14714204 Chapter 23 World War I Part II

8/7/2019 14714204 Chapter 23 World War I Part II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/14714204-chapter-23-world-war-i-part-ii 1/61

Chapter 23, Part 2World War I



³MODERN WARFARE´







Trench Warfare

Warfare in the trenches of the Western Frontproduced unimaginable

horrors. Battlefields werehellish landscapes of barbed wire, shell holes,mud, and injured and

dying men. Theintroduction of poison gasin 1915 produced newforms of injuries.

PAGE 722-723



Realities of War (3:34)



trench warfare





PAGE 716 BattlePAGE 716 Battle

of the Sommeof the Somme



1912 Practice Trenches in

Northern England

Today ± a national

monument



Around and beside these trenches, there are shellholes big enough to drop an average-sized car in.

In the 85-odd years since the end of the war, a

forest has grown up around the trenches. The

most unsettling thing about this place was the

silence - I was there in mid-summer, yet it was

dead quiet, no birds in the woods, no animals,

nothing.

Apart from my visit to Auschwitz, probably one of the most

unsettling places I've ever been. This is a section of the trenchescalled Sanctuary Wood, outside Ypres, (Belgium) where the

farmer who owned the field preserved the land as it was when

the war ended.

Belgium Trenches





The Second Battle of Ypres (2:22)The Second Battle of Ypres (2:22)



Preparing for

mustard gas

attacks



Tactics of Trench Warfare

Attacks rarely worked

Advancing unprotected acrossopen fields could be fired at by the enemys machine guns

In 10 months at Verdun,

France in 1916, 700,000men were killed over afew miles of land

French 87th regiment in trench at Hill 34 outside Verdun



³France¶s Stalingrad´³France¶s Stalingrad´� The Battle of Verdun resulted in more

than a quarter of a million battlefield

deaths and at least half a millionwounded.

� Verdun was the longest battle and oneof the most devastating in World War Iand more generally in human history.

On Ne Passe Pas! (They Shall

Not Pass!) on a French medal

commemorating the battle of

Verdun

� A total of about 40 million artillery shells wereexchanged by both sides during the battle.



³On Ne Passe Pas!´ =

You Shall Not Pass!

On Ne Passe Pas!

Propaganda poster

by Maurice

Neumont



Note, J.R.R. Tolkien author of LOTR was a World War I veteran



Loading a 15-inch howitzer







A Killing Ground @ Verdun



Map of World with Participants in World War I ±

Allies in green - Central Powers in orange - Neutral in grey



1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate

� The Western Front turnedinto a stalemate, with

neither side able to pushthe other out of the systemof trench warfare theyhad begun.

� The trenches stretchedfrom the English Channelnearly to the Swiss border.

� For four years both sides

remained in almost thesame positions.

Aerial view of opposing trench lines

between Loos and Hulluch, July

1917. German trenches at the rightand bottom, British at the top-left.







What is trench foot?Trench foot is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to

damp, unsanitary and cold conditions.



"G ott strafe England " was a common

slogan of the German Army, which

means"M

ay G

od punish England " .












� On the Eastern Front, thewar was far more mobile.

� The Russians defeatedAustria-Hungary and dislodgedthem from Serbia.

� The Russian army movedinto eastern Germany butwas defeated at the Battleof Tannenberg and theBattle of Masurian Lakes,making Russia no longer

a threat to invadeGermany.

RUSSIAN 8-INCH GUNS

ADVANCING TO THE POSITIONS.

Germans at the Battle of Masurian Lakes










� The Italians, who had been allied withGermany and Austria-Hungary, broke their

alliance in 1915 and attacked Austria-Hungary.

� The Germans came tothe aid of the Austriansand together they

defeated the Russiansin several battles anddrove them back.

� About 2.5 million

Russians had beenkilled, captured, or wounded.

Austrian Chief-of-

Staff Conrad von

Hoetzendorf.





'Working people arise!' the Russian Revolution's idealized self-image by

painter V SEROV.



The war spread to theOttoman Empire in 1915.



E f h U i d S



Entry of the United States

� The United States tried to stayneutral in the first years of

World War I.President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break

in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917.

WAKE UP,AMERICA!

Americans were not eager to enter the war , and Americans of German ancestry

tended to support Germany, not Britain and France. The government¶s first task was

to convince citizens that they must support the war effort without reservation. Here, a

woman clad in the stars and stripes represents America and American liberty.Poster by James Montgomery Flagg, 1917.







http://www.greatships.net/scans/PC-LU26.jpgLusitania S inks Lusitania S inks

US EMOTIONS R UN HIGHUS EMOTIONS R UN HIGH



VIDEO: Sinking of the Lusitania & Zimmerman Telegraph (1:05)VIDEO: Sinking of the Lusitania & Zimmerman Telegraph (1:05)





Entry of the United States ( t ) Wartime era portrait of a typical



Entry of the United States (cont.)

� The Germans did not think that the UnitedStates would enter the war before the Britishwere starved.

�

However, in April 1917, the UnitedStates responded to unrestrictedsubmarine warfare by declaring war on Germany.

� Though large numbers of American troopsdid not arrive until 1918, the Allies weregiven a powerful psychological boost as

well as money and supplies.

Wartime era portrait of a typical American doughboy, circa: 1918.

A tatteredAmerican flag fliesbehind the Spirit of the American

Doughboy statue on in Appleton,

Wis.

VIDEO Th A i E diti F D hb ( 55)VIDEO Th A i E diti F D hb ( 55)



VIDEO: The American Expeditionary Force Doughboys (:55)VIDEO: The American Expeditionary Force Doughboys (:55)



September 15th, 1916

A new weapon appears:

³We heard strange throbbing

noises, & lumbering slowly towards us came three

mechanical monsters«

They finally realized they were

on the wrong trench and

moved on, frightening the

Germans out of their wits and

making them scuttle like

frightened rabbits.´

ABritish Mark I (Big Willie). The

highly rhomboidal shape allowed it toclimb tall obstacles

German Tank

French Tank



















He is considered the

ace-of-aces of thatwar, being officially

credited with 80 air

combat victories,

more than any other

pilot.



Documents

14714204 Chapter 23 World War I Part II