3. Both the Russian Empire and Ming China(A) became increasingly more traditional after

the expulsion of the Mongols(B) improved the position of women in the

period 1450-1750(C) established policies that were a reaction to

the Mongol presence in central Asia(0) cooperated with the established religions in

their respective countries(E) enjoyed a surge of renewed industrial growth

after the collapse of the Mongol Empire

4. A comparison of the reactions ofJapan and Chinato European influence in the period 1450-1750shows that(A) the Chinese persecuted Christian missionar-

ies about the same time that the Japanesegave them some acceptance

(B) Japan saw the need for knowledge of West-ern developments, but China did not

(C) both excluded foreigners from trading attheir ports.

(D) European philosophy was accepted, butWestern technology was not

(E) both tolerated European influence in theirculture in order to actively participate inglobal trade

5. Compared to the Spanish Empire, that of thePortuguese(A) developed a more egalitarian society(B) was more global in its extent(C) was less influenced by the Roman Catholic

Church(D) developed a better relationship with Indian

inhabitants(E) was more strictly controlled by the govern-

ment in Europe

> Answers and Explanations

Empires and Other Political Systems < 159

6. The Mughal Empire(A) failed to ease tensions between Hindus and

Muslims in India(B) controlled the entire Indian subcontinent(C) terminated in the return of a traditional cen-

tralized government to India(D) produced art and architecture that reflected

syncretism(E) placed women in a more subordinate posi-

tion than before Mughal rule

7. The Ottoman Empire(A) weakened because its technology fell behind

that of Europe(B) unlike the Mughal Empire, was not a gun-

powder empire(C) was unsuccessful in controlling European

territory(D) reached its height around 1750(E) prohibited the use of forced labor

8. The nation-state(A) was embraced by the Ottoman Empire(B) arose in Europe because of its diversity of

cultural groups(C) was incompatible with absolute monarchies(D) was not limited to definite borders(E) promoted harmony among Europeans

Mercantilism encouraged exports rather thanimports (C) and government participation ineconomic matters rather than free trade (D).

1. E-Inherent in mercantile philosophy was theneed for colonies, a necessity that provokedinternational rivalries. Answer (A) is incorrectbecause the Ottoman Empire suffered from theinflationary trend in the Eastern Hemispherecaused by Spain's acquisition of wealth fromits colonies. Spain's wealth caused a Europeandepression rather than long-term prosperity (B).

2. D-In the early 1700s, England had alreadyestablished the sovereignty of Parliament, whosemembers were elected by the elite classes. Russia(B) and France (C) were under the authority ofabsolute monarchs who ruled without parlia-

160 } PERIOD 4 Global Interactions (c. 1450-c. 1750)

mentary authority. Japan (A) was ruled by theauthoritarian Tokugawa Shogunate, and theOttoman Empire remained under the authorityof the sultan (E).

3. C- The emperors of Ming China returnedto Confucian traditions and by the 1430s hadentered a period of isolation as a response toMongol threats along China's northern borders.Russia reacted to the previous Mongol occupa-tion by establishing absolute rule and expandingits territories to include land previously held byAsian nomadic peoples. Although Ming Chinabecame increasingly more traditional, Russiaeventually entered into a period of increasedwesternization (A). Although Russia allowedwomen more participation in public events, thesubordinate position of women in China wascontinued by the strict Confucian and Neo-Confucian policies under the Ming (B). Althoughthe Ming cooperated with Confucianists andNeo-Confucianists because of their respect forgovernmental authority, Russian tsars placed theRussian Orthodox Church under their authority(D). China's period of industrial expansion hadoccurred previously under the Song, whereasRussia would only begin to industrialize to someextent under Peter the Great (E).

4. B-Although both countries entered into aperiod of isolation, Japan maintained somecontact with Western ways through trade withthe Dutch. In the 1580s, Japan persecutedChristian missionaries while China gave themsome acceptance (A). China retained two portsfor foreigners, whereas Japan kept only theport of Nagasaki open to trade with the Dutchand Chinese (C). Western philosophy was notembraced by either country, but there was inter-est in Western technology, particularly firearmsin Japan and clocks in China (D). Both coun-tries were more interested in regional than inlong-distance trade (E).

5. B-Although the Spanish Empire embracedonly the Philippines and the Americas, thePortuguese Empire included Brazil, outposts inAfrica and India, and trading posts through-out the Indian Ocean and East Asia. Both theSpanish and Portuguese colonial empires had astratified society (A). Both were Roman Catholicempires with active missionary efforts; bothnations had submitted to the pope's authorityin accepting the Treaty of Tordesillas (C). Bothempires first used Indians as forced labor (D).The Spanish Empire was more strictly regulatedby its Council of the Indies in Spain (E).

6. D-Mughal art and architecture reflectedChristian themes and Persian and Indian archi-tectural structures. Under Akbar, cooperationbetween Muslims and Hindus was encouraged(A). The Mughals controlled the northern andcentral portions of India (B). Their rule endedin the return of traditional regional governmentin India (C). Under some Mughal rulers, satiwas forbidden and widows were encouraged toremarry (E).

7. A-The Ottoman decline was hastened becauseof Ottoman reluctance to embrace Western tech-nology of the time period. Both the Ottomansand Mughals were gunpowder empires (B). TheOttomans gained control of Hungary and someparts of the Balkans (C), but was in decline by1750 (D). The devshirme system enslaved theJanissaries (E).

8. B-N arion-states are organized around cul-tural groups, a characteristic of Europe. TheOttoman Empire included numerous culturalgroups under one empire (A). Many of theEuropean nation-states were ruled by absolutemonarchs (C). By definition, a nation-state musthave definite geographical boundaries (D). Thedifferent nation-states in Europe contribured toconflict (E).

> Answers and Explanations

Hemispheric Exchange < 165

1. C-- The Portuguese more than other nationsattempted to break the trade monopolies of theMuslims and Italian merchants in the IndianOcean and succeeded with the voyage of DaGama. The English also sought a northwestpassage to the East in order to break up trademonopolies. European technology depended oninventions from the Muslim and Chinese worlds(A). Exploration promoted rivalry rather thanharmony among the nations of Europe, as in thecase of competition between England and Spainthat led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada (B).Europeans concentrated on African and IndianOcean trade as well as trade with the Americas(D). Trade strengthened capitalism (E).

2. D- While the influx of added nutrientstended to increase populations of the EasternHemisphere, American indigenous populationswere devastated by disease. American nativeswere not widely interested in the food cropsof Europeans (A). Africa benefited from theintroduction of manioc from the Americas (B),whereas sweet potatoes enriched the diets of theChinese (E). The Columbian Exchange centeredon trade across the Atlantic Ocean (C).

3. C--Rivalries between France and England wereintense in North America. The French were notinvolved in Indonesian trade (A), or in tradewith China (B) or East Africa (D). Neithernation established trade in western Africa duringthis time period (E).

4. B-Indonesian trade involved Muslims,Chinese, Dutch, Portuguese, East Mrican,Southeast Asian, and English traders. The west-ern coast of Africa was primarily the domain ofPortugal (A). The Caribbean islands were openedup to Portuguese, English, and French trade(C). The Philippines were controlled by Spain(D), and Japan limited European trade with the

Portuguese, then allowed trade only with theDutch and Chinese (E).

5. C-- The Portuguese, not the Dutch, establishedtrade contacts in western Africa. The Dutchestablished Cape Colony in southern Africa asa way station (A) and briefly carried on trade inBrazil (B). The Dutch had a colony in NorthAmerica for a few years (D) and established traderelations with Tokugawa Japan (E).

6. E-Russian trade was local and regional duringthis time period. Japan (A) and China (C)both engaged in regional trade and in limitedlong-distance trade. Indonesian trade activelyinvolved a number of European and easternnations (B), whereas Mughal India encour-aged long-distance trade but was too preoc-cupied with internal expansion to become fullyinvolved in commercial interests (D).

7. B-Sugar was transferred from the Middle Eastto the Mediterranean, then to Brazil and theCaribbean islands, where it became a majorexport crop to the Eastern Hemisphere. Tobacco(A), sweet potatoes (C), and manioc (E) wereexchanged from the Western Hemisphere,whereas bananas (D) were an exchange thatoriginated in the Eastern Hemisphere.

8. E-European profits and global dominanceincreased as a result of its interests in explora-tion, trade, and colonization. Many regionssuch as Russia, Japan, China, Mughal India, partsof Africa, and the Ottoman Empire were outsideglobal trade networks (A). The great tradingcompanies were controlled by their respectivegovernments (B). African trade involved primarilyslaves,with little global interest in African art (C).The Ottoman Empire, uninterested in technologi-cal advances, continued its decline (D).

170 ) PERIOD 4 Global Interactions (c. 1450-c. 1750)

> Answers and Explanations

1. E-Trans-Saharan and Middle Eastern traderoutes existed before 1450. African monarchstended to rule with councils of advisors (A).Africans seldom enslaved their own people, usu-ally enslaving prisoners of war or captives fromraiding parties on neighboring tribes or king-doms (B). African traders became dependent onEuropean goods they received in exchange forslaves (C). Armies were important to expandingAfrican kingdoms (D).

2. E-Both the trans-Atlantic and easternAfrican trade routes took slaves to European-run plantations. Eastern African slave tradeinvolved Africans, Indians, and Arabs also (A).It involved both coastal and island areas (B).Slaves were captured from central Africa beforebeing taken to the coast (C). European planta-tion systems became models for those of othercultural groups (D).

3. A-Guns purchased from European nationswere used by Africans to acquire more slaveswithin Africa. Within Africa, slave womenwere valued as household servants (B). CentralAfrican kingdoms were often the source of slavesfor trade across the oceans and within Africa(C). The slave trade increased African rivalries(D) and involved most parts of Africa (E).

4. B-The earliest models of European plantationswere established on the Madeira and CanaryIslands. Plantations in the Indian Ocean (A),the West Indies (C), British North America (D),and Cape Colony (E) occurred later.

5. B-African rulers often raided neighboring vil-lages in order to secure the wealth and powerof slaves. Indian Ocean trade took slaves fromEast Africa to the Middle East (A). The Dutchenslaved Africans in Cape Colony (C). TheIndian Ocean was another site of active slavetrade (D). The slave trade took place along withthe trade in gold and ivory (E).

6. C-The sugar plantations of the Caribbeanand Brazil were the primary destination of thetrans-Atlantic slave trade. Middle Passage mor-tality rates averaged about 20 percent (A). Onlyabout 5 percent of slaves crossing the Atlanticwere sent to North America (B). It was part ofthe triangular trade (D) and involved more menthan women (E).

7. B-Portugal was interested in the gold andspice trade before it was concerned with theslave trade. The Portuguese were interested inbringing Christianity to Africa (A). They foundwealthy and powerful African kingdoms (C),and tapped into already existing slave routes(D). Portugal increased trade relations with sub-Saharan Africa (E).

8. D-Western Africans were already accom-plished farmers. The first sugar plantationswere founded off the coast of Africa (A). Theyrequired the most slaves of any crop becauseof the rigors of sugar cultivation (B). The firstPortuguese slaves were destined for the house-holds of Europe (C). Sugar plantations werepart of the triangular trade (E).

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7. Which of the following is NOT a finding of theScientific Revolution or the Enlightenment?(A) Planetary motion(B) Heliocentric theory(C) Movable type(D) The circulatory system(E) The social contract

) Answers and Explanations

Cultural and Intellectual Changes < 175

8. Which of the following concepts of the period1450 to 1750 did NOT rely on natural laws?(A) Predestination(B) Deism(C) Laissez-faire philosophy(D) The social contract(E) The theory of gravity

1. A-Some Europeans favored the ProtestantReformation because it opposed the politicaland religious authority of the pope. Enlighten-ment political thinking questioned the authorityof governments not established by the consentof the governed. Both improved the status ofwomen by emphasizing the element of lovewithin marriage. Feminists such as Mary Woll-stonecraft spoke out in favor of women's rights(B). The Enlightenment placed human reasonabove church traditions, whereas the ProtestantReformation also challenged them (C). TheProtestant Reformation relied on faith overreason (D). The Protestant Reformation spreadto North America, whereas the Enlightenmentalso spread to Russia (E).

2. B- The Chinese invention of movable type andthe European printing press facilitated the pro-duction of documents that spread Reformationthought. The Protestant Reformation weakenedthe authority of the papacy with regard to bothreligious and secular matters (A). Reformationtheology was based on faith rather than onnatural laws (C). Protestantism favored partici-pation in commercial ventures (D). The Jesuitsspread Roman Catholicism, not Protestantism,to the Western Hemisphere (E).

3. D-Chinese ideas differed from the principlesof the Scientific Revolution in not being con-cerned with the application of science to every-day society. The Scientific Revolution stressedthe value of data and research (A) and brokewith ancient traditions to describe the natureof the universe (B). The heliocentric theorywas initially opposed by the Roman CatholicChurch (C). The Scientific Revolution was

I

based on the concept that science could improvethe condition of humanity, which was basicallygood (E).

4. C-The philosophy of both· the Renaissanceand the Enlightenment was based on reason.Enlightenment thought advocated rehabilita-tion for criminals (A). It treated childhood as aseparate stage in life (B). Mary Wollstonecraft,an Enlightenment thinker, spoke out on behalfof political rights for women (D). Laissez-faireeconomics differed from mercantilism, whichinvolved government regulation of the econ-omy (E).

5. E-Both reformations valued education as atool to spread their beliefs. The Protestants weremore accepting of Christians in money-makingactivities than were the Roman Catholics (A).The Roman Catholic Church depended onchurch councils to establish official churchdoctrines, whereas the Protestant Reformationtaught independence from church traditionsand practices (B). Although the Roman CatholicChurch relied on papal authority, the Protestantchurches did not (C). Although the Protestantsabandoned some church traditions, the RomanCatholic Church reaffirmed them in theircouncils (D).

6. A-Both believed that science had a practi-cal role in society. Greek thought influencedboth movements (B). Both disagreed with theRoman Catholic Church over the nature of theuniverse (C). Neither movement directly influ-enced the Eastern world (D). Both broke withmedieval traditions of faith over reason (E).

,176 } PERIOD 4 Global Interactions (c. 1450-c. 1750)

7. C-Movable type, influenced by Chineseprinting, was developed in Europe in the1450s, before the Scientific Revolution or theEnlightenment. The other choices were new tothe Scientific Revolution or the Enlightenment.

8. A-Predestination was the belief ofJohn Calvinthat God had chosen which people wouldreceive salvation and which would not. Deism

held that the creator god had left the world tooperate according to natural laws (B). Laissez-foire economics was based on the natural laws ofsupply and demand (C). The social contracts ofboth Locke and Rousseau involved the preser-vation of natural rights (D), whereas Newton'stheory of gravity was based on the natural lawsof the universe (E).