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Mackenzie Taggart* SS 421* Wetlands* Spring 2014 Mangrove Functions and Importance Across Cultures Adaptations To Salinity Mangroves are specially adapted to withstand many hostile conditions, but their ability to cope with salinity make them a remarkable coastal species. There are four main adaptations: Preventing influx of saline water into roots through filtering Absorbing large quantities of water to dilute the salts stored in leaves and tissues Concentrating salt in leaves and bark which are then shed Excreting salt through special pores of the surface of leaves What are Mangroves? Mangroves are a specially adapted species that thrive along coastlines where salt and freshwater converge. Mangrove forests are some of the most productive terrestrial ecosystems and are considered an important natural resource. Mangroves grow in Tropical and Subtropical climates between 30˚North and South of the Equator and are present on almost all continents except Europe and Antarctica. Mangroves grow from a long, tubular seed called a Propagule. When the seed is ready, it falls from the tree and sticks in the mud where it will begin to grow. If the seed in unsuccessful, it will be carried away and will stay dormant until it washes ashore. Common Species of Mangroves There are more than 50 species of mangroves worldwide, but there are three more variations: The White Mangrove Laguncularia racemosa The white mangrove grows at higher elevations than both black and red mangroves and is unique for having no visible root system. The white mangrove has oval shaped light green leaves with glands at the base of each leaf that excrete salt taken in by the roots. The Black Mangrove Avicennia germinans Easily identified thanks to the dark colored bark and roots it is named after. Another identifiable feature are the Pneumatophores that supply oxygen for the mangrove. Black mangrove leaves are oblong and a shiny dark green on top, light green on bottom. The Red Mangrove Rhizophora mangle Easily identified by the reddish tint to its bark and roots, the red mangrove is nicknamed the “walking tree” due to its stilt roots. The leaves are 12 inches in length with a blunt tip; they are a shiny dark green on top, and light green on the bottom Specialized Roots These specialized roots are adaptations that allow mangroves to grow in anaerobic conditions. Stilt Roots: These roots grow from the trunk of the mangrove and keep the mangrove rooted and stable. They too allow the diffusion of oxygen through lenticels on the surface of the roots. Pneumatophores: These roots extend upwards through the soil and reach around 2030 cm in height. They are covered in small pores called lenticels, which allow the diffusion of oxygen when exposed at low tide. Mackenzie Taggart * SS 421* Spring 2014

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 Mackenzie  Taggart*  SS  421*  Wetlands*  Spring  2014  Mangrove Functions and Importance Across Cultures  

 

Adaptations To Salinity

Mangroves  are  specially  adapted  to  withstand  many  hostile  conditions,  but  their  ability  to  cope  with  salinity  make  them  a  remarkable  coastal  species.      

There  are  four  main  adaptations:      

v Preventing  influx  of  saline  water  into  roots  through  filtering  

v Absorbing  large  quantities  of  water  to  dilute  the  salts  stored  in  leaves  and  tissues  

v Concentrating  salt  in  leaves  and  bark  which  are  then  shed  

v Excreting  salt  through  special  pores  of  the  surface  of  leaves  

 

What are Mangroves?  

Mangroves  are  a  specially  adapted  species  that  thrive  along  coastlines  where  salt  and  freshwater  converge.  Mangrove  forests  are  some  of  the  most  productive  terrestrial  ecosystems  and  are  considered  an  important  natural  resource.  Mangroves  grow  in  Tropical  and  Subtropical  climates  between  30˚North  and  South  of  the  Equator  and  are  present  on  almost  all  continents  except  Europe  and  Antarctica.      

Mangroves  grow  from  a  long,  tubular  seed  called  a  Propagule.  When  the  seed  is  ready,  it  falls  from  the  tree  and  sticks  in  the  mud  where  it  will  begin  to  grow.  If  the  seed  in  unsuccessful,  it  will  be  carried  away  and  will  stay  dormant  until  it  washes  ashore.      

Common Species of Mangroves  

There  are  more  than  50  species  of  mangroves  worldwide,  but  there  are  three  more  variations:              

The  White  Mangrove  Laguncularia  racemosa  

 The  white  mangrove  grows  at  higher  elevations  than  both  black  and  red  

mangroves  and  is  unique  for  having  no  visible  root  system.  The  white  

mangrove  has  oval  shaped  light  green  leaves  with  glands  at  the  base  of  each  leaf  that  excrete  salt  taken  in  by  the  

roots.  

The  Black  Mangrove  Avicennia  germinans  

 Easily  identified  thanks  to  the  dark  colored  bark  and  roots  it  is  named  

after.  Another  identifiable  feature  are  the  Pneumatophores  that  supply  oxygen  for  the  mangrove.  Black  

mangrove  leaves  are  oblong  and  a  shiny  dark  green  on  top,  light  green  on  

bottom.    

The  Red  Mangrove  Rhizophora  mangle  

 Easily  identified  by  the  reddish  tint  

to  its  bark  and  roots,  the  red  mangrove  is  nicknamed  the  “walking  tree”  due  to  its  stilt  roots.  The  leaves  are  1-­‐2  inches  in  length  with  a  blunt  tip;  they  are  a  shiny  dark  green  on  top,  and  light  green  on  the  bottom  

 

Specialized Roots  

These   specialized   roots   are   adaptations   that   allow   mangroves   to  grow  in  anaerobic  conditions.        

                           

Stilt  Roots:    These  roots  grow  from  the  trunk  of  the  mangrove  and  keep  the  mangrove  rooted  and  stable.  They  too  allow  the  diffusion  of  oxygen  through  lenticels  on  the  surface  of  the  roots.  

Pneumatophores:    These   roots   extend   upwards   through   the  soil   and  reach  around  20-­‐30  cm  in  height.  They   are   covered   in   small   pores   called  lenticels,   which   allow   the   diffusion   of  oxygen  when  exposed  at  low  tide.      

   Mackenzie  Taggart  *  SS  421*  Spring  2014  

 

   

Importance of Mangroves Mangroves  are  crucial  to  sustaining  coastal  ecosystems  around  the  world  and  have  many  ecological  and  societal  benefits.    Their  benefits  can  be  separated  into  two  interconnected  categories:  benefits  from  the  mangrove  products,  and  benefits  from  the  mangrove  ecosystem  as  a  whole.  These  categories  are  interconnected  because  they  depend  on  one  another;  if  mangrove  products,  such  as  wood  harvested  for  fuel,  are  too  widely  used  or  destroyed,  the  mangrove  ecosystem  will  be  unable  to  provide  the  benefits  it  used  to.              

   

     

Mangrove  Ecosystem  As  A  Whole  

Coastal  StabilizaUon  

AccumulaUon  of  Sediment  

DissipaUon  of  Wind  &  Tide  Energy  

Improvement  of  Water  Quality    

Nutrient  RetenUon  

Carbon  AccumulaUon  

Wilflife  Habitat  

Mangrove  Products  

Food  &  Fiber  

TexUles  

Timber    

Fuel    Dye  For  Clothing  

Tannin  Used  in  Medicine  

Fishing  

Case Study: Mangrove Destruction in Indonesia

Residents  depended  on  mangroves  as  a  source  of  wood  for  fuel,  but  when  farmers  realized  the  value  of  the  land,  shrimp  farming  took  over.  Mangroves  posed  a  problem  for  shrimp  farmers,  who  wanted  their  ponds  closer  to  the  shore;  as  a  result,  hundreds  of  acres  of  mangroves  were  cut  down.  Without  the  mangroves  stabilizing  the  coast  and  dissipating  the  energy  of  the  wind  and  tides,  tsunamis  have  caused  significant  damage  and  taken  thousands  of  lives.  The  most  destructive  tsunami  resulted  from  the  massive  9.0  magnitude  earthquake  off  the  coast  of  Indonesia  and  Sumatra  in  2004.  The  tsunami  destroyed  the  coastlines  of  11  countries  bordering  the  Indian  Ocean  and  ravaged  Indonesia.    

References "The  Deadliest  Tsunami  in  History?"  National  Geographic.  National  Geographic  Society,  7  Jan.  2005.  Web.  29  May  2014.  <http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1227_041226_tsunami_2.html>.    

"Uses  of  Mangroves."  Australian  Institute  of  Marine  Science.  Australian  Government,  n.d.  Web.  28  May  2014.  <http://www.aims.gov.au/docs/projectnet/mangroves-­‐uses.html>.    

Environmental  and  Socio  Economic  Value  of  Mangroves  in  Tsunami  Affected  Areas  (2007):  1-­‐22.  The  World  Conservation  Union,  Feb.  2007.  Web.  27  May  2014.  <http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/sri_lanka_socioeconomic_value_report.pdf>.      

"What  Are  Mangroves?"  Florida  Department  of  Environmental  Protection.  Florida  Department  of  Environmental  Protection,  n.d.  Web.  31  May  2014.  <http://www.dep.state.fl.us/coastal/habitats/mangroves.htm>.