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1940-1945
World War II
CausesWorld War I didn’t
settle differencesHarsh terms of Treaty
of VersaillesEspecially on Germany
Economic instability following First World War
Italy and Germany look to Fascist dictators Solve ProblemsReturn to Glory
Aggressions of Axis Powers Italy, Germany, Japan formed
Axis Powers by 1940 Italy conquered Ethiopia
(1936)Hitler repeatedly violated
Treaty of Versailles (1934-1938)
Germany annexed Austria (1938) Conquered Czechoslovakia and
Poland (1939)Hitler also broke Munich
and Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pacts
Japan invaded Manchuria (1932) China (1937) French Indochina (1941) Bombed U.S. Pacific Fleet at
Pearl Harbor (1941) Wake Island (1941)
Great BritainFrance (until 1940)United States (1941)Soviet Union (1943)China (1943)Italy joins in 1943Many smaller nations
Allied Nations
Improvements made to:TanksMachine guns/riflesArtillerySubmarinesBattleships & Destroyers
Aircraft used more effectively:German LuftwaffeBritish RAFU.S. Army Air Corps
Air Craft CarriersBy 1942, dominated naval
warfare
Weaponry
German word for “Lightning War”
Fast moving tanks (Panzers) and ground forces
Mixed with air cover Luftwaffe
Effectively used against: Czechoslovakia Poland Holland Denmark Norway Belgium France Soviet Union
Blitzkrieg
Great Britain: Prime Minister Winston Churchill
United States: President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Free-French Forces: General Charles De Gaulle
Soviet Union: Premier Joseph StalinNationalist China: General Chiang Kai-
chekGermany: Adolf HitlerItaly: Benito MussoliniJapan: Emperor Hirohito &
Prime Minister Hideki Tojo
War Time Leaders
April: Germany invades Denmark and Norway
May: Germany invades Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg
September:U.S. begins military draftBegins building air and naval fleetBegins aiding AlliesJapan joins Axis (Tripartite Pact):
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis formed
November: President Franklin Roosevelt elected to third term
1940
Invades in June of 1940German Blitzkrieg goes around
French Maginot Line Along French-German border
Invades through BelgiumSplits Allied lines in twoHalf of Allied forces fled to
Dunkirk Churchill has them rescued
Rest of Allied forces surrender in weeks Including Paris
Germans install French Vichy government Lasts until Allied liberation in
August of 1944
Germany Conquers France
Battle of Britain Lasts from August through
September 1940 Fought in skies over Britain Original plan:
Luftwaffe bombs RAF spitfires on the ground
Then bomb RAF radar towers Then bomb major British cities Force British to surrender
without invasion Luftwaffe gets bored Begins bombing London and
major cities Causes much damage & loss
of life Winston Churchill wills his
people to “never surrender” British RAF holds off
Luftwaffe Forces Hitler to abandon
plans of invasion Moral victory for British Bombing would continue
intermittently through out war
Lasts from 1940-1945British and U.S. Navy
(Atlantic Fleet) square off against German fleet
Used battleships, destroyers, submarines
Aircraft Carriers make an appearance later in war
Allied forces eventually prevail
Battle of Atlantic
March: Lend-Lease Act passedU.S. would lend used
ships and planes to British
Helped U.S. economyAugust: Atlantic
Charter proposed and endorsed by Churchill and RooseveltLed to creation of
United Nations in 1945
1941
Blitzkrieg begins early on the morning of June 22, 1941
Called Operation Barbarossa
Violated the non-aggression pact
September: German forces had reached the gates of Leningrad in the north Smolensk in the center
and Dnepropetrovsk in the south
German units reached the outskirts of Moscow in early December
Germany invades Soviet Union
Yet after months of campaigning, the German army was exhausted Germans expected a rapid
Soviet collapse Planners failed to equip their
troops for winter warfare Speedy German advance had
caused the forces to outrun their supply lines
Like Napoleon, Hitler’s forces got trapped in a Russian Winter
In December, the Soviet Union launched a major counterattack against the center of the front Driving the Germans back
from Moscow in chaos
December 7, 1941 Plan was to knock out U.S. Pacific
Fleet Would allow Japan to expand into
Central and South Pacific First wave attacked at 7AM Japanese sunk USS Arizona,
Oklahoma, Utah, West Virginia and other battleships
Bombed planes at nearby Hickam Field
Third wave wasn’t launched because Japanese felt element of surprise was gone
Failed to hit oil tanks on Ford’s Island
Failed to hit U.S. aircraft carriers: Lexington, Hornet, Enterprise Were at sea
U.S. and Great Britain declares war on Japan on December 8
Germany declare war on U.S. on December 9
Japanese also captured Guam on that December 7th
Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
August 21-February 2, 1943: Battle of Stalingrad Hitler’s forces try and take the strategic city on the
Volga River Then would march south into the oil fields of the Middle
East Germans have success in early months Soviets get reinforcements By February, Soviets force German army to retreat 1st large-scale defeat for Germans in Europe
October 23-November 5: Battle of El-Alamein Rommel’s Afrika Korps tries to take Egypt and Suez
Canal from British British under General Bernard Montgomery hold off
Germans and secure EgyptNovember 8: Operation Torch--U.S. forces land in
North Africa North African Campaign begins U.S. troops to aid British in liberating Morocco, Algiers,
Tunisia
1942 Europe
1942 PacificJanuary 7-April 9: Battle
of Bataan American-Filipino forces
hold on for months against Japanese invasion
FDR demands that Allied Commander Douglas MacArthur evacuate to Australia
Allied troops finally surrender in April
Prisoners are taken on Bataan Death March through the jungle
May 6: Corregidor falls to Japanese Island fortress in Manila
Bay Japanese occupy Philippines
April 18: Doolittle Raid U.S. bombers attack Japanese home island of Honshu Showed Japanese were vulnerable to air attack Retaliation for Pearl Harbor
May 7-8: Battle of Coral Sea--indecisive 1st battle completely fought by aircraft carriers Japanese sink more ships than Allies But Allies force Japanese to abandon plan to invade Australia
June 3-6: Battle of Midway U.S. learns of Japanese plan to invade Midway Island Sink 4 Japanese carriers Turning point of war for U.S. Navy
June 6-7: Allies begin campaign to retake Aleutians from Japanese
August 21: Battle of Guadalcanal begins Allied strategy of “island hopping” begins Japanese had taken island to build airbase there for Australian
invasion Japanese hold on for six months against Allied invasion One of bloodiest battles of Pacific theatre Allies take island on February 9, 1943 Begins Allies Solomon Island Campaign
February 20-22: Battle of Kasserine Pass Rommel’s Afrika Korps defeats Allied forces
May 12-25: Casablanca Conference Churchill and Roosevelt meet Discuss Sicilian and Italian Campaigns
May 13: Allied victory in Tunisia End of the North African Campaign
July 9-August 17: Allied invasion of Sicily Allies liberate from Axis control
September 3: Allies land at Reggio di Calabria Italian campaign begins Southern Italy surrenders to Allies; Northern Italy remains in Axis
control September 9: 1st wave lands at Paestum September 10: Allies land at Salerno September 12-14: 2nd wave lands at Paestum October 1: Allies land at Naples October 13: Italy declares war on Germany November 28-December 1: Allied leaders meet at Tehran
Conference Joseph Stalin meets with Churchill and Roosevelt for the first time Stalin demanded a Second Front be opened Discuss Allied invasion of western Europe
1943 Europe
November 21-24: Battles of Tarawa and Makin atolls Tarawa one of the bloodiest
conflicts U.S. Marines invasion helps
liberate island Allies liberate Gilbert Islands
1943 Pacific
January 22: Allied invasion of Anzio Beach
February 14-March 31: Battle of Anzio Allies pinned down on beach for
weeks Finally force Axis retreat
May 11-18: Battle of Monte Cassino Germans take refuge in ancient
monastery Allies bomb and cause major
destruction June 4: Allies liberate Rome June 6: D-Day
Allied invasion of Normandy, France Operation Overlord Landings at Omaha, Utah, Sword,
Gold, Juno beaches Allies finally come ashore and take
coastal region and towns Takes them several months to
“breakout” from coast
1944 Europe
August 15: Allied invasion of Southern France Operation Anvil/Dragoon Allies liberate France and
march toward German border
August 25: Allies liberate Paris
December 16-January 31, 1945: Battle of the Bulge Germans launch massive
offense against Allied lines in Belgium
Near town of Bastogne Cause a “bulge” in Allied
lines Allies get reinforcements Within weeks, drive
Germans back Force German retreat Last German offensive of
war
1944 PacificOctober 23-26:
Battle of Leyte GulfLast major naval
encounter in Pacific
Victory allows Allies to land in Philippines
Campaign would last until May 8, 1945
1945 Europe February 4-11: Allies
leaders meet at Yalta Last time Roosevelt
would meet with Churchill and Stalin
Discuss plan for end of the European war
Getting the Soviets involved in Pacific war
February-March: Allies liberate Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
March: Allies cross the Rhine River
April 12: President Roosevelt dies Harry S. Truman
becomes president April 29: Italian Campaign
ends in Allied victory
April 30: Hitler commits suicideMay 2: Berlin surrendersMay 4: Germany surrendersMay 8: V-E DayJuly 17-August 2: Allied leaders meet
at Potsdam ConferenceTruman and British Prime Minister
Atlee meet Joseph Stalin for 1st timeDiscuss ending Post-war Europe
and war in Pacific
February 19-March 16: Allies take Iwo Jima
March: Allies begin massive firebombing of Japanese cities
March 3: Allies liberate Manila April 1-June 21: Allies take Okinawa May 8: Philippines Campaign ends August 1: Soviet Union declares war on
Japan Invades Manchuria and Korea
August 6: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima
August 9: U.S. drops an atomic bomb on Nagasaki
August 15: Japan surrenders V-J Day
September 2: Treaty ending war in the Pacific signed on board USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay
1945 Pacific