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Contents

Introduction 11What is energy analysis? 11Energy systems 11What can be expected in this book? 12

1. Thermodynamics: the basis of energy analysis 151.1 The first law of thermodynamics 151.2 Energy and enthalpy 151.3 The second law of thermodynamics 161.4 Exergy 18Further reading 21Final achievement levels 22Exercises Chapter 1 22

2. What is energy use? 252.1 Units of energy 252.2 Power 272.3 What are energy carriers? 272.4 Higher and lower heating value of fuels 282.5 Accounting energy use of individual energy users 302.6 Energy balances and energy statistics 322.7 Primary energy 342.8 Energy use or energy consumption? 352.9 Load factors and load duration curves 36

Further reading 41Final achievement levels 41Exercises Chapter 2 42

3. Energy services and energy demand 453.1 Energy functions / energy services 453.2 Energy use in buildings 473.3 Energy use in manufacturing industry 523.4 Energy use in transportation 62Further reading 65Final achievement levels 66Exercises Chapter 3 66

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Introduction to Energy Analysis

4. Energy extraction and conversion 694.1 Non-renewable energy sources 694.2 Reserves and resources 734.3 Renewable energy sources and conversion 744.4 Electricity production conventional power plants 774.5 Combined generation of heat and power 804.6 Transmission and distribution of electricity and natural gas 82

4.7 Refineries 83Further reading 85Final achievement levels 86Exercises Chapter 4 86

5. Energy markets 895.1 Oil and oil products 895.2 Coal 915.3 Natural gas 915.4 Electricity - planning and operational dispatch 925.5 Electricity markets 935.6 Heat markets 95

5.7 Price elasticities 95Further reading 97Final achievement levels 98Exercises Chapter 5 98

6. Energy in the social context 1016.1 Energy and economy 1016.2 Social aspects of energy use 1036.3 Environmental and resource aspects of energy use 1056.4 Sustainable development 108Further reading 109Final achievement levels 110

Exercises Chapter 6 110

7. Energy analysis and energy management 1137.1 Energy analysis of energy users 1137.2 Degree-days 1157.3 Exergy analysis 1167.4 Pinch analysis 1197.5 Energy management 1237.6 Beyond energy management 125Further reading 127Final achievement levels 127Exercises Chapter 7 128

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8. Analysis of energy chains 1318.1 General approach to energy chain analysis 1318.2 Accuracy 1328.3 Allocation in the electricity sector 1348.4 Allocation in multi-output processes 1378.5 Emission factors 141Further reading 142

Final achievement levels 142Exercises Chapter 8 142

9. Life-cycle energy analysis 1459.1 The systematic approach in environmental life-cycle assessment 1459.2 Process energy analysis 1489.3 Input-output energy analysis 1539.4 Hybrid methods of process and input-output analysis 161Further reading 167Final achievement levels 167Exercises Chapter 9 168

10. Measuring energy efficiency and energy intensity 17110.1 What is energy efficiency? 17110.2 Options for improving energy efficiency 17210.3 Energy efficiency indicators 17610.4 Examples of energy efficiency indicators 18010.5 Monetary energy intensity 184Further reading 186Final achievement levels 186Exercises Chapter 10 187

11. Methods for the analysis of energy technologies 19111.1 General approach to the analysis of energy technologies 191

11.2 Technology characterization 19211.3 Principles of cost-benefit analysis: net present value 19511.4 Cost-benefit analysis: the private perspective 19711.5 Cost-benefit analysis: the social perspective 19911.6 Scale laws and learning curves 202Further reading 205Final achievement levels 206Exercises Chapter 11 206

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Introduction to Energy Analysis

12. Determining potentials 20912.1 Different types of potentials 20912.2 Reference levels 21012.3 Cost-supply curves 21112.4 Methods to determine potentials 21312.5 Techno-economic analysis 21412.6 Problems with the concept of potentials 217

Further reading 218Final achievement levels 218Exercises chapter 12 219

13. Volume, structure and energy efficiency 22113.1 Volume, structure and energy efficiency 22113.2 Decomposition of volume, structure and energy efficiency 22213.3 Econometric analysis 226Further reading 227Final achievement levels 228Exercises chapter 13 228

14. Building energy scenarios 23114.1 The scenario approach 23114.2 Modelling approaches for energy demand 23314.3 Modelling approaches for energy supply 23514.4 Pitfalls of the scenario approach 23614.5 An overview of some scenarios 237Further reading 238Final achievement levels 239Exercises chapter 14 239

15. Policies for efficient energy use and renewable energy 24115.1 Barriers for energy efficiency improvement 241

15.2 Policy instruments 24215.3 Policy instruments in the area of energy 24315.4 Energy policy evaluation 247Further reading 251Final achievement levels 252Exercises chapter 15 252

Appendix 1. List of abbreviations 255

Appendix 2. Unit conversion factors 256