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1 18549 Embedded System Design: Lab 1 PCB Design Assigned: Monday 01/22 Due: Monday 02/02 AoE The purpose of this lab is to gain handson experience with PCB design so that you can create your own hardware modules for the project. The goal will be to design a simple embedded system with a sensor, microcontroller and actuator. In the following two labs, you will then assemble these boards by hand, add a bootloader and program them with your own firmware. You are free to choose your own sensor and actuator components (within reason <$20), so think in terms of a platform that will be easy to demonstrate to the course staff. For example, a board that sounds an alarm as the sun rises might use a light sensor and a piezo buzzer. Handin Procedure: This lab is to be done individually. Every student is responsible for handing in his or her own design. Each team will pick their favorite of the four designs to move on towards labs 2 and 3. You will be required to handin the following in your team’s folder on AFS (XX is your assigned team number): o /afs/ece.cmu.edu/class/ece549/teams/teamXX/lab1 o /lab1/andrewid/eagle (2 files) o /lab1/andrewid/gerber (5+ files) o /lab1/andrewid/bom.csv (1 file) Grading: Your submissions will be graded based on correctness, effective use of space and aesthetics. Item Points Score Schematic 6 Customization (voltage regulator) 2 Customization (sensor and actuator) 4 Layout 8 Gerber + Bill of Materials (BOM) 2 Total 22

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18-­‐549  Embedded  System  Design:  Lab  1  PCB  Design    Assigned:       Monday  01/22  Due:     Monday  02/02  AoE    The  purpose  of  this  lab  is  to  gain  hands-­‐on  experience  with  PCB  design  so  that  you  can  create  your  own  hardware  modules  for  the  project.  The  goal  will  be  to  design  a  simple  embedded  system  with  a  sensor,  microcontroller  and  actuator.    In  the  following  two  labs,  you  will  then  assemble  these  boards  by  hand,  add  a  bootloader  and  program  them  with  your  own  firmware.    You  are  free  to  choose  your  own  sensor  and  actuator  components  (within  reason  <$20),  so  think  in  terms  of  a  platform  that  will  be  easy  to  demonstrate  to  the  course  staff.    For  example,  a  board  that  sounds  an  alarm  as  the  sun  rises  might  use  a  light  sensor  and  a  piezo  buzzer.      Hand-­‐in  Procedure:    

• This  lab  is  to  be  done  individually.    Every  student  is  responsible  for  handing  in  his  or  her  own  design.    Each  team  will  pick  their  favorite  of  the  four  designs  to  move  on  towards  labs  2  and  3.    

• You  will  be  required  to  hand-­‐in  the  following  in  your  team’s  folder  on  AFS  (XX  is  your  assigned  team  number):  

o /afs/ece.cmu.edu/class/ece549/teams/teamXX/lab1  o /lab1/andrew-­‐id/eagle  (2  files)  o /lab1/andrew-­‐id/gerber    (5+  files)  o /lab1/andrew-­‐id/bom.csv  (1  file)    

Grading:    

• Your  submissions  will  be  graded  based  on  correctness,  effective  use  of  space  and  aesthetics.  

 Item   Points   Score  Schematic   6    Customization  (voltage  regulator)   2    Customization  (sensor  and  actuator)   4    Layout   8    Gerber  +  Bill  of  Materials  (BOM)   2    Total   22    

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Installing  EAGLE    Step  1.  Download  the  EAGLE  CAD  software  at  http://www.cadsoftusa.com/download-­‐eagle/    Step  2.  Install  EAGLE,  choosing  the  “Run  as  Freeware”  option  during  install.  PCBs  designed  with  the  freeware  version  are  limited  to  two  layers  and  have  a  size  restriction.  The  freeware  version  is,  however,  more  than  adequate  for  most  designs.    Step  3.  We’ll  need  to  download  some  libraries  of  parts  to  use  in  our  design.  SparkFun  has  a  good  collection  at  https://github.com/sparkfun/SparkFun-­‐Eagle-­‐Libraries.  Click  “Download  ZIP”  and  unzip  the  archive.  Copy  all  of  the  *.lbr    library  files  into  the  EAGLE-­‐7.1.0/lbr/  directory.    Step  4.  Open  EAGLE!  Expanding  the  Libraries  list,  you  should  be  able  to  see  the  SparkFun  libraries  that  you  just  added.  For  this  project,  we’ll  want  to  have  access  to  all  the  libraries,  so  right-­‐click  on  Libraries  and  select  “Use  all”.    

   Step  5.  Open  up  Projects  >>  examples  >>  arduino  to  explore  an  example  of  what  can  be  designed  with  EAGLE.  Two  windows  should  open  up,  a  Schematic  window  and  a  Board  window.  These  two  windows  are  interconnected,  so  an  edit  made  in  one  window  is  immediately  reflected  in  the  other.  Move  and  zoom  into  various  parts  of  the  design  by  scrolling  and  clicking  the  scroll  wheel.    

   

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Part  1(a):  The  Schematic  (6  points)    Step  6.  We’re  now  ready  to  create  a  new  project.  Every  PCB  project  starts  with  a  schematic  first,  where  you  wire  up  your  components,  and  is  then  followed  by  board  layout,  where  you  will  place  your  components.  Right-­‐click  on  Projects  >>  eagle  and  create  a  new  project.  Name  it  549-­‐[andrewid],  using  your  andrewid.  Right-­‐click  on  your  project  and  create  a  new  schematic.  Save  it  with  the  549-­‐[andrewid].sch  file  name.    

Step  7.  Let’s  add  our  first  parts.  In  your  schematic  window,  click  the      Add  tool  to  open  up  the  Parts  Menu.  We’ll  first  add  a  frame,  which  will  put  an  easthetic  border  around  our  schematic.  Enter  “frame*”  in  the  Parts  Menu  search  bar  and  double  click  the  FRAME-­‐LETTER  part.  Drop  the  frame  into  your  schematic  and  hit  ESC.  Next,  search  “atmega*”  and  add  a  ATMEGA328_PDIP  part  into  the  middle  of  your  frame.  Now  save  the  schematic,  and  remember  to  save  periodically!  Your  schematic  should  now  look  something  like  this…    

   

Step  8.  The  Atmega328  microcontroller  isn’t  very  interesting  by  itself,  so  let’s  add  some  LEDs  for  it  to  actuate.  Use  the  Add  tool  to  drop  an  LED1206,  then  a  RESISTOR1206,  and  finally  a  GND.  Use  right-­‐click  to  turn  the  parts  before  placing  them.          

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Step  9.  Use  the    Copy  and    Move  tools  to  create  a  duplicate  of  each  part.  You  should  end  up  with  something  that  look  like  the  following…    

   

Note:  To  move  a  group  of  parts,  use  the      Group  tool  to  select  a  group,  click  the  Move  tool,  then  Ctrl-­‐right-­‐click  (⌘-­‐right-­‐click).  

 

Step  10.  It’s  time  to  connect  the  components.  This  is  done  using  the    Net  tool.  Draw  connections  between  the  components  to  wire  them  up.    

   

Use  the    Value  tool  to  assign  values  of  330  to  the  resistors.  This  will  serve  as  documentation  later,  reminding  us  to  use  330  Ohm  resistors.    

Note:  There  is  a  tool  called  the    Wire  tool  which  also  draws  wires,  but  is  not  useful  for  connecting  components.  Avoid  this  tool,  and  don’t  confuse  it  for  the  Net  tool!  

 

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Step  11:  Next,  let’s  add  some  headers.  These  will  be  very  useful  for  prototyping  and  interfacing  with  other  boards.  Drop  two  M08  and  connect  them  to  the  pins  of  the  chip.  Making  VCC  and  GND  easily  accessible  is  always  a  good  idea,  so  let’s  put  those  in  as  well.    

     

Step  12:  The  microcontroller  will  need  power  to  drive  it  and  an  oscillator  to  keep  it  ticking.  Bypass  capacitors  will  help  mitigate  electrical  noise.  The  RESET  line  has  to  be  connected  to  Vcc,  otherwise  the  micro  will  be  in  a  state  of  constant  reset.  Build  the  following  additions  using:  CRYSTALTXC-­‐7A,    CAP1206,  RESISTOR1206,    VCC,    GND.  Assign  the  two  bypass  capacitors  values  of  0.1uF,  the  two  clock  capacitors  values  of  18pF,  and  the  pull-­‐up  resistor  a  value  10K.    

   

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 Step  14:  The  board  needs  two  types  of  headers  that  will  later  be  used  for  programming.  Let’s  also  add  a  reset  button  and  some  mounting  holes  while  we’re  at  it.  You’ll  notice  that,  in  the  image,  we’re  not  directly  connecting  the  parts  to  anything.  This  will  be  covered  in  the  next  step.  Build  the  circuit  out  of:  AVR_SPI_PRG_6PTH,    SWITCH-­‐MOMENTARY-­‐2SMD-­‐REDUNDANT,  ARDUINO_SERIAL_PROGRAMPTH,    STAND-­‐OFF,    VCC,    GND    

     Step  15:  In  many  instances,  it  might  be  inconvenient  to  draw  explicit  connections  between  components.  That  is  why  EAGLE  has  a  feature  that  allows  us  to  connect  wires  by  labeling  them.    

Use  the    Label  tool  to  assign  a  label  to  a  wire  and  then  use  the    Name  tool  to  change  the  label’s  name.  Wires  are  implicitly  connected  when  they  are  labeled  with  the  same  name.  When  connecting  two  separate  wires,  EAGLE  will  prompt  you  about  the  new  connection.  Connect  the  following,  and  make  sure  to  double  check  once  you’re  done.  Every  non-­‐terminating  wire  should  now  be  connected  to  something.    

               

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Note:  Pay  special  attention  to  the  DTR  and  RESET  labels.  DTR  should  be  connected  to  RESET  through  a  CAP1206,  which  has  to  be  added.  Give  the  capacitor  a  value  of  0.1uF.  

 Step  16:  Your  schematic  should  now  looks  something  like  this.  Don’t  forget  to  save!  

Important:  EAGLE  has  a  built-­‐in    Electrical  Rule  Check  which  will  notify  you  of  any  obvious  electrical  issues.  Make  sure  to  run  this!  The  ERC  will  be  run  during  the  grading  process.  ("...has  no  value"  warnings  are  probably  okay,  just  make  sure  your  resistors  and  caps  have  values.)  

 

 

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Part  1(b):  High  Voltage  (2  points)    Step  17.  So  far,  we’ve  been  taking  for  granted  that  Vcc  is  going  to  supply  power  to  the  board.  But  where  is  Vcc  going  to  come  from?  You  may  find  yourself  in  a  situation  where  the  only  power  source  available  is  a  12.0  V  source,  such  as  a  car  battery  or  an  AC  adapter.  You  will  need  to  ensure  that  your  system  incorporates  a  voltage  regulator  to  lower  the  high  voltage  to  a  Vcc  usable  by  the  microcontroller  (between  1.8  V  and  5.0  V  for  the  ATmega328).    Add  a  voltage-­‐regulating  circuit  to  your  schematic  (no  visual  help  for  this  step).  Build  it  using  one  POWER_JACKPTH,  one  V_REG_MIC2920,  one  VCC,  one  GND,  and  one  or  two  mystery  components  which  are  almost  always  found  hanging  out  near  voltage  regulators.  Assume  the  DC  power  jack  will  have  a  12.0  V  source  plugged  in.    

   

Hint:  Even  though  the  part  name  for  the  voltage  regulator  contains  “MIC2920”,  we  will  be  buying  a  close  substitute,  the  MIC5209.  It  is  well-­‐documented  online.    Hint:  The  top  connection  on  POWER_JACKPTH  is  the  positive  voltage.  The  bottom  two  should  both  be  connected  to  GND.    Hint:  You  will  likely  get  "OUTPUT  and  SUPPLY  pins  mixed..."  ERC  errors  after  connecting  the  voltage  regulator.  You  can  safely  ignore  these.    

   

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Part  1(c):  Sense/Actuate  (4  points)    Step  18:  Time  to  customize  your  design!  For  this  part  of  the  lab,  you  must  integrate  sensing  and  actuation  into  your  PCB.  Spend  some  time  looking  at  various  types  of  sensors  and  browsing  resources  such  as  Digikey,  Sparkfun,  and  EAGLE’s  list  of  parts.  Sensors  and  actuators  will  almost  always  fall  into  one  of  two  categories:  analog  or  digital.  Most  analog  sensors  report  their  values  as  a  voltage  that  can  be  measured  by  the  microcontroller’s  ADC.  Digital  sensors  send  values  to  the  microcontroller  over  a  digital  communication  interface  such  as  I2C,  SPI,  or  UART.      You  are  required  to  add  one  or  more  multi-­‐bit  sensor  and  actuator.    At  the  end  of  lab  3,  we  want  you  to  show  that  the  sensor  and  actuator  are  functional,  so  spend  some  time  thinking  about  a  configuration  that  is  easy  to  demonstrate.      Most  classes  of  sensors  are  available  in  both  analog  and  digital  variants,  including  various  types  of  sensors  for  audio,  light,  temperature,  humidity,  barometric  pressure,  acceleration,  orientation,  and  many  other  phenomena.  There  also  exist  a  multitude  of  actuators  that  enable  you  to  control  these  same  phenomena.  All  sensors  and  actuators  have  their  own  specifications  and  unique  characteristics,  so  always  read  the  datasheet  carefully!  (Three  concrete  examples  of  devices  to  get  started:  HIH6130  Humidity  Sensor,  ACS712  Hall-­‐Effect  Current  Sensor,  MCP4725  DAC)    

   

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Part  2:  Layout  (8  points)    

Step  17:  To  begin  laying  out  the  components  on  the  PCB,  click    Switch  to  Board  to  open  up  a  new  Board  window.  This  will  create  a  new  layout  environment  from  your  schematic.      

     

Note:  EAGLE  expects  that  when  you  are  working  on  a  project  you  will  keep  both  the  Schematic  and  Board  windows  open  at  all  times.  Any  changes  made  in  one  window  when  the  other  window  is  closed  are  not  transferred  over  to  the  other  window.  Losing  consistency  between  windows  is  a  common  and  very  silly  way  of  ruining  a  perfectly  good  design!  EAGLE  will  tell  you  that  one  of  your  windows  is  closed  with  the  following  warning…  

 

     

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Step  18:  Having  a  grid  will  make  layout  a  lot  easier.  Open  the    Grid  options,  turn  on  the  grid,  and  set  it  to  the  following  options:    

   Step  19:  The  rectangular  outline  represents  the  dimensions  of  your  PCB.  Use  the  Move  tool  to  change  the  PCB  dimensions  to  2.0  inches  x  2.0  inches  (top-­‐left  corner  of  the  screen  shows  measurement  information).  Then,  move  the  mounting  holes  so  that  they  are  situated  in  the  corners  of  the  board.  You  can  make  the  board  slightly  larger  to  accommodate  your  custom  components,  but  be  warned  that  unnecessarily  large  board  will  lose  points.    

               

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Step  20:  Move  the  ATMEGA328_PDIP  microcontroller  into  the  middle  of  the  PCB,  rotating  it  (right-­‐click),  so  that  the  groove  on  the  chip  points  up.  Place  the  appropriate  M08  header  on  the  right  side  of  the  PCB.  Also,  place  the  AVR_SPI_PRG_6PTH  header,    SWITCH-­‐MOMENTARY-­‐2SMD-­‐REDUNDANT  button,  and  one  of  the  CAP1206  bypass  capacitors.  To  precisely  position  components  between  grid  lines,  hold  down  the  Alt  key.    

When  moving  components,  periodically  use  the    Ratsnest  tool  to  recalculate  the  shortest  airwires  between  parts.  Airwires  are  the  floating  lines  which  serve  as  useful  guides  during  routing.  Airwires  show  what  connections  have  yet  to  be  completed,  and  they  dissappear  as  the  connections  are  completed.  When  placing  components,  avoid  long  airwires  and  airwires  that  cross;  this  will  make  your  life  a  lot  easier  during  the  routing  process.      

           

Step  21:  Use  the    Route  tool  to  manually  route  the  connections  between  the  microcontroller  and  the  header.  Before  drawing  routes,  select  the  Top  Layer  (red),  change  the  routing  Width  to  0.01  inches,  select  Via  Round  as  your  via  type,  and  choose  a  Drill  size  of  0.27559  inches.  (It's  recommended  that  you  stick  with  Wire  bend  style  1  during  routing.)    To  switch  between  the  top  and  bottom  layers  of  your  board  while  you're  routing,  click  the  scroll  wheel.  This  will  automatically  put  down  a  via  for  you.  In  a  clean  layout,  most  traces  should  not  have  to  traverse  both  layers.  A  majority  of  the  routes  on  your  board  should  occupy  the  top  layer  (red).  Too  many  bottom  layer  (blue)  routes  and  too  many  vias  might  be  a  sign  that  you  should  reconsider  the  placement  of  your  components.    

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While  the  image  below  can  be  used  as  a  starting  point,  it  is  a  good  idea  to  finish  placing  all  of  your  components  before  you  start  routing.  You  will  at  some  point  find  yourself  wanting  to  move  an  already-­‐routed  component;  for  this,  use  the    Ripup  

tool  to  "rip  up"  your  routes.  Finally,  use  the    Text  tool  to  leave  your  team  signature  in  the  format  "teamXX"  somewhere  on  the  Top  (red)  copper  layer.  Change  the  Ratio  to  at  least  14%  and  set  the  Font  to  vector.    

     

Note:  EAGLE  has  an  Autorouting  feature.  While  the  Autorouter  is  interesting  to  play  with,  it  pretty  much  only  generates  examples  of  how  NOT  to  route  your  board.  This  is  because  the  Autorouter  is  only  good  at  connecting  A  to  B;  it  has  no  understanding  of  the  components  being  connected.  It  is  strongly  recommended  that  you  do  NOT  use  the  autorouter,  assuming  you  value  your  honor  and  your  grade  on  this  lab.  

 

Separate  from  the  Electrical  Rule  Check,  EAGLE  also  has  a    Design  Rule  Check,  which  will  check  your  board  for  layout  errors.  Make  sure  you  use  this  feature!    You  now  have  everything  you  need  to  place  and  route  the  rest  of  your  components  and  

complete  your  design!  Good  luck!    

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Part  3:  Generating  Gerber  Files  and  BOM  (2  points)    Step  22:  The  Gerber  format  is  an  open  vector  image  file  specification  that  is  used  by  most  PCB  fabrication  houses  to  generate  your  boards.    Each  layer  of  the  board  (copper,  solder  mask,  silkscreen,  etc)  is  stored  in  a  different  Gerber  file.        In  order  to  generate  a  gerber  file,  first  go  to  the  CAM  processor  (File-­‐>CAM  processor)  in  eagle.          

   Next,  go  to  the  File  menu,  then  go  Open  >  Job….  In  the  file  browser  that  opens,  select  the  18549-­‐274x.cam  file  that  you  just  downloaded  from  the  549  website.  The  CAM  processor  window  should  have  a  series  of  tabs:  “Top  Copper”,  “Bottom  Copper”,  “Top  Silkscreen”,  etc.  Each  of  these  tabs  define  how  to  create  one  of  the  gerber  files.  Now  all  you  have  to  do  is  click  Process  Job.  If  you  haven’t  saved  recently,  it’ll  prompt  you  to.    The  gerber  generation  process  should  be  pretty  quick.  Once  it’s  run  its  course,  have  a  look  in  your  project  directory,  which  should  have  loads  of  new  files  in  it.  In  addition  to  the  board  (BRD)  and  schematic  (SCH)  files,  there  should  now  be  a  .dri,  .GBL,  .GBO,  .GBS,  .GML,  .gpi,  .GTO,  .GTP,  .GTS,  and  a  .TXT.      

Gerber  File   Extension  Bottom  Copper   GBL  Bottom  Silkscreen   GBO  Bottom  Soldermask   GBS  Top  Copper   GTL  Top  Silkscreen   GTO  Top  Soldermask   GTS  Drill  File   TXT  Drill  Station  Info  File   dri  Photoplotter  Info  File   gpi  Mill  Layer   GML  Top  Paste   GTP  

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Step  23:  You  should  sanity  check  the  Gerber  files  by  opening  them  in  a  gerber  view  program.    In  OS  X  and  Linux  gerbv  is  a  good  option.    For  Windows,  you  can  download  Pentalogix.    These  programs  will  be  able  to  open  the  copper  layers,  but  will  not  know  how  to  read  the  tool  list  and  drilling  data.    Make  sure  to  check  that  the  gerber  files  look  correct  before  submitting!    Step  24:    For  any  of  your  custom  sensor  parts,  please  also  submit  a  “Bill  of  Materials”  files  commonly  called  a  BOM.    Use  the  template  spreadsheet  file  from  the  website  as  a  reference.    Step  25:    Upload  everything  into  your  directory  to  your  team’s  space  on  AFS.    

• /afs/ece.cmu.edu/class/ece549/teams/teamXX/lab1  • ../lab1/andrew-­‐id/eagle/  (.sch,.brd)  • ../lab1/andrew-­‐id/gerbers/  (.GTL,  .GBL,  .GTS,  .GBS,  .GTO,  .TXT,  .DRI)  • ../lab1/andrew-­‐id/bom.csv  

 The  End!  

     

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Revision  History  (01/27/15):    

• page  4,  step  10:  Use  of  the  Value  tool  • page  5,  step  11:  M081X08  deprecated,  replaced  with  M08  • page  5,  step  12:  Use  of  the  Value  tool  (again)  • page  6,  step  15:  Use  of  the  Value  tool  (once  more)  • page  7,  step  16:  ERC  clarification  • page  8,  step  17:  Additional  hints  • page  9,  step  18:  "must  integrate  sensing  AND  actuation"  • page  11,  step  19:  Change  in  recommended  board  dimensions  • page  12,  step  20:  Expanded  step,  part  placement  clarifications  • page  12,  step  21:  Expanded  step,  routing  clarifications  • page  15,  step  25:  Updated  list  of  gerber  files