Geography 12 Tectonic Processes Exercise

1) What are two key differences between the composition of the continents and the ocean basins? P. 3 (2 marks)Light-Granitic (SIAL)-ContinentsDense Basaltic (SIMA)

2) What is the upper part of the mantle called? P3 (1 mark)) Asthenosphere3) Explain the driving force behind plate movement and where does this occur-hint draw the convection cururrents? P.3 (1 mark)

4) What is the Theory of Isostacy? P 4 (1 mark)Isostatic Rebound means that the crust will “bounce” back after the ice melts (or mountains have eroded)

5) What did Alfred Wegener call the supercontinent of the past? P 4 (1 mark)Pangea See Animation in PPT

6) Summarize some of the major theories to support of continental drift? P 4 (3 – 2 marks each=6)See PPt

Fossil-Correlation-fossils of same speciesGeologic Fit-landforms/age of rocks are identical—Tillite glacial deposit/Sandstone/Shale/coal 3. Basaltic lava flowsPaleoclimatology-tropical climates-coal formationCoastline fit-east side of Africa/West side of S.A.Paleoglaciation-glacial pattens in S.A., Africa/India/Australia point to a common glacial periodPaleomagnetism (see below)

7) How much are the plates moving per year? P. 5 (1 mark)-As much as your fingernails grow…2-3 cm8) Draw a diagram of what occurs at diverging plates? P.5 (2 marks)

9) Perhaps the most famous example of plates diverging is found where? P. 5 (1 mark)Mid-Atlantic Ridge

10) What is occurring at the African Rift valley? P. 6 (1 mark)Rifting

11) When a continental plate and an oceanic plate meet, the oceanic plate subducts underneath the continental plate. Why? P. 7 Draw a diagram of subduction zones (4 marks)

http://www.wiley.com/college/arbogast/047143860X/geo_interactions/ch13/continental_drift/index.html

12) The Himalayas are a result of what kind of plate interaction? Name the plates involved. P. 7 Draw a diagram of continental convergence (4 marks)

Continent smashes into another continent pushing sediment upwards-Indian smashing into Eurasion

13) The San Andreas fault is a result of what kind of plate division? Name the plates involved. P. 9 Draw a diagram of transform boundaries(4 marks)

14) Looking at the world plate diagram, what two plates are interacting directly off our coastline and what is the dominant kind of interaction here? (Look at the map below) (2 mark)

Juan DE FUCA and NA

15) The crucial part of seafloor spreading as a proof for continental drift is the ability of rock formed from magma to record what at the time of its formation? (see online) (1 mark)Magnetic RecordPaleo Magnetism: The study of old magnetic fields. When lava is molten, the metals within the lava orient themselves to the magnetic north pole of that time. Once the lava cools, the

metallic parts are “locked” in place to show the magnetic field of that time.

16) What type of plate division is occurring in Iceland? __________ _________________ *see your world maps and fig. 3.9 (1)

DIVERGING - http://www.wiley.com/college/arbogast/047143860X/geo_interactions/ch13/active_passive_margins/index.html

17) The Andes are a result of the ____OCEANIC_____________ plate subducting underneath the ____Continent ______________________ plate. (1)

18) The Cascade volcanoes are also a result of subduction. List four cascade volcanoes. *go online (2)

19) Island arcs are a result of convergence between two OCEANIC______________________

plates. *P.7 (1) -20) The San Andreas fault is known as a slip fault or _______________ fault or _____________ fault. (1) (TRANSFORM OR TEAR)

21) What is the key difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks? P. 11 (1) Intrusive means magma cools inside the ground, extrusive lava cools on the surface.

22) Sedimentary rocks are associated with which energy source? P.11 (1) Erosion and Weathering OMIT23) What are two key requirements necessary for the formation of metamorphic rocks? P. 12 (1) HEAT AND PRESSURE

24) Recreate the Rock Cycle P. 12 (4)See Sovio (Activity Tomorrow)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iZj-GeNbag

25) What is the difference between a fold and a fault? P. 10 (1)Fold –CompressionFault-Fracture or Break26) Sketch and label an anticline fold and syncline fold. P.10 (2)

Folding is the compression of rock strata (horizontal or compressed)Gets compressed into foldshttp://www.wiley.com/college/arbogast/047143860X/geo_interactions/ch13/folding/index.htmlAppalachians:http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/geology/platetectonics/appalachian.htm

Faulting is the process when the crust fractures and the blocks are eithervertically or horizontally displaced. This displacement is caused by tension (apart)or compression (together).

27) Sketch and label a normal fault, reverse fault, graben, and a horst. Give a brief description of each. (8)1) NORMAL FAULT:

2) REVERSE FAULT:

3) STRIKE-SLIP, TEAR, ORTRANSFORM FAULT

4) RIFT VALLEY ORGRABEN

28) What is the key difference between a hot spring and a geyser? Draw a diagram for each. P. 13 (1)

Hot Spring: Surface water infiltrateshot volcanic rock heats itfinds path to surface along a fault line

GeyserChannel is obstructedwater pools (superheats)steam builds upwater is expelled forcefully

 

29) The formation of fossil fuels takes millions of years. Decribe how coal and oil form. P. 13-14. (1)Carboniferous Epoch – 360 to 286 million (2.5 million years)plants and swamps diedheat and pressurepeatmore heat and pressuresoft coal lignitesolidifies (more carbon-longer burning)Oil microscopic sea creatures (continental shelves) compacted by sediment (naturally decay)heat and pressureoil

30) List and briefly describe three of the causes of earthquakes. (3)P. 15.1. Sudden release of stress across a fault/zone2. Convection currents in astheno.3. Orogenesis (Mountain-building) – Land will always in a state of equilibrium –4. theory of isostasy5. Movement of continents and ocean floors6. Earth wobbling on axis7. Man’s interference

Earthquakes:8. Built up-stress between two plates is released9. Deformed plates snap back into position=Elastic-Rebound theory

Focus: where the earthquake occurs. Epicentre: spot on earth's surface directly above the focus.http://www.wiley.com/college/arbogast/047143860X/geo_interactions/ch13/earthquake/index.html

MagnitudeMagnitude is the total amount of energy released by an earthquake, and consequently, the amount of ground motion it causes. Magnitude is measured using the Richter Scale.

31) What is a tsunami?A huge wave spawned by an earthquake in the ocean P. 16 (1) is it a tidal wave? NO

32) Along the Pacific coastline of Washington and Oregon frequent signs appear along Highway 101 warming people to move to higher ground in case of tsunami. Why is a tsunami only a threat when it enters shallow water? Because it rises Why is this coastline susceptible to tsunamis.

Part of an active subduction zone(2)

33) What is liquefaction and which part of the Lower Mainland would be vulnerable to it during an earthquake? P. 16. (2) Near coastlines, harbours and rivers they can make the wet, sandy soil jibble, turning temporarily from solid to liquid.Heavy sand and rock sinks, while water and ligher sand buble to surface

34) How many times greater is a 7.0 magnitude earthquake from a 3.0 magnitude erathquake? The scale grows by a power of 10 for each 1.0 increase in magnitude. Hence, a 5.0 earthquake is 100 times (10 x 10 x 10) greater than a 2.0 earthquake.-10,000 (1)

35) Why is the West Coast of British Columbia vulnerable to earthquakes? (see Q. 19-20) (1)

Juan de fuca (oceanic)subducts below North American

36) Why was the death toll so great in the Indian Tsunami of 2004? P .17-18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1J8Feyr38Ss

Lack of Education, Lack of Warming Systems (Poverty (buoys)) , Mangroves (trees than live in a saline (salty) environment) – Houses? (Hotels)

37) Which type of lava is generally associated with violent eruptions and why? P. 22

38) Make brief notes on the key differences between the three types of volcanoes. (Look carefully at the pictures) p.22-23 (6) Andesite:high viscosity(not fluid) thick and slow moving,(high gases (high silica)think of shaking a coca-cola can) greater risk of a violent eruption as gases are trapped by its thickness so pressure builds up (OVER CONTINENT-SUBDUCTION-Pacific Ring of Fire)

Basaltic: low viscosity(high flow), more fluid and fast moving/Less risk of violent eruption (gas content)(over oceans-divergent plates)

29) Volcanism:1) Cinder

Found over ContinentsSmall-Steep slopes Layers of cinders and ashViolent-Andesitic

2) Shield Cone

Ocean FloorsBasaltic High flow low explosionGentle Hawaii / Iceland

3) Composite Cone

(or sometimes called Stratovolcanoes) eg Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Baker, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Etna in Sicily - consists of alternating layers of lava and ash - lava layers permit the cone to attain considerable width while the cinder/ash layers encourage vertical growth - as a result, some of the world's highest volcanic mountains are in this category - lava is a mixture of the andesite type (i.e. silica-rich) and the basalt type(i.e. magnesium-rich) - can be very explosive spewing much pyroclastic material (i.e. cinders, ash, and rock fragments) high into theatmosphere and / or rapidly down the side of the volcano as a pyroclastic flow. Such a flow sears everything in its path and may also contain a nuee ardente - a very hot cloud of gases (i.e. hydrogen, carbon monoxide, sulphur, and chlorine). - mud flows, known as lahars, are frequently triggered as heat from the volcano melts snow and ice Mt. St. Helens- lahar riched Portland harbour some 100 km away H20 level dropped stranding lots of ships

39) What is a caldera? P. 25 Inward Collapse of Cone (1)40) What is a hotspot? What is happening to the Hawaiian islands? P. 24 (2)

41) Intrusive Forms P. 24Define the following termsVolcanic neck/pipe: Brings magmawall or dike: cuts across rock layerssill: within a rock layerlaccolith: between rock layers batholith: 5 MARKSLabel the diagram below (terms can be Used more than once)Features created by Extrusive Volcanic Activity p. 25

Lava: Magma making to the ground Pyroclastics: cinders ash gas rock Lahars: Ice lava see pic Nuees Ardentes: super heated 1000 degrees pyroclastics

42. What are some of the major benefits associated with volcanic activity. P. 25

43. Visit the following website and discuss what could occur in Yellowstone in the future.http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/volcanoes_rev4.shtmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhxjAAnwNKMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YawfoULZdbw

Effects of Tectonic Processes on cultural, economic, political and social activities:Constructive (Benefits of Volcanoes)- Hot Springs/Geysers Tourism/Potential for Geothermal Energy/Ash that is emitted from volcanoes is beneficial to soil (agriculture)/Precious materials (minerals) widely available in this areas/New land createdDestructive-Death/Damage/Habitat Loss/Property Damage/Air Travel suspended/Pollution/Water contamination/Resource loss/Acidic Rain/Greenhouse Effect (Global Warming)

Most of the major landforms are created by tectonics = volcanoes, mountain ranges

How are they beneficial to humans? Himalayas=attracts tourists=income for the government of Nepal=jobs for the

locals. However, tourists bring garbage and western influences the local culture. Water melting from the mountain feeds rivers such as the Gangesion Mountains are a barrier for transportation. Culturally, the people worship the mountain goddess. Many people have lost their lives trying to climb Everest and K2 (Himalayas) Melting can cause flooding. D2 FPH Damage and Death Fertile Precious minerals Hot Springs