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17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals Introduction:
Animals in the vertebrate group: Have vertebrae Skulls Skeletons that are alive (they are made if cells
and require energy to grow) Endoskeleton – made of a combination of
bone and cartilage Animals with endoskeletons have their
primary support inside their bodies
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals Bone gives vertebrates a strong support system
Cartilage is also strong, but more flexible than bone Example: the end of your nose is cartilage
Bone and cartilage are living tissues that grow with the organism
All skeletons have a vertebral column and skull
Most vertebrates have ribs as well as other skeletal structures supporting their limbs (may be fins, arms, legs, or wings)
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals They also have joints between various
bones and cartilage pieces that permit them to move
Muscles pulling on the bones or cartilage cause the limbs to move at the joints
Vertebrates testify to the greatness of God
See Psalm 104:24-25
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals Vertebrates have more in common than just
their skeletal similarities
God designed them with organ systems that meet their needs for energy, response, movement, and nutrition
17A.1 Circulatory System Blood
All vertebrates have blood (aka “the river of life”) Circulates throughout the body by the pumping of
the heart
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals It brings food to cells that are far away from the
digestive system Transports oxygen to and carries carbon dioxide
from the cells that are distant from the lungs or gills
Wastes, control chemicals, and many other necessary substances travel to and from the body’s cells in the blood
See Figure 17A-1 Red – oxygenated blood – carries oxygen Blue – deoxygenated blood – had given oxygen away
and now carries carbon dioxide The blood of all vertebrates is red. They only differ
slightly in redness YOU DO NOT HAVE BLUE BLOOD!!
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals 17A.1 Circulatory System
Heart Chambers Vertebrate hearts contain spaces called chambers The walls of the chambers are made up of heart muscle The walls contract (squeeze), forcing the blood to move
out. One-way valves prevent the blood from returning to the
previous chamber Thus, a heart contracts over and over again, pumping
blood in one direction ARTERIES - blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from
the heart VEINS – blood vessels that carry blood TOWARD the
heart
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals Different vertebrates have different numbers of
chambers Fish – two chambers
One receives blood, the other pumps it to the body The blood that leaves goes first to the gill to become
oxygenated and then travels to the rest of the body Then eventually returns to the heart
Most reptiles and adult amphibians – three chambered hearts One collects oxygenated blood from the lungs Another collects deoxygenated blood from the rest of
the body Both of these empty into a third chamber where the
two types of blood are mixed
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals Birds and Mammals – four chambered hearts
Chambers on one side only pump oxygenated blood
The other side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated
The oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the other side of the heart
The oxygenated side pumps the blood throughout the body
In healthy animals with four chambered hearts, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals 17A.2 Respiratory System
Gills Many vertebrates live their entire life underwater Gills take oxygen from the water and give off
carbon dioxide Fish gills are shaped like tiny fingers and are richly
supplied with capillaries Blood circulating near the surface of the gills make
them appear red Capillaries – microscopic blood vessels in which
blood often exchanges gases and other materials In gills, deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals 17A.2 Respiratory System
Lungs Vertebrates that have lungs are able to breathe
air Lungs are air chambers inside the body where
blood can obtain oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
The lungs of reptiles, birds, and mammals are all different
All lungs have many capillaries in which deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated
Breathing moves air into and out of the lungs
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals 17A.2 Respiratory System
Lungs There are several different methods that animals
use to breathe Frog – fills its mouth with air and then forces the
air into its lungs Birds – move air through their lungs by using
muscles to control the size of connecting air sacs Mammals and humans – have diaphragms to
help them breathe Diaphragm – a thin later of muscle that
separates the chest chamber from the abdomen
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals 17A.3 Nervous System
Vertebrate nervous systems consist of two main divisions: the central ad peripheral nervous
Central nervous system – made up of the brain, which is protected by the skull, spinal cord (which is protected by bones of the vertebral column),
Peripheral nervous system – made up of nerves which branch off the central nervous system
Sensory organs – sensory receptors scattered throughout the body; they are a major collection of sensory receptors and various supporting structures
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals 17A.3 Nervous System
Normally, a sensory organ only senses one environmental factor
Cranial nerves – nerves that branch from the brain These connect the brain with sensory organs of the head
Spinal nerves – nerves that branch from the spinal cord These transmit impulses from the spinal cord to various
muscles and internal organs An organism’s reactions are controlled in the central
nervous system The central nervous system also controls many
internal processes
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals 17A.4 Digestive System
Food enters the body through the mouth and passes through short, tubular esophagus into the stomach
Muscles in the stomach walls squeeze the stomach walls in and out to mix food with digestive enzymes
When it is mixed, it moves into the small intestine In the small intestine has different enzymes to digest
– here food is broken down into molecules small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream
Two organs attached to the small intestine produce additional enzymes: Liver and pancreas
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals 17A.4 Digestive System Liver – produces a greenish fluid called bile, which
contains substances to help breakdown fats Bile released by the liver is stored in the gallbladder
until it is needed Pancreas – smaller organ that makes and releases
enzymes into the small intestine; these break down sugar, starches, proteins, and fats
Small intestine wound in curves and loops in order to fit inside the animals body
Large intestine – Food that cannot be digested passes through here; also where excess water is absorbed.
Undigested food leaves the digestive tract through the anus
17A Body Systems in Vertebrate
Animals 17A.5 Excretory System All vertebrates have kidneys to filter wastes from their
blood Various waste products, including urea, are picked up by
the blood as it passes through the body’s tissue Kidneys have tiny tubes surrounded by capillaries Wastes leave the blood and enter the tubes In each kidney, the wastes flow through these tubes into
one large tube called the ureter Urinary bladder – where fluid is collected and stored
before it passes out of the body Birds – wastes pass out of the body with indigestible
materials Some amphibians, most reptiles, and all mammals and
humans, wastes form urine
17B Fish Fish have fins, gills, and usually scales
They live in fresh or salt water Ectothermic
Ectothermic – their body temperatures change with their surroundings
A fish’s activity changes with the temperature
17B.1 Fish Anatomy A fish propels itself by flexing its entire body Paired fins control movements Streamlined body shape to move easily through the water Some have a swim bladder (helps them float at a
constant depth) Swim bladder – an air filled organ that a fish uses to
adjust to different water depths
17B Fish 17B.1 Fish Anatomy
Fish have: closed circulatory system
two chambered heart and blood vessels Blood pumped from the heart to the gills, through the
body, and back to the heart When blood passes through capillaries in the gills,
oxygen diffuses into the blood stream Using Figure 17B-1 – Trace the flow of blood through a
fish Scales – overlapping to give the fish some protection
They grow larger as the fish grows Lateral line – located on each side of the fish; a string of
sensory structures Can detect vibrations and pressure
17B Fish 17B.1 Fish Anatomy
Nostrils of a fish are NOT used for breathing; used for smelling
Most fish reproduce by spawning During spawning – female fish release millions of
eggs which are then fertilized by the male However, only a few survive to become adult
fish Most fall prey to predators
A few fish, guppies, reproduce by giving birth to live fish rather than spawning
17B Fish 17B.2 Fish Groups
Jawless Fish Have no jaws No scales or paired fins Worm-like creatures with skeletons composed of cartilage Examples: lampreys and hagfish
Some species of lamprey are parasites, feeding on the body fluids of other fish
Hagfish are scavengers
Cartilage Fish Have endoskeletons made of cartilage Have jaws, scales, and paired fins Examples: Sharks, skates, and rays Sharks have to keep water moving over their gills to ensure oxygen supply
They swim with their mouths open
They lack a swim bladder; instead they have a large oily, liver that is less dense than water
Skates and rays rest on the ocean floor
17B Fish 17B.2 Fish Groups
Bony Fish The largest group of fish Includes: catfish, bass, flounder, goldfish,
guppies, and trout Endoskeleton made of bone Have jaws, paired fins Most have scales Some grow no longer than the width of a
pencil; others can reach 4.3 meters Some live in salt water; others in fresh Some warm water of the tropics; some frigid
polar temps
17C Amphibians Amphibians are ectothermic
Live in water when young, but can live on land as adults
The name comes from the greek word that means, “double life”
The name reflects two ways of living: in water and on land
17C Amphibians 17C.1 Amphibian Development
Metamorphosis – the process that changes an amphibian from a gilled, aquatic organism to an air-breathing organism
Young amphibians possess gills, but adults usually have lungs
Gills and lungs are not the only organs used for respiration
Most have thin, moist skin They can exchange gases through their skin (carbon
dioxide and oxygen) because they have tiny blood vessels close to the surface
Other changes metamorphosis includes: Two chambered heart to three chambered Growth of two pairs of limbs Gradual loss of a tail
17C Amphibians 17C.1 Amphibian Development
Though many adults live on land, they still live near water, for all must return to water or moist places to lay their eggs
17C.2 Amphibian Groups There are two major groups of amphibians – with a tail and
without Tailless Amphibians
Frogs and toads Frogs have smooth, moist skin and are usually near water Toads have rough, dry, bumpy skin and can be found far
from water Most lay jelly-coated eggs in water, where they are fertilized
externally They hatch to become tadpoles Tadpoles have gills and tails, but during metamorphosis,
they develop lungs and their tail gradually dissolves
17C Amphibians 17C.2 Amphibian Groups
Frogs and toads are ectothermic Temperature of their surroundings affect their
activity They are less active in the cool (autumn and winter) Frogs usually bury themselves in the mud at the
bottom of a lake of stream during the winter Toads burrow in soft, moist soil Hibernation – the winter state of inactivity During hibernation, the animal’s life processes slow
down and energy supplies stored during the summer months are used up
A similar period of activity called ESTIVATION sometimes occurs during hot, dry weather
17C Amphibians 17C.2 Amphibian Groups
Frogs eat insects, worms, slugs, snails, and other small animals It will attack anything that moves and is small enough to fit into
its mouth A large North American bullfrog will eat young water birds,
ducklings, young turtles, and even small fish Some will even eat other small frogs! A frog catches its food with its tongue
Its tongue is short, thick, and attached to the front of the mouth
When it sees food, it flicks its tongue out and stretches it out The tip of it is sticky When it touches food, the frog flips its tongue
Frogs have two sets of teeth They do not use them for chewing, rather for keeping prey from
escaping
17C Amphibians 17C.2 Amphibian Groups
One set of teeth forms a ridge of tiny maxillary teeth around the rim of the upper jaw
The other set, the vomerine teeth, is located in two spots at the front of the roof of the mouth
The frog swallows by blinking and bulging its eyes
When the frog closes its eyes, they push down into the frog’s mouth, forcing the food back into the esophagus
17C Amphibians 17C.2 Amphibian Groups
Tailed Amphibians Salamanders They have tails into adulthood The young usually have gills and develop lungs
later They also have thin, moist skin to help with gas
exchange The Appalachian region of the US has more
salamander species than any other region on earth Most are small and less than 15 cm (6 in) long One Japanese salamander species can grow to be
1.5 m (5 ft) long!
17D Reptiles All reptiles breathe air and do not experience the
life-changing metamorphosis
17D.1 Reptile Characteristics Ectothermic Dry, scaly skin Lay eggs with leathery shells Most have a three-chambered heart – but one chamber is
partially divided The have lungs their entire lives Can be found in both wet and dry environments The scaly skin protects it from drying out The leathery eggs allow eggs to be laid on land far from
water They fertilize eggs internally, within the female’s body
17D Reptiles 17D.2 Reptile Groups
The most famous – extinct dinosaurs Living reptiles can be divided into four groups:
Snakes and lizards Alligators and crocodiles Turtles Tuataras
17D Reptiles 17D.2 Reptile Groups
Snakes and Lizards Snakes have no legs, ear openings, and
immovable eyelids Most lizards have four legs, ear openings, and
moveable eyelids Both shed their skin periodically in a process
called molting Snakes do not hear. They also have poor vision Their immoveable eyelids are actually clear
scales that are shed each time it molts
17D Reptiles 17D.2 Reptile Groups
What snakes lack in sight they make up in other sense organs
Snakes have a keen sensitivity to molecules When a snake flicks its tongue, it is sensing the air
– helps it to detect food or danger Some snakes can detect body heat of its prey Pit vipers – such as rattlesnakes – have small pits
on their heads that contain organs that can detect heat
Snakes are meat-eaters Benefit to humans –
Eat insect pests, rats, and mice
17D Reptiles 17D.2 Reptile Groups
Most snakes are nonpoisonous Poisonous ones inject poison through hollowed
fangs or grooved teeth Nonpoisonous coil around prey and squeeze! They are capable of swallowing prey much larger
in diameter They swallow food whole – they cannot chew! They have double hinged jaws Its throat is elastic
17D Reptiles 17D.2 Reptile Groups
Snakes are found in almost every environment Most lizards are found in hot or warm
environments; dry Lizards can grow quite large – komodo dragon – up
to 10 ft! Some lizards can change skin color!
17D Reptiles 17D.2 Reptile Groups
Crocodiles and Alligators Can be found in and near shallow waters of warm streams,
rivers, swamps, and lakes Usually found in tropical and subtropical environments Few crocodiles venture into salty water Use their large tails to propel themselves through the water Raised eyes and nostrils allow them to keep them above
water while the rest of the body is submerged Diet includes: fish, turtles, various large and small mammals
(usually attacked while drinking), others of their own kind and occasionally humans
Alligators and crocodiles can be distinguished by their snouts – Alligators – broad, rounded snouts Crocodiles – narrow, pointed snouts
17D Reptiles 17D.2 Reptile Groups
Crocodiles and Alligators The alligator is found all over the southeast Crocodiles are restricted to southern Florida
Turtles Sea turtles – live in the ocean Tortoises – live on land Terrapins – freshwater turtles that may venture onto land Sea turtles have paddle-shaped legs used in swimming Other turtles have clawed legs They have two hard, bony shells to cover their bodies The shell is composed of bony plates covered with large
scales It serves as a good defense Some have a hinged lower shell to close tightly for protection