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12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Database Design: Normalization and SQL
University of California, Berkeley
School of Information Management and Systems
SIMS 202: Information Organization and Retrieval
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Review
• Database design Process
• Entity-Relationship Diagrams
• Designing a database
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Database Design Process
ConceptualModel
LogicalModel
External Model
Conceptual requirements
Conceptual requirements
Conceptual requirements
Conceptual requirements
Application 1
Application 1
Application 2 Application 3 Application 4
Application 2
Application 3
Application 4
External Model
External Model
External Model
Internal Model
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
ER Diagrams: Entity
• An Entity is an object in the real world (or even imaginary worlds) about which we want or need to maintain information– Persons (e.g.: customers in a business,
employees, authors)– Things (e.g.: purchase orders, meetings, parts,
companies)
Employee
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
ER Diagrams: Attributes
• Attributes are the significant properties or characteristics of an entity that help identify it and provide the information needed to interact with it or use it. (This is the Metadata for the entities.)
Employee
Last
Middle
First
Name SSN
Age
Birthdate
Projects
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
ER Diagrams: Relationships
ClassAttendsStudent
PartSuppliesproject
partsSupplier
Project
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
ACME Widget Co. Entities
• Customer• Invoice• Employee• Inventory• Supplier• Account• Sales Rep• Parts
• Timecard• Check
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
ACME Widget Co. Functional areas
• Ordering• Inventory• Supplies• Shipping• Personnel• Payroll• We will concentrate on Ordering and
Inventory
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
ACME WidgetOrdering Normalization
OrdersCustomer
Cust#
Invoice
Writes
Sales-Rep
Invoice#
Rep#
Rep#
Line-ItemContains
Part#
QuantityInvoice#
Cust#
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
ACME WidgetER Model
OrdersCustomer
Cust#
Invoice
Writes
Sales-Rep
Invoice#
Sales
Rep#
Line-ItemContains
Part#
QuantityInvoice#
Cust#Contains
Part
Part# Count
Price
Supplier
Company#
OrderedPart
Hourly
Employee
ISA
Emp#Wage
Company#
Part# Cost
SuppliedPart
Has
On-Order
Supplies
Company#
Part# Quantity
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Mapping to a Relational Model• Each entity in the ER Diagram becomes a
relation.• A properly normalized ER diagram will
indicate where intersection relations for many-to-many mappings are needed.
• Relationships are indicated by common columns (or domains) in tables that are related.
• We will examine the tables for the Acme Widget Company derived from the ER diagram
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Employee
SSN Lastname Firstname Middlename Birthdate Address City123-76-3423 Jones Janet Mary 6/25/63 234 State Berkeley342-88-7865 Smith Thomas Frederick 8/4/70 12 Lambert Oakland486-87-6543 Hendersen Charles Robert 9/23/61 44 Central Berkeley843-36-7659 Martinez Roberto Garcia 7/8/58 76 Highland Berkeley… … … … … … …
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Sales-RepSSN Rep # Sales123-76-3423 1 $12,345.45843-36-7659 2 $231,456.75
HourlySSN Wage342-88-7865 $12.75486-87-6543 $20.50
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
CustomerCust # COMPANY STREET1 STREET2 CITY STATE ZIPCODE
1Integrated Standards Ltd. 35 Broadway Floor 12 New York NY 02111
2 MegaInt Inc. 34 Bureaucracy Plaza Floors 1-172 Phildelphia PA 03756
3 Cyber Associates3 Control Elevation Place
Cyber Assicates Center Cyberoid NY 08645
4General Consolidated 35 Libra Plaza Nashua NH 09242
5Consolidated MultiCorp 1 Broadway Middletown IN 32467
6Internet Behometh Ltd. 88 Oligopoly Place Sagrado TX 78798
7Consolidated Brands, Inc.
3 Independence Parkway Rivendell CA 93456
8 Little Mighty Micro 34 Last One Drive Orinda CA 94563
9 SportLine Ltd. 38 Champion Place Suite 882 Compton CA 95328
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Invoice
Invoice # Cust # Rep #93774 3 184747 4 188367 5 288647 9 1
776879 2 265689 6 2
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Line-Item
Invoice # Part # Quantity93774 3 1084747 23 188367 75 288647 4 3
776879 22 565689 76 1293774 23 1088367 34 2
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
PartPart # Name Price Count
1 Big blue widget 3.76 22 Small blue Widget 7.35 43 Tiny red widget 5.25 74 large red widget 157.23 235 double widget rack 10.44 126 Small green Widget 30.45 587 Big yellow widget 7.96 18 Tiny orange widget 81.75 429 Big purple widget 55.99 9
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
JoinsPart # Name Price Count
1 Big blue widget 3.76 22 Small blue Widget 7.35 43 Tiny red widget 5.25 74 large red widget 157.23 235 double widget rack 10.44 126 Small green Widget 30.45 587 Big yellow widget 7.96 18 Tiny orange widget 81.75 429 Big purple widget 55.99 9
Invoice # Part # Quantity93774 3 1084747 23 188367 75 288647 4 3
776879 22 565689 76 1293774 23 1088367 34 2
Invoice # Cust # Rep #93774 3 184747 4 188367 5 288647 9 1
776879 2 265689 6 2
Cust # COMPANY STREET1 STREET2 CITY STATE ZIPCODE
1Integrated Standards Ltd. 35 Broadway Floor 12 New York NY 02111
2 MegaInt Inc. 34 Bureaucracy Plaza Floors 1-172 Phildelphia PA 03756
3 Cyber Associates3 Control Elevation Place
Cyber Assicates Center Cyberoid NY 08645
4General Consolidated 35 Libra Plaza Nashua NH 09242
5Consolidated MultiCorp 1 Broadway Middletown IN 32467
6Internet Behometh Ltd. 88 Oligopoly Place Sagrado TX 78798
7Consolidated Brands, Inc.
3 Independence Parkway Rivendell CA 93456
8 Little Mighty Micro 34 Last One Drive Orinda CA 94563
9 SportLine Ltd. 38 Champion Place Suite 882 Compton CA 95328
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Today
• Normalization
• Relational Algebra and Calculus
• SQL
• Effectiveness and Efficiency criteria for database designs
• Advantages and failings of DBMS technology
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Normalization
• Normalization theory is based on the observation that relations with certain properties are more effective in inserting, updating and deleting data than other sets of relations containing the same data
• Normalization is a multi-step process beginning with an “unnormalized” relation
– Hospital example from Atre, S. Data Base: Structured Techniques for
Design, Performance, and Management.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Normal Forms
• First Normal Form (1NF)
• Second Normal Form (2NF)
• Third Normal Form (3NF)
• Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
• Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
• Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Normalization
Boyce-Codd and
Higher
Functional dependencyof nonkey attributes on the primary key - Atomic values only
Full Functional dependencyof nonkey attributes on the primary key
No transitive dependency between nonkey attributes
All determinants are candidate keys - Single multivalued dependency
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Unnormalized Relations
• First step in normalization is to convert the data into a two-dimensional table
• In unnormalized relations data can repeat within a column
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Unnormalized RelationPatient # Surgeon # Surg. date Patient Name Patient Addr Surgeon Surgery Postop drugDrug side effects
1111145 311
Jan 1, 1995; June 12, 1995 John White
15 New St. New York, NY
Beth Little Michael Diamond
Gallstones removal; Kidney stones removal
Penicillin, none-
rash none
1234243 467
Apr 5, 1994 May 10, 1995 Mary Jones
10 Main St. Rye, NY
Charles Field Patricia Gold
Eye Cataract removal Thrombosis removal
Tetracycline none
Fever none
2345 189Jan 8, 1996 Charles Brown
Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY
David Rosen
Open Heart Surgery
Cephalosporin none
4876 145Nov 5, 1995 Hal Kane
55 Boston Post Road, Chester, CN Beth Little
Cholecystectomy Demicillin none
5123 145May 10, 1995 Paul Kosher
Blind Brook Mamaroneck, NY Beth Little
Gallstones Removal none none
6845 243
Apr 5, 1994 Dec 15, 1984 Ann Hood
Hilton Road Larchmont, NY
Charles Field
Eye Cornea Replacement Eye cataract removal
Tetracycline Fever
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
First Normal Form
• To move to First Normal Form a relation must contain only atomic values at each row and column.– No repeating groups– A column or set of columns is called a
Candidate Key when its values can uniquely identify the row in the relation.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
First Normal FormPatient # Surgeon #Surgery DatePatient NamePatient AddrSurgeon Name Surgery Drug adminSide Effects
1111 145 01-Jan-95 John White
15 New St. New York, NY Beth Little
Gallstones removal Penicillin rash
1111 311 12-Jun-95 John White
15 New St. New York, NY
Michael Diamond
Kidney stones removal none none
1234 243 05-Apr-94 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY Charles Field
Eye Cataract removal
Tetracycline Fever
1234 467 10-May-95 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY Patricia Gold
Thrombosis removal none none
2345 189 08-Jan-96Charles Brown
Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY David Rosen
Open Heart Surgery
Cephalosporin none
4876 145 05-Nov-95 Hal Kane
55 Boston Post Road, Chester, CN Beth Little
Cholecystectomy Demicillin none
5123 145 10-May-95 Paul Kosher
Blind Brook Mamaroneck, NY Beth Little
Gallstones Removal none none
6845 243 05-Apr-94 Ann Hood
Hilton Road Larchmont, NY Charles Field
Eye Cornea Replacement
Tetracycline Fever
6845 243 15-Dec-84 Ann Hood
Hilton Road Larchmont, NY Charles Field
Eye cataract removal none none
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
1NF Storage Anomalies• Insertion: A new patient has not yet undergone surgery
-- hence no surgeon # -- Since surgeon # is part of the key we can’t insert.
• Insertion: If a surgeon is newly hired and hasn’t operated yet -- there will be no way to include that person in the database.
• Update: If a patient comes in for a new procedure, and has moved, we need to change multiple address entries.
• Deletion (type 1): Deleting a patient record may also delete all info about a surgeon.
• Deletion (type 2): When there are functional dependencies (like side effects and drug) changing one item eliminates other information.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Second Normal Form
• A relation is said to be in Second Normal Form when every nonkey attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key.– That is, every nonkey attribute needs the full
primary key for unique identification
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Second Normal FormPatient # Patient Name Patient Address
1111 John White15 New St. New York, NY
1234 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY
2345Charles Brown
Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY
4876 Hal Kane55 Boston Post Road, Chester,
5123 Paul KosherBlind Brook Mamaroneck, NY
6845 Ann HoodHilton Road Larchmont, NY
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Second Normal FormSurgeon # Surgeon Name
145 Beth Little
189 David Rosen
243 Charles Field
311 Michael Diamond
467 Patricia Gold
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Second Normal FormPatient # Surgeon # Surgery Date Surgery Drug Admin Side Effects
1111 145 01-Jan-95Gallstones removal Penicillin rash
1111 311 12-Jun-95
Kidney stones removal none none
1234 243 05-Apr-94Eye Cataract removal Tetracycline Fever
1234 467 10-May-95Thrombosis removal none none
2345 189 08-Jan-96Open Heart Surgery
Cephalosporin none
4876 145 05-Nov-95Cholecystectomy Demicillin none
5123 145 10-May-95Gallstones Removal none none
6845 243 15-Dec-84Eye cataract removal none none
6845 243 05-Apr-94Eye Cornea Replacement Tetracycline Fever
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
1NF Storage Anomalies Removed
• Insertion: Can now enter new patients without surgery.
• Insertion: Can now enter Surgeons who haven’t operated.
• Deletion (type 1): If Charles Brown dies the corresponding tuples from Patient and Surgery tables can be deleted without losing information on David Rosen.
• Update: If John White comes in for third time, and has moved, we only need to change the Patient table
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
2NF Storage Anomalies
• Insertion: Cannot enter the fact that a particular drug has a particular side effect unless it is given to a patient.
• Deletion: If John White receives some other drug because of the penicillin rash, and a new drug and side effect are entered, we lose the information that penicillin can cause a rash
• Update: If drug side effects change (a new formula) we have to update multiple occurrences of side effects.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Third Normal Form
• A relation is said to be in Third Normal Form if there is no transitive functional dependency between nonkey attributes– When one nonkey attribute can be determined with
one or more nonkey attributes there is said to be a transitive functional dependency.
• The side effect column in the Surgery table is determined by the drug administered – Side effect is transitively functionally dependent on
drug so Surgery is not 3NF
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Third Normal FormPatient # Surgeon # Surgery Date Surgery Drug Admin
1111 145 01-Jan-95 Gallstones removal Penicillin
1111 311 12-Jun-95Kidney stones removal none
1234 243 05-Apr-94 Eye Cataract removal Tetracycline
1234 467 10-May-95 Thrombosis removal none
2345 189 08-Jan-96 Open Heart Surgery Cephalosporin
4876 145 05-Nov-95 Cholecystectomy Demicillin
5123 145 10-May-95 Gallstones Removal none
6845 243 15-Dec-84 Eye cataract removal none
6845 243 05-Apr-94Eye Cornea Replacement Tetracycline
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Third Normal Form
Drug Admin Side Effects
Cephalosporin none
Demicillin none
none none
Penicillin rash
Tetracycline Fever
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
2NF Storage Anomalies Removed
• Insertion: We can now enter the fact that a particular drug has a particular side effect in the Drug relation.
• Deletion: If John White recieves some other drug as a result of the rash from penicillin, but the information on penicillin and rash is maintained.
• Update: The side effects for each drug appear only once.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Boyce-Codd Normal Form
• Most 3NF relations are also BCNF relations.• A 3NF relation is NOT in BCNF if:
– Candidate keys in the relation are composite keys (they are not single attributes)
– There is more than one candidate key in the relation, and
– The keys are not disjoint, that is, some attributes in the keys are common
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Most 3NF Relations are also BCNF
Patient # Patient Name Patient Address
1111 John White15 New St. New York, NY
1234 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY
2345Charles Brown
Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY
4876 Hal Kane55 Boston Post Road, Chester,
5123 Paul KosherBlind Brook Mamaroneck, NY
6845 Ann HoodHilton Road Larchmont, NY
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Fourth Normal Form
• Any relation is in Fourth Normal Form if it is BCNF and any multivalued dependencies are trivial
• Eliminate non-trivial multivalued dependencies by projecting into simpler tables
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Fifth Normal Form
• A relation is in 5NF if every join dependency in the relation is implied by the keys of the relation
• Implies that relations that have been decomposed in previous NF can be recombined via natural joins to recreate the original relation.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Relational Calculus
• Relational Algebra provides a set of explicit operations (select, project, join, etc) that can be used to build some desired relation from the database.
• Relational Calculus provides a notation for formulating the definition of that desired relation in terms of the relations in the database without explicitly stating the operations to be performed
• SQL is based on the relational calculus.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Relational Algebra Operations
• Select• Project• Product• Union• Intersect• Difference• Join• Divide
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Select
• Extracts specified tuples (rows) from a specified relation (table).
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Project
• Extracts specified attributes(columns) from a specified relation.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Join
• Builds a relation from two specified relations consisting of all possible concatenated pairs of, one from each of the two relations, such that in each pair the two tuples satisfy some condition.
A1 B1A2 B1A3 B2
B1 C1B2 C2B3 C3
A1 B1 C1A2 B1 C1A3 B2 C2
(Naturalor Inner)
Join
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Outer Join
• Outer Joins are similar to PRODUCT -- but will leave NULLs for any row in the first table with no corresponding rows in the second.
A1 B1A2 B1A3 B2A4 B7
B1 C1B2 C2B3 C3
A1 B1 C1A2 B1 C1A3 B2 C2A4 * *
Outer Join
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
SQL
• Structured Query Language
• SEQUEL from IBM San Jose
• ANSI 1992 Standard is the version used by most DBMS today (SQL92)
• Basic language is standardized across relational DBMSs. Each system may have proprietary extensions to standard.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
SQL Uses
• Database Definition and Querying– Can be used as an interactive query language– Can be imbedded in programs
• Relational Calculus combines Select, Project and Join operations in a single command. SELECT.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
SELECT
• Syntax:– SELECT [DISTINCT] attr1, attr2,…, attr3
FROM rel1 r1, rel2 r2,… rel3 r3 WHERE condition1 {AND | OR} condition2 ORDER BY attr1 [DESC], attr3 [DESC]
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
SELECT Conditions• = equal to a particular value• >= greater than or equal to a particular value• > greater than a particular value• <= less than or equal to a particular value• <> not equal to a particular value• LIKE “*term*” (may be other wild cards in other
systems)• IN (“opt1”, “opt2”,…,”optn”)• BETWEEN val1 AND val2• IS NULL
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Relational Algebra Selection using SELECT
• Syntax:– SELECT * WHERE condition1 {AND | OR}
condition2
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Relational Algebra Projection using SELECT
• Syntax:– SELECT [DISTINCT] attr1, attr2,…, attr3
FROM rel1 r1, rel2 r2,… rel3 r3
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Relational Algebra Join using SELECT
• Syntax:– SELECT * FROM rel1 r1, rel2 r2 WHERE
r1.linkattr = r2.linkattr
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Sorting
• SELECT BIOLIFE.[Common Name], BIOLIFE.[Length (cm)]
FROM BIOLIFE
ORDER BY BIOLIFE.[Length (cm)] DESC;
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Subqueries
• SELECT SITES.[Site Name], SITES.[Destination no]
FROM SITES WHERE sites.[Destination no] IN
(SELECT [Destination no] from DEST where [avg temp (f)] >= 78);
• Can be used as a form of JOIN.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Aggregate Functions
• Count• Avg• SUM• MAX• MIN
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Using Aggregate functions
• SELECT attr1, Sum(attr2) AS name FROM tab1, tab2 ...
GROUP BY attr1, attr3 HAVING condition;
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Using an Aggregate Function
• SELECT DIVECUST.Name, Sum([Price]*[qty]) AS Total
FROM (DIVECUST INNER JOIN DIVEORDS ON DIVECUST.[Customer No] = DIVEORDS.[Customer No]) INNER JOIN DIVEITEM ON DIVEORDS.[Order No] = DIVEITEM.[Order No]
GROUP BY DIVECUST.Name
HAVING (((DIVECUST.Name) Like "*Jazdzewski"));
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
GROUP BY• SELECT DEST.[Destination Name], Count(*) AS
Expr1 FROM DEST INNER JOIN DIVEORDS ON
DEST.[Destination Name] = DIVEORDS.Destination
GROUP BY DEST.[Destination Name] HAVING ((Count(*))>1);• Provides a list of Destinations with the number of
orders going to that destination
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Create Table
• CREATE TABLE table-name (attr1 attr-type PRIMARYKEY, attr2 attr-type,…,attrN attr-type);
• Adds a new table with the specified attributes (and types) to the database.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Access Data Types
• Numeric (1, 2, 4, 8 bytes, fixed or float)• Text (255 max)• Memo (64000 max)• Date/Time (8 bytes)• Currency (8 bytes, 15 digits + 4 digits decimal)• Autonumber (4 bytes)• Yes/No (1 bit)• OLE (limited only by disk space)• Hyperlinks (up to 64000 chars)
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Access Numeric types• Byte
– Stores numbers from 0 to 255 (no fractions). 1 byte
• Integer– Stores numbers from –32,768 to 32,767 (no fractions) 2 bytes
• Long Integer (Default) – Stores numbers from –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (no fractions). 4
bytes
• Single– Stores numbers from -3.402823E38 to –1.401298E–45 for negative values
and from 1.401298E–45 to 3.402823E38 for positive values.4 bytes
• Double– Stores numbers from –1.79769313486231E308 to –4.94065645841247E–
324 for negative values and from 1.79769313486231E308 to 4.94065645841247E–324 for positive values. 15 8 bytes
• Replication ID– Globally unique identifier (GUID) N/A 16 bytes
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Effectiveness and Efficiency Issues for DBMS
• Focus on the relational model• Any column in a relational database can be
searched for values. • To improve efficiency indexes using storage
structures such as BTrees and Hashing are used
• But many useful functions are not indexable and require complete scans of the the database
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Example: Text Fields
• In conventional RDBMS, when a text field is indexed, only exact matching of the text field contents (or Greater-than and Less-than). – Can search for individual words using pattern
matching, but a full scan is required.
• Text searching is still done best (and fastest) by specialized text search programs (Search Engines) that we will look at more later.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Normalizing to death
• Normalization splits database information across multiple tables.
• To retrieve complete information from a normalized database, the JOIN operation must be used.
• JOIN tends to be expensive in terms of processing time, and very large joins are very expensive.
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Advantages of RDBMS
• Possible to design complex data storage and retrieval systems with ease (and without conventional programming).
• Support for ACID transactions– Atomic – Consistent– Independent– Durable
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Advantages of RDBMS
• Support for very large databases
• Automatic optimization of searching (when possible)
• RDBMS have a simple view of the database that conforms to much of the data used in businesses.
• Standard query language (SQL)
12/5/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Disadvantages of RDBMS
• Until recently, no support for complex objects such as documents, video, images, spatial or time-series data. (ORDBMS are adding support these).
• Often poor support for storage of complex objects. (Disassembling the car to park it in the garage)
• Still no efficient and effective integrated support for things like text searching within fields.