded
the organization as a non- formal training in-
stitution that exposes members and villagers
to
unleash
their
leadership potential. Through
this
activity
th e
organization
and th e
village commu
nity have strong
support
from leaders and mem
bers-thus
ensuring
continuity
in
realising their
se t
goals.
Clear Direction nd Vision
The organization and all its bureaus
ar e
clear
about their goals and mission. The mission is
based
on the
philosophy
that encourages au-
tonomy an d
self esteem.
Each
bureau consid-
ers
b ot h th e development
of
members
an d
com-
munity
at
large towards attaining sustainable
development and
complying
with th e vision of
leaders
a t th e
national
level as th e goals and mis-
sion.
l nning to Serve nd Improve
All th e activities to
be
implemented are
developed
to serve th e
needs
of th e members an d th e com-
munity. The planning process takes into consid-
eration
th e involvement of
th e
clients to
be
de-
veloped.
In
this manner th e activities of th e or-
ganization
always receive full
support
from
th e
youth as well as
th e
adults.
Division of Tasks nd Focus
To enhance th e activities of th e
organization
eight bureaus ar e established. All t he b ur ea us
ar e dedicated to
accomplishing
th e objective of
th e activities agreed upon.
T hi s o ut fi t
facilitates
the
management
system
an d
helps
to
reduce
unnecessary
b ur de n o n
certain
individuals
or
sub-committees.
Experiences th t r Kept live
The members have been exposed to many
courses a n d training schemes within th e country
and overseas. The experiences have b ee n s h ar e d
with
th e
rest o f
t he m em be rs and
readily
modi
fied
and applied
wherever
possible. Subse-
quently since many of
th e
youth leaders are
members o f th e major village level committees
th e
i nv al uabl e exp eriences are
tapped by th e vil-
lage
leaders.
Stable Financial Support
This organizsation ha s a stable financial situa-
tion. It ha s i ts own
economic
projects thus
con
tinuously contributing towards stabilising
th e
funds
needed
fo r
development an d implementa
tion
of activities. In addition th e
prominent
villagers also
provide
funding to
support
the or-
ganization s activities.
Concern on Economic Development
Most of
th e
projects/activities
ar e
carried out com-
mercially.
These
projects include group vegeta-
bl e
farming
animal husbandry business
an d
cot-
tage industry. The
organization
also helps
mem
bers to
ascertain
sites licence capital an d at-
tend relevant training
courses. To
date
no mem
bers ar e unemployed.
They have on an average
monthly
income
of RM500.00
ctivities that ttract People Support
The members and villagers have full faith in
th e
sincerity of
the o r ga n iz at io n s i n te nt io n s.
Thus they participate actively in th e activities of
th e
organization.
This is obvious when th e
organization
embarks
on activities that
benefit
th e
members and
villagers. The organization
ha s
gained
th e
respect of
both groups.
ased on Spiritual Development
The
organization
has capitalised on spiritual de-
velopment
to reduce
t he p ro bl ems of th e
gen-
eration
gap by
creating
an atmosphere of re-
spect and tolerance. All
th e
religious activities call
for joint planning an d participation of both young
and old. T h e i nt erfaci ng on religion matters fa-
cilitates
th e
implementation of th e socio eco-
nomic
activities.
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Azimi Hannah
an d Turiman
Suandi
Continuous Monitoring
of
Activities
The progress of th e
activities
is
constantly
moni
tored by
th e
committee members
of th e
organisa
tion.
Through
this system any flaw that arises
from
th e
activities ca n
be
readily remedied.
Linkage with Droelopment Agencies
Th e leaders of
th e
organization
have
been
effec
tive in playing
th e
role
of resource
linkers. They
have
linked th e members/activities
to
th e
related
development agencies
fo r
guidance
an d
support.
Th e organization,
in general, welcomes any form
of
help from government or non-government
agencies.
Contribution Beyond Organization
Th e respect th e
villagers have
e arn ed op en s t he
door
fo r
th e organization to
contribute directly
to th e development of th e community. T he y a re
invited to become decision
makers in
most
of th e
major grass-root institutions existing in
th e
vil
lage. W he n t he leadership
of
th e youth organiza
tion
is
accepted by
th e people,
its activities will
have
th e
benefit of both moral and
material
sup
port from t he n or ma l village development ef
forts
and funding.
Volunteensm in Practice
Th e spirit
of
volunteerism is accepted an d
put
into
practice throughout the organization.
With
out
doubt, this is the
foundation
fo r th e
eight
bureaus to be
more
active in pursuing
their
projects.
ON LUS ONS
The formation
of
a youth
organization in
Kg
Endah, in
one
way
or
another,
has
contributed
towards th e village living
up
to its name Endah
means beautiful in all aspects .
The
mention
of
Kg Endah will
ring
a bell
to
Malaysians as
th e
most
developed
village
th e most
well-decorated
village
th e
village with
no or
negligible unem
ployment and drug problems, th e villagewith an
organised
youth
th e
village with pol it ica l har
mony-in
other
words a
model
village. Presently
it is a common sight fo r vil lagers to see both na
tional
an d
international visitors
taking
photo
graphs
or
making some
specific observation.
This
phenomenon is the
result
of having
young
c it iz en s t he
bulk
of th e
residents who
ar e
re-
sponsible,
organised and having th e spirit
of
volunteerism and community mindedness.
Specifically
th e impact
of
th e
Kg. Endah
Youth
Organization o n t he well-being of its mem
ber s an d th e community at large is as follows:
Impact on
th
outh
a. The organization is instrumental in unit
in g all
the young people in th e
village.
b
Through
th e dynamic activities of
th e
or
ganization
the youth is
realising its self
worth and
bec oming more conscious
of
its identity.
c The organization
provides
th e
avenues
fo r
t he y ou ng
villagers
to share their
talents.
Through this process they ar e
able
to
contribute
and
enhance th e
de
velopment of
th e village an d its residents.
d s a result
of being
organized th e prob
lems
of unemployment an d drugs ar e
dealt with in a concerted manner. At
th e
moment, such problems ar e almost non
existent.
e.
The spirit of
volunteerism
among
th e
young is
returning.
The organization
s ho ul d b e
given
th e credit fo r th e
revival
because they have endorsed
service as
th e
main stay
of
their activities.
f
Th e
youth leaders
through th e
various
activities have
instilled
th e
realisation
among th e y ou ng p eo ple th at
many
benefits can
be
derived
from being
mem
bers of
th e
youth
organisation. This
is
no t
so in other places
an d
whe re young peo
ple are deterred f ro m b ec om in g mem
bers.
Th e youth ofKg Endah
accept that
a strong
organization
is
an
asset
to
th e
village.
Impact onth Village Community
a.
There
is
an atmosphere of mutual
respect
between
the old and th e
young
of th e
village. The
youth organization ha s
b ri dg ed t he g ap between them.
b.
The
village traditions
an d
heritage ar e re
vived
through
th e activities
of th e
organi
zation.
c The
strict
tradition
that
th e young must
listen to
th e
old has
been
broken.
The
suc
cess
of
th e organization ha s opened th e
door fo r
elders
in th e
village to seek
th e
92
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Factors Contributing towards the Sustainability
of
Youth Organisat ions as Partners in
Community
Development
opinions of the youth
leaders in
practi-
cally all matters.
d.
The organization
has
played
a
major
role
in making Kg Endah a model village. s
a result there is a
stronger
sense of be-
longing
and
village
mindedness
among th e residents.
The impact is also
felt
by the Malaysians
in
general. Kg Endah is recognised as a sociallabo
ratory
for youth bodies
or
any village developmen t
committee seeking ideas for improvement.
In
summary, below
is
listed
the
strength
of
the Kg
Endah
Youth Organization with special focus on
aspects of a youth movement, economic activities
and community service.
1
Dedicated,
matured
and
knowlegeble leaders;
2 Functional bureaus;
3. Clear and specific objectives at
both the
or-
ganization and
bureau levels;
4
Strong
support
f rom the
members in all the
activities
of the
organization;
5. Availability of second-line leaders;
6 Blessed by both
young
and
old
residents;
7
The activities formulated take into considera
tion
the
various age groups of
the
members -
everybody feels satisfied;
8.
Operation
room
with
up-to-date data;
9. Constant monitoring of activities;
10.
Productive
linkage
with development
agen
cies;
11. Stable financial standing;
12.
Planned act iv it ies wi th
few d ho
pro
grammes;
13. Activities with commercial orientation;
14. Responsive to
the
opportunities created by
the
government in economic
development;
15. Agent of community development;
16.
A
strong
voice
in
village
decision
mak
ing process;
17. Special provision to involvement of adults in
youth activities;
18. Organization
of
religious activities
(normally
the
domain
of older residents) thus bridg
ing the generat ion
gap;
and,
19.
All-round
activities with
the
intention of
producing
a
balanced outlook
among
youth.
The weaknesses ofKg Endah Youth
Organi
zation were
not
noticeable.
However
on
closer
scrutiny these weaknesses were mostly
related
to
secretarial office management
practice.
The fil
in g
system is
not
systematic; the minutes of
meet
ings
of
the various sub committees do
not
follow
a standard
format; and
the
club s
newsletter
does not meet the member needs regularly. Even
at
the
present stage of success
Kg Endah
Youth
Organization
needs
further
guidance for
sus-
tained betterment.
REFERENCES
ANON 1989. Laporan
Tahunan. Jawatankuasa
Kemajuan
dan Keselamatan Kampung
Endah,
Banting Selangor
.1989 1992. Laporan Tahunan.
Pertubuhan Belia 4B(M),
Cawangan Kg.
Endah,Banting Selangor.
.1987.
Penyata Mesyuarat
Agung ke-17. Pertubuhan Belia 4B (M)
Cawangan Kg Endah Banting SeIangor.
.1985. Pertubuhan-pertubu
han
di
Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Majlis
Belia
Malaysia.
.1991.
Program Induk Belia
egara. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Belia
dan
Sukan.
.1991. Rancangan Malaysia
Keenam [1991 1995]. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan
Percetakan Negara.
AzIZAN BAHARI 1991.
Belia
d n
Masyarakat.
Pulau
Pinang: Majlis Belia Pulau Pinang.
HUSSAIN
MUHAMMAD 1983.
Faktor-faktor
yang
mempengaruhi
Gerakan Belia di Malaysia. llmu
Masyarakat. 2 p
6 54.
KIRK and M L MILLER 1990. Reliability nd Valid-
ity in Qualitative Research.
Newbury Park: Sage
Publications.
KRIpPENDORFF
K
1980.
Content Analysis:
n
Introduc-
tion to its Methodology. Beverly Hills: Sage Publi-
cations.
MINISTRY of YOUTH and SPORTS 1991 National Youth
Policy. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Youth and
Sports.
SH MSUDDIN
AHMAD
1990. Anugerah
KBJ
1988 1989:
satu penilaian pembangunan persatuan belia.
Kuala Lumpur: MoJlis Belia Malaysia dan
Kementerian Belia
dan
Sukan.
STEW RT
CJ.
and
W B
CAsH
1988.
Interviewing: Prin-
ipl s
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Dubuque: WCB
Received
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February 1994
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93
