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Tmgkj$s pmpuinr prnctocks ns crotoquk1 \krjncuinr rkiodomj oj Ojhonj njhUnfostnjo Uujan`

Jnvtka F* Uurkwni) \orojhkr S* Fnirn

Smcomimdy) Scbmmi ml Smconi Scokjcks) [jovkrsoty ml Gnjcbkstkr) Mxlmrh Pmnh) Gnjcbkstkr G>3 ?UI) [F

n r t o c i k o j l m s y j m p s o s

Nvnoin`ik mjiojk >? Gnrcb 05>5 Xbos nrtocik bodbiodbts wmgkj$s pmpuinr sporotuni prnctocks oj Uujan njh kxngojks bmw

sporotuni rotunis njh kvkjts pkrlmrgkh) inrdkiy `y wmgkj nrk kotbkr cmjvkjokjtiy mvkrimmfkh `y

rkiodomus nutbmrotoks mr skkj ns cmjtkjtomus `y gmrk rodoh pkrspkctovks mj rkiodomus `kimjdojd*

@y lmcusojd upmj wmgkj$s pnrtocopntomj njh wmrsbop nt sporotuni sotks njh lujctomjs) nttkjtomj

os hrnwj tm tbk cmjtojuug ml prnctocks tbnt ruj `ktwkkj iolk'cmursk rotunis njh ncts ml sporotuni

kg`mhogkjt njh wmrsbop) gnfojd ot holcuit tm gnojtnoj sucb rg hostojctomjs `ktwkkj

cuiturni njh rkiodomus prnctocks* @y lmcusojd upmj kxngpiks oj Uujan`) ncrmss Ojhon njh

Unfostnj) tbk nrtocik suddksts tbnt tbkrk os nj ujhkriyojd vkrjncuinr sporotuni cuiturk oj tbk

rkdomj wotboj wbocb n cmsgmimdy ml sporotuni ncts ml `kiokl mccupoks n ckjtrni spnck* Xbk nrtocik

woii hrnw upmj skcmjhnry ktbjmdrnpboc stuhoks ns wkii ns upmj kihwmrf cmjhuctkh `y tbk

nutbmrs oj hkvkimpojd n pocturk ml wmgkj$s pmpuinr prnctocks*

05>5 Kiskvokr Ith* Nii rodbts rkskrvkh*

Ojtrmhuctomj

Tmgkj$s pmpuinr rkiodomus prnctocks lmrg n ckjtrni pnrt ml

kvkryhny sporotuni njh cuiturni iolk oj Smutb Nson* Xbky skrvk ns

gnrfkrs ml rmutojks) rotunis njh iolk'cmursk wboik nism rkprkskjt'

ojd ncts ml `kiokl) `kimjdojd njh imcntomj nt tbk bmuskbmih njh

cmggujoty ikvkis* Hkspotk tbos ckjtrnioty tm cmjtkgpmrnry smconi

iolk oj Smutb Nson) wmgkj$s pmpuinr prnctock os quotk mltkj

hosgosskh wotboj gmrk mlconi hoscmursks mj rkiodomj ns kotbkr

hkvontomj mr ns kxprkssomjs ml tbk lkgnik hmgnoj ml cuiturk

"Nbgkh) 0550/* Ojhkkh) tbk hocbmtmgy `ktwkkj rkiodomj njh

cuiturk lmrgs pnrt ml n hmgnoj ml `ojnroks* Scropturni njhvkrjncuinr6 lmrgni njh cmggmj6 gnojstrkng njh gnrdojni nrk

kxngpiks ml tbk prm`ikgntoc ml hkjojd njh cmjjojd tbk vnst

tkrrnoj ml sporotuni prnctocks* Mur nog os tm cmjtro`utk tm tbos

hk`ntk tbrmudb tbk ikjs ml dkjhkr) `y cmjsohkrojd tbk wnys oj

wbocb wmgkj$s vkrjncuinr sporotuni prnctocks oj tbk rkdomj ml

Uujan` spnjjojd tbk Ojhonj njh Unfostnjo `mrhkr hosrupt njh

gmuih tbk `ojnry ml lmrgni njh ojlmrgni rkiodomj*

Xbos nrtocik nogs tm bodbiodbt wmgkj$s pmpuinr sporotuni

prnctocks oj Uujan` oj tbk gnjjkr oj wbocb tbky lujctomj* Xwm

nrkns oj pnrtocuinr woii`k lmcuskhupmj* Lorst) bmwsporotuni rotunis

njh kvkjts pkrlmrgkh) inrdkiy `y wmgkj nrk kotbkr cmjvkjokjtiy

mvkrimmfkh `y rkiodomus nutbmrotoks mr skkj ns cmjtkjtomus `y

gmrk rodoh pkrspkctovks mj rkiodomus `kimjdojd* Skcmjhiy)

wmgkj$s pnrtocopntomj njh wmrsbop nt sporotuni sotks hrnws mur

nttkjtomj tm tbk cmjtojuug ml prnctocks tbnt ruj `ktwkkj iolk'

cmursk rotunis njh ncts ml sporotuni kg`mhogkjt njh wmrsbop)

gnfojd ot holcuit tm gnojtnoj sucb rg hostojctomjs `ktwkkj

cuiturni njh rkiodomus prnctocks* Tmgkj$s pmpuinr prnctocks

oiiustrntk tbk dkjhkrkh jnturk ml sporotuni kxpkrokjck oj Uujan`*Ukrbnps kvkj gmrk prmlmujhiy) wmgkj$s prnctocks cnj nism

bodbiodbt tbk tkjumusjkss ml tbk `mujhnroks sm mltkj hrnwj tm

hostojduosb inrdk rkiodomus cntkdmroks sucb ns Sofb) Gusiog)

Cbrostonj njh Bojhu) tbrmudb ncts njh rotunis ml wmrsbop njh

ckik`rntomj* Xbus) tbk nrtocik woii nrduk tbnt wmgkj$s pmpuinr

prnctocks mllkr n ikjs tbrmudb wbocb wk cnj `kttkr ujhkrstnjh

tbk smconi cmjtkxt wotboj wbocb sporotuni njh cuiturnikxprkssomjs

mpkrntk) nj npprmncb wbocb hmks jmt rkst upmj xkh jmtomjs ml

rkiodomus `kimjdojd mr cntkdmroks* @y lmcusojd upmj kxngpiks oj

Uujan`) ncrmss Ojhon njh Unfostnj) n rkdomj hovohkh mstkjso`iy

nimjd rkiodomus iojks oj >?84) tbk nrtocik suddksts tbnt tbkrk os nj

Tmgkj$s Stuhoks Ojtkrjntomjni Lmrug 33 "05>5/ 32332?

Cmrrkspmjhojd nutbmr*

5044';3?;-( skk lrmjt gnttkr 05>5 Kiskvokr Ith* Nii rodbts rkskrvkh*hmo1>5*>5>5*50*5>0

Cmjtkjts iosts nvnoin`ik nt ScokjckHorkct

Tmgkj$s Stuhoks Ojtkrjntomjni Lmrug

a m u r j n i b m g k p n d k 1 w w w* k i s k v o k r* c m g - i m c n t k - w s o l

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.02.012http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02775395http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02775395http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.02.012

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ujhkriyojd vkrjncuinr sporotuni cuiturk oj tbk rkdomj wotboj

wbocb n cmsgmimdy ml sporotuni ncts ml `kiokl mccupoks n ckjtrni

spnck* Ot os wotboj tbos spnck tbnt gnjy pmpuinr prnctocks ml

wmgkj oj Uujan` cnj `k `kttkr ujhkrstmmh*

Pktbojfojd rkiodomj tbrmudb wmgkj$s pmpuinr prnctock

Xbk vmcn`uinry cmggmjiy uskh tm hoscuss pmpuinr rkiodomus

prnctock os rntbkr prm ikgntoc mj tbk drmujhs ml `mtb vmcn`uinry

njh gknjojd* Lrngks lmr ujhkrstnjhojd rkiodomus prnctock nrk

dkjkrniiy skkj tbrmudb `ojnroks ml ojlmrgnilmrgni) cmggmj

kiotk) nutbkjtocsupkrstotomj) njh mrtbmhmxbktkrmhmx ngmjdst

mtbkrs "Scro`jkr) >?28/* Xbksk `ojnroks nrk mltkj uskh ns

gktbmhmimdocni tmmis lmr cbnrtojd mut tbk hmgnoj ml rkiodomus

prnctocks wbocb kxost wotboj ns wkii ns mutsohk ml mlconi

hoscmursks ml rkiodomj oj smcokty* Lmcus upmj rurni) voiindk mr lmif

rkiodomj sogoinriy sbmws bmw pmpuinr rkiodomus prnctock mccupoks

n spnck wbocb cuts ncrmss njh os jmt kjtorkiy imcntn`ik wotboj

tbksk `ojnroks* Nttkjtomj tmwnrhs lmif rkiodomj oiiustrntks bmw

rmmts ml wmrsbop mltkj prkhntk lmrgni rkiodomus trnhotomjs njh

bnvk hostojctovkiy cuit'iofk prnctocks) mrni trnhotomjs njh rotuni

hkvmtomj) sucb ns pbniioc wmrsbop) ohmintry njh mllkrojds) njh oj

tbos skjsk ujskttiks njy jknt cntkdmrosntomj "Kidmmh) 05586

M`krmo) >??8/* Hkspotk tbos scbminrsbop) stuhoks stoii `kcmgk

kjduilkh wotboj tbk `ojnry'npprmncb oj wbocb voiindk mr lmif

rkiodomj ndnoj os cmjstructkh ns nj mppmsotk tm ur`nj) lmrgni

rkiodomj*

Umpuinr rkiodomj bns jugkrmus cmjjmtntomjs1 n skjsk ml tbk

gnssks mr n `mttmg'up pmsotomj) jkw rkiodomus gmvkgkjts

"Pknhkr , Xnjn`k) >??2/ mr tbnt wbocb bmihs tbk gmst

wohksprknh currkjcy mr pmpuinroty ml n pnrtocuinr togk* Xbk

tkrg pmpuinr rkiodomjos uskh oj tbos nrtocik)bmwkvkr) tm ojhocntkn

jmtomj ml rkiodomus ncts) `kiokls njh nctovotoks wbocb nrk prnctockh

njh kxpkrokjckh) rntbkr tbnj `kojd hkjkh njh nssodjkh "Hnvos)

>?20/* Xbus) wk usk tbk tkrg tm hkjmtk tbk kxpkrokjtoni

hogkjsomj) mr tbk skjsk ml tbk pmpuinr `kojd tbnt wbocb os

tnjdo iktm tbk gnssks oj n prmxogntk skjsk* Xbk tkrg) nswk uskot

bkrk) nism cmjjmtks nj niodjgkjt wotb kxpkrokjcks ml tbk

mrhojnry) cmggmj mr tbk kvkry hny) wbocb tkjh tm kxost

nimjdsohk) tbmudb nism `mtb wotboj njh mutsohk ml lmrgni

ojstotutomjnioskh lmrgs ml rkiodomj* Tmgkj$s prnctocks mpkrntk

wotboj sm gnjy rknigs ml rkiodomsoty tbnt ot os holcuit tm skpnrntk

lmrgni lrmg ojlmrgni) gnojstrkng lrmg gnrdojni mr njy mtbkr

hostojctomjs tm cbnrnctkrosk tbkor imcntomj* Xbkrklmrk) ot os mjiy n

skjsk ml tbk pmpuinr rntbkr tbnj n hkjn`ik tkrrnoj wbocb wk

utoiosk lmr tbk purpmsks ml tbos nrtocik*

Xbk ckjtrnioty ml wmgkj$s rkiodomus prnctock tm rkiodomus iolk os

jmt n jkw nrkn ml ojtkrkst* N hmgojnjt currkjt bns `kkj tm

kxngojk wmgkj wotboj lmrgni jmtomjs ml rkiodomj "o*k* wmgkj

njh Osing mr wmgkj njh Auhnosg/ mr tm njniysk tbk usk ml

wmgkj wotboj tbk cmjstructomj ml rkiodomus ohkjtotoks mr gmvk'

gkjts "Akllkry , @nsu) >??26 @nccbkttn) 0558/* Tmgkj) tbkor

`mhoks) ncckss tm khucntomj njh rksmurcks hrkss njh custmg) tm

jngk n lkw nspkcts) bnvk bostmrocniiy `kkj utoioskh tm krkct njh

gnojtnoj `mujhnroks `ktwkkj hollkrkjt rkiodomus ohkjtotoks njh)

oj tbos skjsk) bnvk `kkj uskh ns vkbociks lmr smconi cmjtrmi njh

hostojctomj* Xbk hkcmjstructomj ml rkiodomus) cinss mr cnstk

cmggujoty ohkjtotoks tbrmudb tbk ikjs ml dkjhkr bns `kkj nj

ogpmrtnjt nrkn ml kjquory oj tbk rknig ml ujhkrstnjhojd

wmgkj$s ckjtrnioty tm gnojstrkng prmckssks njh smconi lmrgn'tomjs "Gnibmtrn) 0550/* Bmwkvkr) `y nssugojd tbk vkry

cntkdmroks wotboj tbk hkcmjstructomj kxkrcosk) mjk jhs oj tbk

prmckss tbnt cntkdmroks `kcmgk pkrvkrskiy rkokh wboik mtbkr

lmrgs ml ohkjtocntomj njh nctovoty nrk mvkrimmfkh* Ot os prkcoskiy

lmr tbos rknsmj tbnt tbos nrtocik cbmmsks tbk wmrfojd hkjotomj

ojtrmhuckh knriokr ml pmpuinrrkiodomj ns tbk stnrtojd pmojt lrmg

wbocb tm inujcb nj kxngojntomj ml wmgkj$s pmsotomjnioty*

Umpuinr rkiodomj) ns nj ujxkh cmsgmimdy ml sporotuni ncts)

prnctocks njh `kiokls wbocb nrk prmxogntk tm wmgkj$s kvkryhny

iovks prmvohks n ikjs jmt wbmiiy cmjjkh tm tbk cntkdmroks ml

rkiodomus hostojctomj* Xbkrk nrk prm ikgs nssmcontkh wotbimcntojd

njh crotocniiy njniysojd wmgkj$s pmsotomj wotboj rkiodomus

hoscmursk njh prnctock) wbktbkr pmpuinr mr mtbkrwosk* Nbgkh

"0550/ pmodjnjtiy nhhrkssks tbk gympoc vokw ml rkiodomj

ojbkrkjt wotboj hoscussomjs ml rkiodomj njh wmgkj1

Tboik ot os nii vkry wkii tm hoscuss wmgkj njh) lmr kxngpik)

Auhnosg) Osing mr @uhhbosg) tbk nssugptomjs tbnt wk `rojd

tm tbk ossuks nrk sucb tbnt tbky prkciuhk njy dkjuojk

rkcnstojd ml kxtnjt njh wohkiy bkih ohkns n`mut rkiodomj pkr

sk) ns wkii ns n`mut wmgkj "Nbgkh) 0550) p* 45/*

Xbus) tbk gnojstrkngojd ml n wmgkj'ckjtrkh) lkgojost mr

dkjhkr njniysos ml rkiodomj bns ykt tm sulcokjtiy hkckjtrk tbk

dkjhkrkh) gnscuiojost ujhkrpojjojds ml tbk hoscopiojks ml

rkiodomus stuhoks mr tbkmimdy* Tmgkj$s prnctocks kjdndk wotb

cuiturni kxprkssomjs ml sporotunioty wbocb nrk mltkj mvkrimmfkh oj

tkrgs ml bmw rkiodomus ohkjtoty os lmrgniiy ujhkrstmmh* Bmwkvkr)

ncfjmwikhdojd prnctocks wotboj tbk sporotuni rknig wbocb nrk

dkjkrniiy rkiojquosbkh ns cuiturni rntbkr tbnj rkiodomus) sucb ns

ohmintry) cmjsuitntomj wotb bmiy durks) tbk usk ml vmtovks) mr

hovns) `rmnhkjs tbkikjsml njniysos ml rkiodomus prnctock* Tmgkj$s

prnctocks mltkj trknh tbk jk iojk hostojctomj `ktwkkj sncroikdk

njh cuiturk* Ot os jm wmjhkr tbkj) tbnt wmgkj$s prnctocks

ojciuhojd hrkss) gm oioty) smconi gmrks njh khucntomj wkrk

tnrdktkh kxpiocotiy `y tbk smconi rklmrg gmvkgkjts ml tbk >?05s

njh >?35s oj Ojhon njh `y su`skqukjt rkiodomus rklmrg gmvk'

gkjts oj pmst'cmimjoni Smutb Nson*

Xbk pkrckptomj ml pminroskh rkiodomus cntkdmroks bns `kkj

bodbiy hoscrkhotkh `y tbk rkcmdjotomj ml tbk guitopik jnturk ml

prnctock njh ohkjtocntomj `rmudbt mj `y tbk mjsinudbt ml pmst'

structurniost njh pmst'cmimjoni crotoquks mlrkiodomj "Fojd) >???/*

Nssnynd "0558/ pmojts mut bmw n pminroskh ujhkrstnjhojd ml

BojhuGusiog bns `kkj lmrguintkh mut ml n hk lnctm ncckptnjck

ml progmrhoni hostojctomjs) hkspotk kvohkjck ml rocb cmjffukjt

bostmroks ml cmkxostkjck njh cmggmjnioty* Njniysos ml tbk cmj'

structkh jnturk ml gnamr rkiodomus `mujhnroks)lmr ojstnjck) hrnws

nttkjtomj tm stntk njh mtbkr gmhks ml cmjtrmi njh rntomjniosntomj

wbocb bnvk bostmrocniiy nttkgptkh tm hosrupt pmpuinr jmtomjs ml

rkiodomus piurniosg rntbkr tbnj lmstkr tbkg "Gniof) 05556

Gnynrng) >??4/*

Xbk hkcmjstructomj ml rkiodomj bns ojhkkh mpkjkh up tbk

spnck lmr kjquory ml wmgkj$s pmsotomjnioty njh ndkjcy*Bmwkvkr)

tbkrk nrk twm jmtockn`ik trnakctmroks tbnt kgkrdkh mut ml tbos

spnck* Xbkrst os tbnt wmgkj$s rkiodomus prnctock os skkj tbrmudb

tbk cmjstructomj ml rkiodomus ohkjtotoks "Gnibmtrn) 0550/ njh tbk

skcmjh os ml wmgkj `kojd tbk vkbocik lmr tbk lurtbkrojd ml cm'

imjoni njh cmggujni ndkjhns* Iottik nttkjtomj bns `kkj pnoh tm

tbk sporotuni prnctocks ml wmgkj ns kxprkssomjs ml ndkjcy njh

cmjtrmiml provntkrkiodomsoty*Xbos cbnptkrwoiinrduktbnt wmgkj$s

prnctocks kxost nimjdsohk) cmtkrgojmusiy) ut mltkj mutsohk ml tbkgnojstrkng rkiodomus hoscmursk*

328 J*F* Uurkwni) \*S* Fnirn - Tmgkj$s Stuhoks Ojtkrjntomjni Lmrug 33 "05>5/ 32332?

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Cuiturni prnctock) sncrkh ncts mr rkiodomus `kiokl=

Oj dkjkrni tbkj) gy prmpmsni os tbnt wbkj wktnif mlrkiodomj

oj n jmj'tbkmimdocni skjsk) wk rkniiy gknj cuiturk) ujhkr'

stmmh ns tbk stuhy ml oj'stotutomjniozkh vniuks) njh tbk

ojtkrprktntomj ml syg`mioc systkgs) ojciuhojd tbkrotuniozntomj

ml kvkryhny iolk* Ol wk nrk tm usk tbk wmrh sncrkh "tbmudb O

ng jmt cmjvojckh tbnt wk jkkh ot/ ot cnj `k uskh tm rklkr tmtbmsk tbojds wbocb nrk lujhngkjtniiy vniukh `y n cmggu'

joty6 tbnt tbksk vniuks cnj `k ohkjtokh ns syg`miocniiy

mrhkrkh njh rkprmhuckh oj n wbmik rnjdk ml ojstotutomjs*

"Lotzdkrnih) >??4) p* ????8) p* 0/ nrtocuintks tbk hyjngosg njh guitopiocoty oj

hkvmtomjni prnctocks tbrmudb n hocbmtmgy `ktwkkj lmif njh

rkiodomus trnhotomjs* Xbk suddkstomj bkrk os tbnt smgkbmw tbk

rkiodomus hmgnoj cnjmjiy `k skkjoj `mujhkhtkrgs) wbkrknsmur

cmjtkjtomj os tbnt dkjhkr njh cnstk nrk ckjtrni tm wbnt `kcmgks

rkjhkrkh ns lmif njh wbnt os skkj ns rkiodomus* Oj nj nttkgpt tm

nvmoh tbk cmjffoctuni stnjck tbnt bns mltkj kgkrdkh oj tbk hk ntk

`ktwkkj lmifnjh rkiodomus mr vkrjncuinr njhscropturni trnhotomjs

Gor "055

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hny* Tboik tbos `ncfdrmujh skkgs tm bnvk hosnppknrkh oj tbk

Uujan`o cmjtkxt "ns tbkrknrk jm rklkrkjcks tm lnstojd mr tm Unrvnto

oj njy ml tbk iotkrnturk mj tbklkstovni oj Uujan` jmr`y tbk wmgkj

O spmfk tm/) tbk mtbkr nspkcts ml tbkrotuni rkgnoj*Urognroiy) tbksk

nrk tbk rkturj ml gnrrokh hnudbtkrs tm tbkor jntni voiindks6 tbk

dntbkrojd ml wmgkj tm sojd njh hnjck oj pu`ioc6 njh nj

ntgmspbkrk ml pinyluijkss) gmst syg miocniiy rkprkskjtkh

tbrmudb swojds bujd lrmg trkks*

Mjk ml tbk dkjkrni cmjtkxts lmr tbos rkturj tm tbk jntni bmgk

njh tbk su skqukjt lmrgnioskh pinyluijkss os n rkcmdjotomj ml tbk

jntni-cmjaudnihostojctomj1 Npnrt lrmg tbk hostojct rotuni njh dolt'

dovojd rmiks oj tbk twm voiindks) n wmgnj$s kvkryhny smconi

ohkjtoty os nism drmujhkh lujhngkjtniiy oj tbos cmjtrnst*

Stnjhnrhs lmr prmpkr `kbnvomur hollkr hrngntocniiy oj tbk twm

voiindks "Pnbkan , Dmih) >??8) p* >52/ Lmr kxngpik6 lrkk

gmvkgkjt oj tbk jntni voiindk os cmjtrnstkh wotb purhnb oj tbk

cmjaudni voiindk) kvkj tbmudb tbos os niwnys su`akct tm cmjtkstn'

tomjs "Sbnrgn) 055;/* Xbk ckjtrni cmjtrnhoctomj tbnt Pnbkan

wosbks tm hkgmjstrntks nt tbk bknrt ml Jmrtb Ojhonj fojsbop

ohkmimdy os tbnt ml wmgkj `kojd hostojctovkiy ns mjk$s mwj njh

soguitnjkmusiy mtbkr "Pnbkan , Dmih) >??8) p* 0/* Xbos ohknioskh

jmtomj ml wmgkj$s rkintomjsbop tm pinck njh spnck cmgks `klmrk

tbk nhvkjt ml cmggujocntomjs tkcbjmimdy njhoj Uujan o voiindks

tbk ur njosntomj tbnt cngk wotb tbk drkkj rkvmiutomj* Xbk n oioty

tm vosot tbkjntni voiindk njh tm gnojtnoj cmjstnjt cmjtnct tbrmudb

tbk gm`oik pbmjk bns skkj n hogojosbkh jkkh lmr tbk Xkka gkin*

Ojhkkh) Xkka oj Uujan` os gmrk mltkj lmujh oj tbk gmhkrjoskh

cmjtkxt ml doris$ scbmmis njh wmgkj cmiikdks* Mur njniysos ml tbk

rurni cmjtkxt ml tbk lkstovni tbkrklmrk nrosks mut ml tkxtuni

nccmujts*

Tmgkj$s pmpuinr cuiturk) ns Gnibmtrn) "0550/ nism tkrgs ot)

wns su`akct tm tbk gmhkrjosojd bnjh ml tbk Sojdb Sn`bn "Sofb

smconi rklmrg/ gmvkgkjt oj Uujan` nt tbk `kdojjojd ml tbk 05tb

ckjtury* Durhot Sojdb ">??>5 tbk ur nj Sojdb

Sn`bn rklmrgkrs cngk njh gm`oioskh ndnojst wmgkj sojdojd

vuidnr njh `nwhy smjds* Ojhkkh) tbos os pnrt ml tbk dkjkrnioskh

systkg ml jkw cmjtrmis `kojd pinckh mj wmgkj oj tbk cmimjoni

pkromh oj Uujan`* Gnibmtrn$s "0550) p* >?5/* Durhot Sojdb dovks wkodbt tm tbos

wotb tbk lmiimwojd cmupikt1

Hkntb tm tbkg) tbmsk Sojdb Sn`boyk$s wbm bnvk stmppkh

tbk Dohhbn nt tbk Xkknnj VlkstovniW "Sojdb) >????8/) tbksk smjd tkxts nrk su vkrsovk) lmr Sfojjkr njh

Nhbofnro ">??8/) tbky nrk n crotocni cmggkjtnry rntbkr tbnj

ojhocntojd n rotuni tbnt rkojlmrcks tbk dkjhkr rkintomjs njh

bkips prmhuck wmgkj wbm woiiojdiy njh cmgpionjtiy ncckpt tbk

cmjstrnojts ml tbos pntronrcbni systkg "Sfojjkr njh Nhbofnro

>??81 0/* Oj tbk Uujan` cmjtkxt jm hmu t oj tbk gohst ml tbksk

pmpuinr prnctocks0 "njh jmt aust nt tbk Xkknnj lkstovni/) tbkrk nrk

ckrtnojiy ojhocntomjs ml crotocni cmggkjtnry njh pmtkjtoni

su`vkrsomj) `ut jmjktbkikss ot hmks skkg tbnt tbksk spncks nct

ns snlkty vnivks rntbkr tbnj ns vkbociks lmr su`vkrsomj* Oj tbk

cmjtkxt ml tbk incf ml nj mrdnjoskh wmgkj$s mr lkgojost

gmvkgkjt oj tbk rkdomj) tbk qukstomj ml wbkrk tbos su`vkrsomj

mr crotocni cmggkjtnryjhs njygntkroni gnjolkstntomj `kcmgks

ml pnrngmujt ogpmrtnjck*

Sbnrgn "055;/ njh Pnbkan njh Dmih ">??8/ mllkr nj

njniytocniiy usklui skt ml tmmis lmr kxngojojd wmgkj$s iovks* Xbkor

cmjckrjs wotb tbkguitopik pincks lrmg wbocb wmgkj spknf njh

rkintk) ns hnudbtkrs) sostkrs) wovks njh gmtbkrs cmgpiocntks njy

jmtomj ml n ujotnry lkgnik su`akct* Hkspotk tbksk smpbostocntkh

nccmujts) bmwkvkr) tbkrk os nt tbk `nsk ml tbkor wmrf n bktkrm'

jmrgntovoty nt piny) oj tbnt wmgkjwbm nrk mutsohk ml pntronrcbni

rmiks nppknr inrdkiynsdurks ml gnrdojnioty "nsoj Sbnrgn)055;/

mr ns m`akct ml rohocuik oj gnjy ml tbk smjd tkxts* Lmr Pnbkan njh

Dmih ">??8/) ot os `nrrkj wmgkj) wmgkj wbmsk bus njhs

hkcohk lmr mjk rknsmj mr njmtbkr tm tnfk n skcmjh wolk) njh ml

wmgkj nccuskhml kjdndojd oj oiiocot skxuni rkintomjs "Pnbkan njh

Dmih) >??81p* >35/ 32332?

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cmursk pkrtnoj tm tbkskdurks* Kvkj tbmudb tbk ogpmrtnjt pmojt

os gnhk nt tbk kjh ml tbos nrtocik njh oj bkr mtbkr wmrf) tbnt

wmgkj ns wovks) sostkr) gmtbkrs "njh oj'inws/ njh gnrdojni

durks) sojdtmdktbkrnjh tbkrklmrk cbnjdk vmocks) tbosos pkrbnps

mjiy ormjoc npprkbkjsomj oj tbk lnck ml tbkfojsbopsystkg wbocb

spiots tbkg*

Xkknj hn gkin bns `kkj prkskjtkh bkrk ns nj oiiustrntomj ml n

lkstovni wbmsk ojtkrprktntomj lrmgn wmgkj'ckjtrkh pkrspkctovk

mllkrs nj kxngpik ml bmw tbk hostojctomj `ktwkkj cuiturni njh

rkiodomus rotunisnjhprnctocks cnjmltkj `k rntbkr ujciknrmr luzzy*

Ot os prkcoskiy tbos luzzojkss) wbocb cnj jkotbkr `k in`kiikh jmr

xkh tm n cmggujoty wbocb prkskjts nj kxngpik ml n skt ml

prnctocks jmt imcntn ik wotboj njy skt ohkjtoty mr trnhotomj*

Ojhkkh) tbk cmjtkgpmrnry gnrfojd ml Xkknj hn gkin oj gnjy

cmiikdks njh ujovkrsotoks oj jmrtb Ojhon prmvohks ykt njmtbkr

kxngpik ml bmw Xkka) wbkj ujhkrstmmh wotboj ots cmjtkxtuni

ckik rntomj) cnj soguitnjkmusiy rkprkskjt ots gmhkrjoty ns wkii

ns ots trnhotomjni sodjocnjck* Bodbkr khucntomjni ojstotutomjs oj

knst Uujan` nrk kgkrdojd ns ykt njmtbkr skt ml spncks ml gkktojd

njh cmiikctovoty lmr ymujd wmgkj wbkrk tbk rkfojhiojd ml tbk

ckik`rntomj ml wmgkj'ckjtrkh lkstovnis sucb ns Xkknj hn gkin

skkgs bodbiy npprmprontk) tbmudb woii jm hmu`t iknh tm jkw

ojtkrprktntomjs wotboj ots kvmivojd cmggkgmrntomj oj cmjtkg'

pmrnry Uujan`*

Sbrojk prnctocks oj Gusiog Uujan`

Ol tbk gkin rkprkskjts nj ojlmrgni wmgkj$s spnck wbocb

cngk tm n simw hkgosk wotb tbk nhvkjt ml rkiodomus ujolmrgoty

njh gmhkrj lmrgs ml cmggujocntomj) tbkj tbk prnctocks ml

wmgkj nt sbrojks oj Tkst Uujan`prmvohk n iovojd kxngpik ml tbk

vo`rnjcy ml pmpuinr prnctocks hkspotk ojstotutomjni njh stntk

gkcbnjosgs tm strkngiojk rkiodomus prnctocks* Xbmudb mjckndnoj

tbk prkssurks mj ojlmrgni prnctocks nt sbrojks lrmg rklmrgost njhlmrgniost rkiodomus mrtbmhmxy njh tbk Unfostnjo stntk wmrf

tbrmudb cmjtrmi ml wmgkj$s `mhoks* Skt oj tbk `rmnh cmjtkxt ml

Smutb Nsonj Susg) tbk prnctocks ml wmgkj nt Su sbrojks oj

Uujan` lmrgs n hkgmtoc pnrniiki ujovkrsk tm tbk Ukrsonj tkxtuni

trnhotomj ml Smutb Nsonj Osing* Xbk iotkrnturk mj Smutb Nsonj

Susg njh mj sbrojks oj pnrtocuinr os mltkj cnudbt up `y n

hkgnjh lmr rkcmdjotomj ml tbk cmgpikx) tkxtuni wmrih ml Su

Osing* Oj smgk skjsks tbos `kcmgks tbk stnrtojd pmojt ml nj

njniysos) tbnt `mtb ikjhs n ckrtnoj skjsk ml crkho oioty tm wbnt nrk

skkj "`y jmj'Su Gusiogs/ ns bktkrmhmx nctovotoks) `ut nism

prmvohks n cmjtkxt tbnt lmrgniosks wbnt cnj `k ktbjmdrnpbocniiy

vokwkh ns hkgmtoc prnctocks* Xbos hocbmtmgy os jkntiy rkprk'

skjtkh njh lmiimwkh `y Buhn "0553/1

*** tbk pkrckptomj ml Sus ns prognroiy ojtmxocntkh) hnjcojd)

smconiiy wotbhrnwj nscktocs os stoii cmjaurkh up oj cmjtkg'

pmrnry wmrfs*** Smgk ml tbkprm ikgs tbnt nrk nssmcontkh wotb

tbk ojhovohuni su amurjky wotbmut njy structurk tm tbk

Osingoc hmctrojks njh inw nrk tokh tm wkstkrj stuhoks ml

gystocosg "0550) p* 8/*

Buhn) tbkj dmks mj tm prkskjt nj ojtkiikctuni bostmry ml tbk

wrotojd ml tbk Subrnwnrhosus) ojhkkhlmiimwojd oj tbk lmmtstkps

ml njmtbkr strnjh ml Mrokjtniost scbminrsbop `kst kxkgpiokh `y

tbk cnjmj ml Njjk Gnrok Scboggki ">?4;6 055>/* Xbmudb tbosojtkiikctuni trnhotomj bns prmhuckh drknt ojsodbts ojtm tbk

scbkgntoc gntrox ml Su tbmudbt) tbk nctuni dkjhkrkh jnturk ml

gystocni prnctock nt su sbrojks bns jmt kkj tmm wkii kxpimrkh*

Pocbnrh Kntmj$s hktnoikh njh bostmrocniiy wkii rksknrcbkh

nrtociksmj tbk sbrojk ml LnrohDnjaSbnfnr) oj UnfUnttnj"`ktwkkj

tbk >>tb njh >2tb ckjturoks/ gnojiy lmcus mj ckrkgmjoks njh

rotunis wbocb prognroiy ojvmivkh gkj) sucb ns tbk hnstnr `njho

"tur`nj tyojd/ njh tbk gurkkh ojotontomj ckrkgmjoks* Xbos os jmt

lrmg tbk incf ml n gmrk dkjkrni rkcmdjotomj tbnt tbk hmgojnjt

rmik pinykh `y wmgkj oj tbos Ojhonj lmifs Osing cnjjmt `k

ujhkrkstogntkh "Kntmj) 0555) p* >?4/) `ut pkrbnps huk tm tbk

incf ml tkxtuni smurcks tm suppmrt tbos cinog oj tbk cnsk ml Lnroh$s

tmg`* Sm kvkj oj tbk Hkccnj cnsk stuhy wbkrk Kntmj ncfjmwi'

khdks tbk ckjtrni rmik ml wmgkj) tbos os jmt tbrmudb tbkor rotuni

prnctock `ut rntbkr bmw tbkor kvkryhny cuiturk) nppknrs oj tbk

tkxts mltbk supmkts1 Xbk `uif ml tbklmif pmktry wrottkj `y Sus

wns sujd `y voiindk wmgkj wboik kjdndkh oj vnromus bmuskbmih

cbmrks* Xbk gmst cmggmj typks ojciuhk tbk cbnffo'jngn) sm

cniikh `kcnusk ot wns sujd wboik drojhojd lmmh drnojs nt tbk

drojhstmjk mlcbnffo njh tbk cbnrfbn'jngn sujd wboik spojjojd

tbrknh nt tbk spojjojd wbkki) mr cbnrfnb "Kntmj) 0555) p* >?>/*

Xbkrk os nj ojvkrsomj nt piny oj tbos njniysos) wbkrk`y wmgkj$s

prnctocks nrk npprmncbkh tbrmudb tbk tkxtuni smurcks ml tbk Su

snojts* N sogoinr prmckss os nt piny oj tbk wmrf ml N``ns "0550/

wbmsk `mmf Xbk Lkgnik \mock oj Su Potuni1 Hkvmtomjni Urnctocks ml

Unfostnj njh Ojhon) wmuih nt rst sodbt prmgosk tm prmvohk smgk

nccmujts ml wmgkj$s prnctocks nt Su sbrojks* Pntbkr wk nrk

mllkrkh tbk wnys oj wbocb Su tkxtuni njh pkrlmrgntovk

trnhotomjs kg mhy tbk lkgojojk projcopik* Xbkrk nrk smgk

ojtkrkstojd ktbjmdrnpboc pokcks mj wmgkj gusoconjs `ut scnjt

hktnois n`mut hkvmtomjni prnctock*

Pntbkr) ot os oj n stuhy ml tbk kpbkgkrn ml pmpuinr cuiturk) oj

tbk wmjhkrlui `mmf Su Umstkr Nrt) `y Lrkg`dkj "055

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n`mut sbrojk prnctocks nrk jkdmtontkh `y wmgkj* Lmr ojstnjck) nt

tbk togk ml gndbro` jngnz nt sujskt) wmgkj ckjsmr mjk

njmtbkr$s prnctocks oj tkrgs ml `mhy pmsotomjojd vos''vos tbk

gmsquk njh tbk sbrojk wotb rkspkct tm tbk horkctomj tbnt mjk

sbmuih `k lnckh) nsskrtojd n gmrni nutbmroty ngmjdst mjk

njmtbkr* Bmwkvkr) nt Gonj Gor tbkrk os jm skdrkdntomj `ktwkkj

gkj njh wmgkj oj lmrgni tkrgs) wboist Sbnb Angni bns twm

skpnrntkh nrkns* Oj kncb cnsk dnrinjhs mlffmwkrs nrk `iksskh `y

pnssojd mvkr tbk tmg` njh tbkj dovkj `ncf tm wmgkj "dovkj

tbkor rkstroctomj mj nctuni kjtry/* Lrmgiodbtojd ojckjsk njh hovns

tm prnyojd nt tbk wniis ml tbk tmg`) wmgkj$s nctovotoks nrk lnoriy

ujcmjtrmvkrsoni* Nt tbk urs ml Sbnb Angni) drmups ml wmgkj oj

tbkor mwj inrdk dkjhkr skdrkdntkh cmurtynrh "wotb mjiy tbk

prkskjck ml `my cboihrkj/ nism tnfk up drmup sojdojd* Pkffkctojd

hkvmtomj tm tbk Urmpbkt Gmbnggkh) njh tm tbk snojts) tbksk

sogpik smjds oj Uujan`o rkffkct mj tbk imjd trnhotomj ml wmgkj$s

lmif tujks `kojd ojcmrpmrntkh ojtm sporotuni smjd "skk n`mvk/*

Tboist wmgkj sojdojd oj skdrkdntkh spncks gny pusb nt tbk

gnrdojs ml ncckptn ik `ut tmikrn ik `kbnvomur `y mrtbmhmx

Gusiogs) hnjcojd oj n goxkh skttojd wmuih `k rkintovkiy knsoiy

cmjhkgjkh* _kt nt Gonj Gor njh tbk [rs ml @nro Ogng oj

Pnwnipojho) hurojd tbk gusocni pkrlmrgnjcks mr "sngn/ tbkrk os

tbk prkskjck ml n sgnii jug`kr ml wmgkj hnjcojd* Xbos hnjcojd

botbkrtm os rkstroctkh tm tbk togk ml tbk urs mr gkin) `ut nt sbrojks

oj Sojhb) sucb ns Skbwnj Sbnrkkl ot os snoh tm `k n rkduinr prnctock*

Xbk rmik ml hbnggni mr kcstntoc hnjck oj su pkrlmrgnjck bns

`kkj wkii kxpimrkh `y Pocbnrh Tmil "0553/*

Hbngni njh `bnjdr n) ns twm fojhs ml $urs'npprmprontk hrug

dkjrks) mjk gmrk skromus tbnj tbk mtbkr) rmudbiy rkprmhuck

tbk hostojctomj `ktwkkj tbmsk wbm nrk cmjsohkrkh gmrk

skromus mr pomus oj tbkor hnjcojd lmr tbk snojt njh tbmsk wbmnrk aust lmmiojd nrmujh "Tmil) 055?80) wbocb stntks1

3* Uujosbgkjt lmr sojdojd mr hnjcojd oj Gusiog Sbrojks*Ol

njy wmgnj mr dori sojds tm tbk nccmgpnjogkjt ml n gusocni

ojstrugkjt mr hnjcks wotbmr wotbmut n gusocniojstrugkjt oj

n Gusiog Sbrojk) sbk sbnii `k duoity ml nj mllkjck ujhkr tbos

Nct njh sbnii `k ion ik mj cmjvoctomj tm `k pujosbkh wotbjk

jmt kxckkhojd vk bujhrkh rupkks mr wotb ogprosmjgkjt ml

kotbkrhkscroptomj lmrn tkrg jmtkxckkhojd soxgmjtbsmr wotb

`mtbsucbjk njhogprosmjgkjt* "bttp1--pujan`inws*dmv*pf-

inws-;/) nccksskh mj 4tb Nudust 055?*

Tbnt os ml cruconi ogpmrtnjck bkrk os tbnt tbk ikdni stntutk

rklkrs tm tbk dkjkrni nspkct ml Gusoc njh sbrojks) `ut tbk

cmjtrmiiojd nspkct os smikiy n`mut wmgkj$s `mhoks njh ndkjcy*

Xbk dkjhkrkh jnturk ml hk`ntks n`mut fknt njh tbk prmpkr

cmjhuct oj sbrojks `kcmgks kxpmskh oj tbk kxpiocot hksork lmr tbk

cmjtrmi ml wmgkj$s `mhoks* Xbk lnct tbnt n inw wns rkquorkh oj

tbos gnttkr njh kihwmrf wotb tbmsk nttkjhojd sbrojks mvkr n

imjd pkromh ojhocntk tbnt wmgkj$s pnrtocopntomj wns su`stnjtoni

oj gnjy ml tbk gnoj [rs) pnrtocuinriy tbnt ml Ogng @nro oj

Pnwnipojho* Ot wns hurojd tbk pkromh ml Nyu` Fbnj$s ruik lrmg

>?;? mjwnrhs tbnt wmgkj$spnrtocopntomj oj hnjcojd njh sojdojd

njh tbk dkjkrni nutmjmgy ml sbrojks `kdnj tm `k cur`kh* Ns

Kwojd ">??4) p* 45/ jmtks Xbk Nyu` Fbnj nhgojostrntomj***

wmrfkh tm hkvkimp n jkw ohkmimdy tmwnrhs snojts njh sbrojks*

Mjk ml tbk ckjtrni nspkcts ml tbos wns tbk drkntkr cmjtrmi mvkr

wmgkj$s pnrtocopntomj*

Xbos prmckss ml ohkmimdocni sbolt ogpnctkh mj bmw wmgkj

"njh gkj/ pkrckovkh tbk sbrojk* Oj Fntbkrojk Kwojd$s mrodojni

njhjkiy crnltkh `mmfNrduojd Snojtbmmh) wmgkj$s pkrspkctovks

mj sbrojk wmrsbop nrk wkii nrtocuintkh* @ut tbk tbkgntoc os

prognroiy cmjckrjkh wotb tbk tkjsomjs tbnt nrk ojbkrkjt oj tbk

prnctocks lrmg n rkiodomus pkrspkctovk* Xbk lmiimwojd njniysos ml

mjk ml Kwojd$s rkspmjhkjts oiiustrntks tbos pmojt1

Oj tbk stmry ml bkr vosot tm Hntn snbo`) Qnbohn kxprksskh

cmjtrnry pmsotomjs soguitnjkmusiy njh nttkgptkh tm rksmivk

tbkg* Sbk stoii gnojtnojkh tbk pmsotomj tbnt ot os wrmjd tm

prny nt sbrojks*** @ut bkr kxpkrokjck bns lmrckh bkr tm nhmpt

tbk pmsotomj tbnt ot os prmpkr tm vosot tbk sbrojks ml ckrtnoj

bodbiy rkspkctkh snojts) ol mjk os cnrklui jmt tm prny tm tbk

snojt ns nj ojhkpkjhkjt ndkjt wbm woii drnjt mjk$s rkqukst

wotbmut Dmh$s bkip "wbnt sbk cniikh hmojd puan/ "Kwojd)

>??4) p* >08/*

Tbnt prnyojd nt tbk sbrojk ml Hntn Snbo` nctuniiy cmjstotutks

os jmt mlckjtrni cmjckrj tm Kwojd$sjnrrntovk* _kt ot os prkcoskiytbk

rkstroctomjs mj wmgkj$s prnctocks nt sbrojks tbnt kg`mhy tbk

ohkmimdy tbnt hkjks wbktbkr ot os rodbt mr wrmjd tm vosot

sbrojks* Ot os tbk ncts ml iodbtojd ojckjsk) ml dovojd mllkrojds njhiodbtojdhovns tbnt cmjstotutks wbnt godbt `k skkj ns puan rntbkr

322 J*F* Uurkwni) \*S* Fnirn - Tmgkj$s Stuhoks Ojtkrjntomjni Lmrug 33 "05>5/ 32332?

http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/56.html#_ftn1http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/56.html#_ftn1http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/56.html#_ftn1http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/56.html#_ftn1

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tbnj tbk n`strnct prnctock ml prnykr* Pntbkr tbnj vokwojd tbksk

prnctocks ns pnrt ml n dkjkrni scbkgntn ml hkvmtomj) tbk

ohkmimdocni wmrf ml Osingosntomj tbnt os ckjtrni tm tbk Unfostnjo

jntomjni prmakct cmgks tm tbk lmrk* Ot os nism tbkgmgkjt oj wbocb

wmgkj$s rotuni prnctocks `kcmgk cmjtrmiikh njh su mrhojntktm n

gmrk lmrgnioskh rkiodomus mrtbmhmxy* Xbos os jmt tm nrduk tbnttbos

hmks jmt mllkr prmdrkssovk pmtkjtoni lmr wmgkj$s kgnjcopntomj

`ut tbnt tbk hovkrsoty njh ffuohoty ojbkrkjt oj sbrojk hkvmtomj os

su`sugkh tm n prkscroptovk skt ml prnctocks*

Cmjciusomj

Umpuinr prnctocks nrk mltkj jmt rkdostkrkh ns `kojd lmrgni

mjks* Ns n rksuit) tbkrk os n cmjtojuojd hoscmursk mj rkiodomus

ohkjtoty oj Uujan` wbocb pmsots gmst ncts ml wmgkj$s wmrsbop ns

cuiturni rntbkr tbnj ns rkiodomus) tbus rkikdntojd tbkor cmjtro`u'

tomjs njh nctovotoks tm tbk gnrdojs* Sofb wmgkj m`skrvojd fnrvn

cbnutb) lmr ojstnjck) mr Gusiog wmgkj iodbt hovn$s mr gnfojd

poidrogndk tm Jnjfnjn Snbo`) tbk `ortbpinck ml Duru Jnjnf) oj

Unfostnj) cnj mltkj `k ujhkrstmmh ns `kojd supkrstotomus mr ns

ojhoscrktomjs) rntbkr tbnj ns ncts wbocb sbmw `mujhnry crmssojd

nctovotoks tbrmudb sbnrkh prnctocks) sporotuni smurcks njh rklkr'

kjckpmojts* Xbksk sbnrkh sporotuni smurcks njhprnctocks lmrgtbk

lmujhntomj ml Uujan $s vkrjncuinr rkiodomj* Xbos kxosts oj tnjhkg

wotb mtbkr lmrgs ml rkiodomus kxprkssomj njh ohkjtoty `ut wbocb

sbmuih jmt `k gkrkiy hosgosskh ns cuiturni mr gnrdojni gkrkiy

`kcnusk ot os inrdkiywmgkj wbm cmjtojuk tm fkkp tbksk prnctocks

niovk*

Xbk OjhonjUnfostnj `mrhkr tbnt rujs tbrmudb Uujan` hmks

jmt hosrupt tbos vkrjncuinr skt ml rkiodomus prnctocks) jmr hmks ot

sbmw tbnt tbk strmjd lmrcks ml hosnpprmvni lrmg lmrgni

ojstotutomjs bnvk hmjk nwny wotb wmgkj pnrtnfojd oj sucb

prnctocks njhrotunis* Tbnt tbk lrngk ml crmss' mrhkr Uujan` hmks

sbmw os tbnt tbk dkjkrni hksork lmr tbk cmjtrmi ml wmgkj$s `mhoks

njh tbkor gm`oioty wotboj tbk pu`ioc spnck kxosts ncrmss `mtb

Ojhonj njh Unfostnjo Uujan`) ns `mtb pincks `kcmgk ojcrknsojdiy

bypkr'gnscuiojoskh smcoktoks* @y lmcusojd mj tbk Xkknnj hn gkin

oj Knst Uujan` njh sbrojk prnctocks oj Tkst Uujan` wk bmpk tm

bnvk sbmwj tbk rksoiokjck ml pmpuinr prnctock `ut nism tbk

cmjtkstkh jnturk ml tbostkrrnoj* Xbkjkdikct ml wmgkj$s prnctocks

hogojosbks mur ujhkrstnjhojds ml rkiodomus prnctock njh tkjhs tm

kjlmrckn sojduinr vokwml rkiodomus ohkjtotynjh`kimjdojd) wbocb

bns bostmrocniiy bnh trndoc cmjskqukjcks oj tbk rkdomj*

Ncfjmwikhdkgkjts

Xbk nutbmrs nrk drntklui tm tbk Pkiodomj njh Smcokty

prmdrnggk) amojtiy lujhkh `y tbk Kcmjmgoc njh Smconi Pksknrcb

Cmujcoi njh tbk Nrts njh Bugnjotoks Pksknrcb Cmujcoi) [*F*) lmr

suppmrt ml tbk rksknrcb prmakct kjtotikh Dkjhkr) Cnstk njh tbk

Urnctocks ml Pkiodomus Ohkjtotoks tbnt tbos nrtocik cmgks mut ml* Xbk

nutbmrs wmuih nism iofk tm tbnjf Urmlkssmr [rsuin Sbnrgn lmr bkr

ojsodbts njh suddkstomjs mj nj knriokr hrnlt ml tbos pnpkrns wkii ns

mj tbk mvkrnii prmakct tbnt tbos pnpkr os `nskh mj*

Kjhjmtks

> Nii trnjsintomjs lrmg tbk Uujan o cnrrokh mut `y tbk nutbmrs wotb

nhhotomjni suppmrt lrmg Suraot Sojdb Fnirn*

0 Xbkrk nrk mtbkr rurni spncks tbnt wmgkj wmuih smikiy mccupy oj tbk

Uujan`* Xbk Xrojabnj) n dntbkrojd nrmujh tbk spojjojd wbkki) oj prk'dns njh

kikctroc mvkjs) tbk tnjhmmr wmuih `k n pinck ml wmgkj$s dntbkrojd njh

tnifojd* @ut tbk Xkknnj lkstovni gmst pmtkjtiy `rojds mut ossuks ml `kimjdojd

`kcnusk ml tbk rkturjojd hnudbtkrs*

Pklkrkjcks

N``ns) @urjky "0550/* Xbk Lkgnik \mock oj Su Potuni1 Hkvmtomjni Urnctocks mlUnfostnj njh Ojhon* Nustoj1 [jovkrsoty ml Xkxns Urkss*

Nbgkh) Hurrk "0550/* Dkjhkrojd tbk sporot1 Tmgkj) rkiodomj njh tbk pmst'cmimjoni rkspmjsk* Imjhmj1 Qkh @mmfs*

Nssnynd) Ancfok "0558/* Nt tbk cmjffukjck ml twm rovkrs1 Gusiogs njh Bojhus ojSmutb Ojhon* Jkw Hkibo1 Gnjmbnr*

@nccbkttn) Unmin "0558/* Dkjhkr oj tbk Bojhu jntomj1 PSS wmgkj ns ohkmimduks*Jkw Hkibo1 Tmgkj [jiogotkh*

@niinrh) Pmdkr "0555/* Unjtb) fosgkt) hbnrg tk qnug1 Cmjtojuoty njh cbnjdkoj lmur hogkjsomjs ml Uujan`o rkiodomj* Oj Urotng Sojdb) , Sbojhkr S*Xbnjho "Khs*/) Uujan`o ohkjtoty oj n dim`ni cmjtkxt"pp* 434/* Jkw Hkibo1Mxlmrh [jovkrsoty Urkss*

Hnvos) Jntniok ">?20/* Lrmg pmpuinr rkiodomj tm rkiodomus cuiturk* Oj StkvkjMzgkjt "Kh*/) Pklmrgntomj Kurmpk1 N duohk tm rksknrcb "pp* 30>38>/* St*Imuos1 Ckjtkr lmr Pklmrgntomj Pksknrcb*

Kntmj) Pocbnrh "0555/* Xbk pmiotocni njh Pkiodomus Nutbmroty ml tbk Sbrojk ml@n`nLnroh) oj Pocbnrh Kntmj*Kssnys oj Osing njhOjhonjBostmr* JkwHkibo1

Mxlmrh [jovkrsoty Urkss*Kidmmh) Bkntbkr "0558/* Kxpimrojd tbk rmmts ml voiindk Bojhuosg oj SmutbNson* Tmrih Nrcbnkmimdy) 3??4/* Nrduojd snojtbmmh1 Osing) gmhkrjoty njh psycbm'njniysos* Hurbng) Jmrtb Cnrmiojn1 Hufk [jovkrsoty Urkss*

Lotzdkrnih) Xogmtby ">??4/* N crotoquk ml rkiodomj ns n crmss'cuiturni cntkdmry*Gktbmh njh Xbkmry oj tbk Stuhy ml Pkiodomj) ?"0/) ?>>>5*

Lrkg`dkj) Aukrdkj "055??4/* Pksostojd rkdogks1 Gytb) gkgmry njh tbk sbnpojd ml n

Gusiog ohkjtoty* Jkw Hkibo1 Mxlmrh [jovkrsoty Urkss*Gor) Lnrojn "055??8/* Iostkj tm tbk Bkrmj$s TMrhs1 Pkogndojojddkjhkr njh fojsbop oj Jmrtb Ojhon* @krfkiky) Cniolmrjon1 [jovkrsoty mlCniolmrjon Urkss*

Pknhkr) Onj) , Xnjn`k) Dkmrdk ">??2/* Urnctocniiy rkiodomus1 Tmrihiy `kjktsnjh tbk cmggmj rkiodomj ml Anpnj* Bmjmiuiu1 [jovkrsoty ml Bnwnoo Urkss*

Scboggki) Njjkgnrok ">?4;/* Gystocni hogkjsomjs ml Osing* Cbnpki Boii1

[jovkrsoty ml Cnrmiojn Urkss*Scboggki) Njjkgnrok "055>/* Ns tbrmudb n vkoi1 Gystocni pmktry oj Osing* Jkw_mrf1 Cmiug`on [jovkrsoty Urkss*

Scro`jkr) Pm`krt ">?28/* Potuni njh pmpuinr rkiodomj oj Cntbmioc Dkrgnjy nttbk togk ml tbk Pklmrgntomj* Amurjni ml Kcciksonstocni Bostmry) 3;) 8444*

Sbnrgn) [rsuin "055;/* Hmwry oj Jmrtb Ojhon1 Ots cmjskqukjcks lmr wmgkj* Oj S*@nsu "Kh*/) Hmwry njh ojbkrotnjck "pp*