1982 49 A Maximal.Multistage 20-m Shuttle Run Test to Predict VO2 max (Eur J Appl Physiol).pdf

8/17/2019 1982 49 A Maximal.Multistage 20-m Shuttle Run Test to Predict VO2 max (Eur J Appl Physiol).pdf

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Eur J App l Phys io l (1982) 49 :1 -12uropean Journal of

ppliedhysiology

and Occupational Physiology9 Springer-Verlag 1982

A M axima l .M ul t is tage 20-m Shutt le R un Tes tto P redict VO2 m ax

L u c A . L 6 g e r 1 a n d J . L a m b e r t 2

1D6p ar tement d '6ducat ion physique, Univers i t6 de Montr6al ,CE PSU M, C.P. 6128, Succ . A , M ontr6al (Qu6bec) , Canada, H3C 3J72 D6 partem ent d e M 6decine sociale et pr6ventive, Universit6 de M ontr6al , Ca nada

S u m m a r y. I n o r d e r t o v a l id a t e a m a x i m a l m u l t i s ta g e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e s t f o rt h e p r e d i c t i o n o f V O 2 m a x , 9 1 a d u lt s ( 3 2 fe m a l e s a n d 5 9 m a l e s , a g e d2 7 .3 + 9 .2 a n d 2 4 .8 + 5 .5 y e a r r e s p e ct iv e l y a n d w i th m e a n / / 0 2 m a x ( + S D )o f 3 9 . 3 + 8 . 3 a n d 5 1 . 6 + 7 . 8 m l 9 k g - 1 9 m i n - 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y ) p e r f o r m e d t h et e st a n d h a d / / O 2 m a x e s t im a t e d b y t h e r e t r o e x t r a p o l a t i o n m e t h o d( e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o t i m e z e r o o f r e c o v e r y, o f t h e e x p o n e n t i a l l e a s t s q u a r e sr e g r e s s i o n o f t h e f ir s t f o u r 2 0 -s r e c o v e r y V O 2 v a l u e s ) . S t a r t i n g a t 8 k m 9 h - 1a n d i n c r e a si n g b y 0 . 5 k m 9 h - 1 e v e r y 2 r ai n , t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t le r u n t e s t e n a b l e dp r e d i c t i o n o f th e V O 2 m a x ( y, m l . k g - 1 9 r a in - 1) f r o m t h e m a x i m a l s p e e d ( x ,k m . h -1 b y m e a n s o f t h e f o l lo w i n g re g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n : y = 5 . 8 5 7 x -1 9 . 4 5 8 ; r = 0 . 8 4 a n d S E E = 5 . 4 . L a t e r, t h e m u l t i s t a g e p r o t o c o l w a s s li g h t lym o d i f i e d t o i ts fi n a l v e r s i o n , i n w h i c h t h e t e s t s t a r t e d a t s ta g e 7 M e t a n dc o n t i n u e d w i t h a 1 M e t ( 3 .5 m l 0 2 " k g - ~ 9 m i n - 1 ) i n c r e m e n t e v e r y 2 ra i n.Tw e n t y - f i v e o f t h e 9 1 s u b j ec t s p e r f o r m e d t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e te s t tw i c e , o n c e o na h a r d , l o w - f r i c t io n s u r f a c e ( v i n y l - a s b e s t o s t il e s) a n d a n o t h e r t i m e o n ar u b b e r f l o o r , a s w e l l a s a w a l k i n g m a x i m a l m u l t i s t a g e t e s t o n a n i n c l i n e dt r e a d m i l l. T h e r e w a s n o d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m e a n s o f t h e s e t e s ts o rb e t w e e n t h e s l o p e s o f t h e l ) 'O e m a x - m a x i m a l s p e e d r e g r e s s io n s f o r t h e t w ot y p e s o f s u r f ac e s . T h e 2 0 - m s h u t t le r u n t e s t a n d a n o t h e r m a x i m a l m u l t i s ta g ef ie l d t e s t in v o l v i n g c o n t i n u o u s t r a c k r u n n i n g g a v e c o m p a r a b l e r e s u l ts ( r =0 . 9 2 , S E E = 2 . 6 m l 0 2 9 k g - 1 9 m i n - 1 , n = 7 0 ) . F i n a l l y, t e s t a n d r e t e s t o f t h e2 0 - m s h u t tl e r u n t e s t al so y i e l d e d c o m p a r a b l e r e s u lt s ( r = 0 . 9 7 5 , S E E =2 . 0 m l 0 2 9 k g - 1 9 r a in - 1 , n = 5 0 ) . I t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u nt e s t is a v al id a n d r e l ia b l e t e st f o r th e p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e i / o 2 m a x o f m a l e a n df e m a l e a d u l t s , i n d i v i d u a l l y o r i n g r o u p s , o n m o s t g y m n a s i u m s u r f a c e s .

K e y w o r d s : / / 0 2 m a x - R e t r o e x t r a p o l a t i o n m e t h o d - Va l id i ty - R e p r o -duc ib i l i t y - F ie ld t e s t

* Supported by the Minist6re du L oisir, de la Chasse et de la P~ che du Q u6b ec (H.C.S.R.7919)

0301-5548 /82 /0049 /0001 /$ 02 .40


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n t r o d u c t i o n

L . A . L 6 g e r a n d J , L a m b e r t

I n o rd e r t o a ss es s t h e m ax im a l a e rob i c pow er o f la rge g roups o f sub jec t s , one h a sto re ly on va l id , r e li ab le , sa fe and inexpens ive t est s . P red ic t ion of VO2 m ax f ro mthe subma x i m a l h e a r t r a t e r e s po nse ha s b een r epea t ed ly c ri ti c iz ed fo r i ts l a ck o faccura cy, pa r t i cu la r ly on a n ind iv idua l bas is Dav ies 1968; Row el l e t a l. 1964;Ta ylor e t a l . 1963; W yn dh am 1967) . O ne of the m os t o f ten used tes t s is the12-min run Co op er 1968) . Th is t es t i s, how eve r, m axim al f rom the beg inn ing tothe e nd o f t h e 12 - m in pe r i od , w h ich is con t r a ry t o t he cu r r en t t endenc y t o u semu l t i s tage exerc i se t es t s wi th adu l t s A CS M 1975) . The 12-min run tes t a l sodepe nds o n t h e an a e r ob i c c a p ac i ty, the m o t iva ti on and t he ab il it y t o r un a t aneven pace t h ro u g h o u t t h e t e s t. A m ax ima l mu l i s t age runn ing t r a ck te s t L6ge rand Boucher 1980) fo r g roup tes t ing was found to be as va l id and re l i ab le as

ind iv idua l ind i rec t maximal mul t i s t age t readmi l l t e s t s , bu t cou ld no t bepe r fo rmed i n s i de gy mnas i a be c ause o f t he h igh speeds ach i eved i n t he f i na ls tage s o f t h e t e s t . T h e p r e se n t s t udy r epo r t s a max im a l mu l t is t age 20 -m shu t t l erun tes t tha t w as found to b e va l id and re l i ab le fo r t es ting groups o f adu l t s on twotypes o f su r f a ce s cov e r i ng a w i de r ange o f ha rdnes s and f r i c t i on .

M e t h o d s

Experimental Protocol of the 20 m Shuttle Run Test

A p i l o t s t u d y o n f i v e y o u n g a d u l t s r u n n i n g b a c k a n d f o r t h o n a 2 0 -m c o u r s e f o r 5 m i n a t v a ri o u ss p e e d s f r o m 7 - 1 4 k m 9 h - 1 r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e e n e rg y c o s t i n c r e a s e d b y 1 M e t ( 3 .5 m l 9 k g - 1 9 r a i n - 1 )f o r e a c h 0 . 5 k m 9 h - 1 . T h u s t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o t o c o l f o r t h e v a l i d a t i o n s t u d i e s s t a r t e d a t 8 k m 9 h - 1a n d i n c r e a s e d b y 0 . 5 k i n . h - 1 e v e r y 2 m i n . O n c e t h e v a l i d a t i o n s t u d i e s w e r e c o m p l e t e d , t h ee x p e r i m e n t a l p r o t o c o l w a s s l ig h t ly m o d i f i e d i n o r d e r t o h a v e a s t a g e i n c r e m e n t o f 1 M e t , t o y i e l d t h ef i n a l v e r s i o n o f t h e t e s t w h i c h s t a r t s a t 7 . 5 k m 9 h - 1 ( Ta b l e 2 ) . T h e f i n a l v e r s i o n w a s u s e d f o r t h ereproduc ib i l i ty s tudy. The pace was se t wi th aud io s igna l s emi t t ed a t spec i f i c f requenc ies us ing ap r e c o r d e d t a p e , S u b j e c t s w e r e i n s t r u c t e d t o c o m p l e t e a s m a n y s t a g e s a s p o s s i b l e . Ti m e w a sa n n o u n c e d e v e r y 1 /z -m in o f t h e 2 - m i n s ta g e t o h e l p t h e s u b j e c t to d e c i d e w h e t h e r o r n o t h e s h o u l da t t e m p t t o c o m p l e t e i t . T h e t e s t s t o p p e d w h e n t h e s u b j e c t w a s u n a b l e t o f o ll o w t h e p a c e ( i . e ., 3 mb e h i n d t h e 2 0 - m l i n e a t t h e a u d i o s i g n a l ) o r f e l t t h a t h e c o u l d n o t c o m p l e t e t h e s t a g e .

Oxygen Uptake Measurement

M a x i m a l o x y g e n u p t a k e w a s a s s e s s e d b y e s t a b l i s h in g t h e 0 2 r e c o v e r y c u r v e fo l l o w i n g t h e m a x i m a lm u l t i s t a g e t e s t. T h e D o u g l a s b a g m e t h o d w a s u s e d f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f f o u r c o n s e c u t i v e 20 - s s a m p l e so f e x p i r e d a i r i m m e d i a t e l y a t t h e e n d o f t h e t e s t . A s i n g le e x p o n e n t i a ! re g r e s s i o n c u r v e w a s f i t te d t ot h e f o u r p o i n t s w i t h t h e l e a s t - s q u a r e s r e g r e s s i o n t e c h n i q u e , a n d V O 2 a t t i m e z e r o o f r e c o v e r y( r V O z m a x i n t h i s c a s e ) w a s o b t a i n e d b y r e t r o e x t r a p o l a t i n g t h e 0 2 r e c o v e r y c u r v e . T h er e t r o e x t r a p o l a t i o n m e t h o d h a s p re v i o u s l y b e e n f o u n d v a l id ( r = 0 . 9 2 ) a n d a c c u r a te ( S E E = 3 .2 1 m l0 2 - k g - 1 9 r a i n - 1 ) f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f V O 2 m a x a f t e r m a x i m a l m u l t i s ta g e t e s t ( L 6 g e r e t a l .1 9 8 0 ). 0 2 a n d C O 2 w e r e a n a l y z e d w i t h B e c k m a n O M - l l a n d L B - 1 a n a l y se r s p r e v i o u s l y c a l i b r a t e dw i t h g a s e s o f k n o w n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( m i c r o - S c h o l a n d e r t e c h n i q u e ) . A t t e n t i o n w a s p a i d t o s t a r t i n ga n d e n d i n g t h e 2 0 - s c o l l e c ti o n p e r i o d a t t h e s a m e p h a s e o f t h e r e s p i r a t o r y c y c le a n d t o t i m i n g t h i sp e r i o d e x a c t l y.


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Aerob i c 20 -m S hu t t l e Run Te s t

a b l e 1. Physical character is t ics of the subjects

Grou p n S e x Ag e We i gh t I ?O 2 max(years) a (kg) a (m l . kg - I 9 ra in- l ) a

I 25 m + f 23.8 _+ 6.0 67.2 + 11.2 44.4 _+ 10.6

II 91 (32) f 27.3 + 9.2 56.8 + 9.4 39.3 + 8.3(59) m 24.8 _+ 5.5 71.1 + 9.6 51.6 _+ 7.8

II I 70 (35) f 22.7 + 5.4 58.7 + 8.9 42.9 _+ 9.5(35) m 25.5 _+ 6.6 74.6 + 9.5 50.0 _+ 11.5

IV 50 (23) f 24.0 + 6.5 57.8 _+ 7.2 44.4 + 7.9(27) m 25 .6 _+ 8.7 74.3 _+ 10.6 53.8 _+ 10.9

a Mean + S D

Th ree va lues for 1 )O2 max are cons idered in th i s paper : the d i rec t ly meas ured l )O; max, there t roext rapola ted ~zO2 max and the 1)O2 max pred ic ted f rom the maxim al speed ach ieved dur ing the.mult is tage test using the appropriate regression equat ion. Since the exercise and retroextrapolatedVO2 max a re a lmos t the same and s ince bo th va lues a re based o n the d i rec t me asurem ent o f VO >both me thods wi l l be c lassi f ied as d i rec t methods and com pared to the pred ic ted o r ind i rec t es t imatefor discussion purposes.

Validity Studies

In the f i r s t se r ies of exper imen ts , 13 males and 12 females (Table 1 , Grou p I ) rand om ly per for m edthree max imal mul t i s tage tes t s: (1) an inc l ined walk ing t readmi l l t est , (2 ) and (3) the exper im enta l20-m shut t le run tes t on rubber f loor (Mon do Ru bber or Spo r t f lex type) and on v inyl -asbes tos ti les(hard and low f r ic t ion type of sur face) . Th e t readmi l l tes t was an adapta t ion of the Balke pro toco l(Pol lock e t a l. 1976) . S ta r t ing a t 4 .8 km . h -1 (3 mph) and 0% s lope , the s lope increased 2 .5% every2 ra in up to 20% ; thereaf te r, the speed was increased by 0 .4 km 9 h -x (0 .25 mph ) every 2 ra in . Ineach of these tes t s, VO2 max was assessed by the re t roex t rapola t ion m ethod . In addi t ion , for thet readmi l l p ro tocolVO max was also assessed during the last minute of exercise.

In the second ser ies of exper iments , 66 addi t iona l sub jec ts per formed the exper imenta l 20-m

shut t le run tes t once , mos t ly on v inyl -asbes tos t i l es , wi th VO2max de te rmina t ion by there t roext rapola t ion method . These da ta were combined wi th the average va lue ob ta ined by the 25subjec ts o f the f i r s t se r ies of exper iments whi le per forming on both types of sur faces . The to ta lsample was thus 91 subjects , 32 females and 59 males, whose physical character is t ics are given inTab l e 1 (G r oup I I ) .

In the th i rd se r ies of exper imen ts , 35 males and 35 females (Table 1 , Grou p I I I ) per form ed thef ina l vers ion of the 20-m shut t le run tes t (Table 2) and a m aximal mul t i s tage running t rack tes t (L6gerand Bo uche r 1980) . Only the pred ic ted VO2 max scores were com pared . Tes t s were per form ed ingroups of 10-25 subjec ts a t a t ime on a rubber f loor.

eproducibility Study

In the fou r th se r ies of exper iments , 27 males and 23 females (Table 1 , Group IV) tw ice per fo rm edthe f ina l vers ion of the 20-m shut tle run tes t (Table 2) 1 wee k apar t in groups of 1 0- 25 subjec ts a t at ime on a rubber f loor.


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6 L .A . L6ger and J. Lambert

m l 9 kg -1 9 m in -1 an d 10 .6 +_ 1 .1 km 9 h -1 ) and r e su l t ed in co r re l a t io n coe ff i -c i en t s o f 0 .93 and 0 .92 .

Val id i ty o f the 20 m Shutt le Ru n Tes t for the Assessmen t of 90 2 max

T h e s e c o n d s e r i e s o f e x p e r i m e n t s o n 9 1 s u b j e c t s y i e l d e d t h e f o l l o w i n g r e g r e s s i o ne q u a t i o n or ~ r o 2 m a x ( y, i n m l . k g - 1 . m i n - 1) o n t h e m a x i m a l s p e e d ( x, i nk i n . h - 1 ) a c h i e v e d d u r i n g t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e s t :

y = 5.857 x - 19.458 1 )

w i t h a c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0. 84 a n d a s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f th e e s t i m a t e o f 5 .4

m l 9 k g - 1 9 m i n - 1 ( F i g . 2 ) . E q u a t i o n ( 1) w a s l a t e r u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t t h e f i n a lv e r s i o n o f th e 2 0 - m p r o t o c o l w h e r e t h e s t ag e s a r e i n c re a s in g b y o n e M e t ( r e st in gm e t a b o l i s m = 3 .5 m l . k g - 1 . r a i n - 1) a t a t i m e ( Ta b l e 2 ) .

The 20 m Shut tle Run Test Versus the Incl ined W alking Treadmil l Test

~ rO 2 m a x m e a s u r e d d i r ec t ly d u r i n g t h e l as t s t ag e o f t h e m o d i f i e d B a l k e p r o t o c o l( 4 2. 65 + 1 0 .0 3 ) w a s s im i l a r ( r = 0 .9 1 4 a n d S E E = 4 . 1 6) t o t h a t m e a s u r e d b y t h er e t r o e x t r a p o l a t i o n m e t h o d a t t h e e n d o f t h e 2 0 -m s h u t t l e r u n te s t ( 4 3. 9 + 9 . 1 8) .

T h i s i s i l l u s t r a te d b y t h e d o t t e d l i n e i n F i g . 3. S i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d f o rt h e p r e d i c t e d o r i n d i r e c t v a l u e s ( f u ll l i n e i n F i g . 3 ). V a l u e s p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h et r e a d m i l l d a t a ( 4 3 .4 + 8 .2 2 ), u s i n g t h e A C S M s t a n d a r d s ( A C S M 1 97 5) w e r es i m i l a r ( r = 0 . 89 0 a n d S E E = 3 .8 3 m l 0 2 9 k g - 1 9 m i n - 1) t o t h o s e p r e d i c t e d b ye q u a t i o n ( 1 ) f r o m t h e d a t a o f t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e s t (4 2 .3 + 5 . 84 ) . T h e m e a n so f t h e t w o t e s t s ( d i r e c t o r i n d i r e c t ) w e r e n o t s t a t i s t ic a l ly d i f f e r e n t ( p a i r e d t - t e s t ,p > 0 . 0 5 ) b u t t h e s l o p e s o f t h e r e g r e s s i o n c u r v e s ( F ig . 3) i n d i c a t e s li g h t ly l o w e rr e s u l t s f o r t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e s t a b o v e t h e a v e r a g e a n d h i g h e r r e s u l t sbe low i t .

The 20 m Shut t le Run Test Versus the Maximal Mult is tage Running Track Test

A s c o m p a r e d t o a m a x i m a l m u l t is t a g e r u n n i n g t r a c k t e s t ( L 6 g e r a n d B o u c h e r1 9 8 0) , t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e s t y i e l d e d s i g n i fi c a n tl y l o w e r v a l u e s ( A =2 .8 + 2 .9 m l O2 9 kg -1 9 r a in -1 , p < 0 .01 fo r a pa i r ed t - t e s t) . Th e co r r e l a t ion w as0 . 92 3 a n d t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e e s t i m a t e , 2 .6 3 m l O 2 " k g - 1 " m i n - 1(Fig . 4) .

Reproducibi l i ty o f the 20 m Shut tle Run Test

Te s t a n d r e t e s t o n e w e e k a p a r t ( F i g. 5 ) in d i c a t e d t h a t t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t le r u n t e s t w a sh i g h l y r e p r o d u c i b l e ( r = 0 .9 7 5 a n d S E E = 2 . 00 m l 0 2 9 k g - 1 9 r a i n - l ) . H o w e v e r,


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A e r o b i c 2 0 - m S h u t t le R u n Te s t 7

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F i g . 3 . V O 2 m a x i n t h e m a x i m a l m u l t i s t a g e i n c li n e d t re a d m i l l t e s t ( m o d i f i e d B a l k e p r o t o c o l ) a s af u n c t i o n o f t h e V O 2 m a x i n t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e st . T h e d i r e c t ( e x er c i se o r r c t r o e x t r a p o l a t e dV O 2 m a x ) a n d i n d i r e c t v a l u e s ( p r e d i c t i o n f r o m p r e - e s t a b l i s h e d O 2 e ff i ci e n cy r e g r e ss i o n c u r v e s u s i n gt h e A C S M d a t a ( A C S M , ] 9 7 5 ) a n d E q . ( 1 ) f o r e a c h t e s t ) a r e p l o t t e d

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M U L T I S T A G E R U N N I N G F I E L D T E S TFig . 4 . Ind i rec tVO max i n t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e s t a s a f u n c t i o nof ~zO2 m a x e s t i m a t e d i n d i r e c tl y i nt h e m a x i m a l m u l t i s t a g e r u n n i n g t r a c k t e s t ( L 6 g e r a n d B o u c h e r 1 9 8 0 ) . M e a n s a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n swere respe c t ive ly 47 .4 + 6 .8 and 50 .1 _+ 7 .5 (p < 0 .001 , n = 70) . The s ize o f da ta po in t s ind ica tes then u m b e r o f s u b j e ct s ( n = 1 - 6 ) h a v i n g t h e s a m e co o r d i n a te s


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F i g . 5 . R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e s t . M e a n sa n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s w e r e50.30 _+ 8 .93 an d 51.05 + 9 .00f o r t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d t r i a l s( p < 0 .0 0 5 , n = 6 0 ) . N u m b e r su s e d a s c o o r d i n a t e s i n d i c a t e t h e

n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s h a v i n g t h es a m e c o o r d i n a t e s

t h e s e c o n d t r i a l y i e l d e d s l i g h tl y b u t s i g n i f ic a n t l y h i g h e r v a l u e s ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) b y0 . 75 m l 0 2 " k g - 1 9 r a i n - 1 ( 1 . 5 % ) .

i s c u s s i o n

The xt rapola t ion M ethod

T h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e t r o e x t r a p o l a t e dl ~ r o m a x w a s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a m e a s t h ee x e r c i s e 1 ) O 2 m a x f o r t h e 2 5 s u b j e c t s w h o d i d t h e i n c l i n e d w a l k i n g t r e a d m i l l t e s tc o n f i r m s t h e v a l i d it y o f t h e m e t h o d , a s p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d b y L 6 g e r e t a l .( 1 9 8 0 ) , a n d j u s t i f i e s i t s u s e t o v a l i d a t e t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e s t .

Sex and Surface ffects

S i n c e t h e r e w e r e n o s e x a n d s u r f a c e d i f f e r e n c e s (F i g . 1 ), a s i n g le p r o t o c o l i sa p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e 2 0 - m s h u t t l e r u n t e s t. T h i s is p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l i n v i e w o f t h ev a r i o u s t y p e s o f g y m n a s i u m s u r f ac e s . T h e s t u d i e d s u r fa c e s w e r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n ta n d c o v e r e d a w i d e ra n g e o f h a r d n e s s a n d f r i ct i on . I t m a y b e u s e f u l t o k n o w t h a tw o o d e n f l o o r s h a v e a l m o s t t h e s a m e c h a r a c t e ri s t ic s a s v i n y l - a s b e s t o s t il e s. T h u st h e t y p e o f s u r f ac e o f m o s t g y m n a s i u m s s h o u l d n o t a f f e ct t h e r e s ul ts o f th i s t es t .T h e a b s e n c e o f s u rf a c e e f f ec t c o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d b y t h e h i g h e s t s p e e d s a c h i e v e di n t h e t e s t . A t 7 0 m l 0 2 9 k g - 1 9 m i n - 1 , a n a d u l t i n d i v i d u a l i s r u n n i n g t h e 2 0 - ms h u t t l e t e s t a t 1 5 k m 9 h - 1 ( T a b l e 2 ) . T h i s i s n o t v e r y f a s t i f o n e i s c o m p a r i n g i t t ot h e f a s t s to p a n d g o t h a t p r e v a il s in a b a s k e t b a l l g a m e . I n f a c t m o s t a d u l t s u b j e c t sw i l l n o t r u n m u c h f a s t e r t h a n 1 2 k m 9 h - 1 ( i . e . , V O 2 m a x = 5 2 m l 9 k g - 1 9 m i n - 1 )in th i s t e s t .


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10/12

10 L.A. L6ger and J. Lambert

Validi ty of the 20 m Shut t le Run Test

The fact that there was no sex or surface difference explains why the data of thefirst series of experiments (n = 25) were combined with those of the second oneto yield a total sample of 91 subjects in order to achieve a better accuracy in theregression curve. It was found that the maximal speed of the multistage 20-mshuttle run test could predict the maximal aerobic power with an r of 0.84 and astandard erro r of the estimate of 5.4 ml 9 kg -1 9 rain -1, which is equal to 11.4%of the mean (Fig. 1). An analysis of the literature (Table 3) for maximal indirecttests indicates comparable results for individual treadmill tests and for groupfield tests such as the 12-rain run test. Thus the main advantage of the 20-mshuttle run test is not so much its validity but the fact that it is a progressivemultistage test that can be performed in groups. The user should know however

that the individual error of these tests is quite large (10%) and researchers stillhave to improve their accuracy or design new, more accurate, ones. Morespecifically, the present study revealed that the 20-m shuttle run test yieldedresults similar to a conventional inclined treadmill test, whe ther direct or indirectVO2max values were considered (Fig. 3). Comparing indirect values isimportant because this is the way the tests are usually performed (except forresearch). On the other hand, direct measurements show the VO2 maxspecificity: could the same 1)O2 max be achieved in running back and forth andin walking on an inclined treadmill? The present study does not indicate muchdifference between the two forms of activity. The 20-m shuttle run test offers the

advantages of both requiring no sophisticated equipment and enabling thetesting of many individuals at the same time.

As compared to a continuous running multistage track test (r -- 0.96 andSEE = 2.8, L6ger and Bouche r 1980), the 20-m shuttle run test is slightly lessvalid (r = 0.84 and SEE = 5.4, Fig. 2). This might be explained by a largerinterindividual variation in the mechanical efficiency of running back and forth.Although preferab le, the track test requires better sporting facilities (an insidetrack with inclined turns or an outside track with a good sound system). Whilethe present study indicated a high correlation between the shuttle test and thetrack test (r -- 0.92 and SEE = 2.63, Fig. 4), there was a slight but significantdifference in favor of the track test. This might be a real difference due to themore natural activity of track running or it might be a validity bias due todifferent samples of subjects. In any event, the difference (2.8 + 2.9ml 9 kg -1 9 rain -1) is not physiologically very significant.

Reproducibi l i ty o f the 20 m Shut tle R un Test

The present study revealed that the 20-m shuttle run test is very reproducible(r = 0.975 and SEE = 2.00 ml 02" kg -1 9 min -1, Fig. 5). There were howeverslightly higher results on the second trial. The difference (0.75ml02" kg -1 9 min -1) seems unimportant and might reflect a learning effect. Thisphenomenon was more obvious for the females (p = 0.008, n = 23) than for themales (p = 0.115, n = 27). In order to minimize the anaerobic contribution to


11/12

Ae robic 20-m Shut t le Ru n Tes t 11

t h e t e s t pe r fo rm a n c e , o n l y t he c omple t ed s t age s a r e r e co rded , wh ich exp l a in swh y man y s u b j e c ts h ad t h e s a m e coo rd ina t e s f o r bo th t r ia l s (F ig . 5 ). I n f a c t 68o f t h e s ub j ec t s c o m p l e t e d t h e sa m e n u m b e r o f s ta g es , 34 d i d o n e m o r e a n d 6on e less. Th e re l iabi l i ty of the 20 -m shut t le run tes t ( r = 0 .975) is a t leas t equa l toor even be t te r than tha t o f o ther f i e ld t es t s , wi th r va lues rang ing f rom 0 .72 to0 .97 (Doo l i t t le an d B i gb ee 1968 ; L rge r and B ouch e r 1980 ; M ar t i n 1971;M ass ico t te 1972) , o r o f d i rec t mu l t i s tage t readm i l l t e s ts wi th r equa l 0 .99 (Br uceet a l . 1963) . For indirect mul t is tage t readmil l tes ts , Froel icher e t a l . (1974)r epo r t ed a s l i gh t i mp ro vemen t f r om t e s t t o r e t e s t bu t gave no co r r e l a t i o ncoe ff i c i en t b e t wee n t hos e .

I t is conc lu ded tha t a m axim al mul t i s tage 20-m shu t t le run tes t a s descr ibe d ,wi th s tages inc reas ing by 1 M et e ver y 2 min , appea rs va l id an d re l i ab le inp red i c t i ng t h e m a x i m a l a e r o b i c pow er o f bo th ma le and f em a le adu lt s , a l one o r

i n g roups , on mo s t t yp es o f gymnas ium su r f ace s .

d d e n d u m

A recent s tudy has shown tha t the same m ul t is tage shut t le run tes t could be per form ed w i th 1-mins tages ins tead of 2 -min s tages which save cons iderab le adminis t ra t ive t ime and make i t eas ie r tomo t iva te the subjec ts , par t icu la r ly wi th ch i ldren in schools. The cor re la t ion be tween the l -m in and2-min pro tocols for 142 adul ts (72 wom en) aged 20- 45 years o ld was 0 .97 and regress ion be tw een thetwo testsw a s T l _ m i n =0.4 + 1.2T 2 . m i n T indica t ing the n um ber of s tages in each tes t. Re l iab i l i ty ofthe 1-min proto col was verif ied on 81 subjects (22 wom en): a correlat ion of 0.95 with less than 0.5

s tage in favor of the re tes t .A French repor t o f thi s research i s ava ilab le f rom the Minis t~re du Lois i r, de la Chasse e t de laP~che du Qu 6bec . Pre l iminary repor t s o f th i s s tudy were presen ted a t the C anadian Assoc ia t ion forSpor t s Sc iences , To ronto , Oct . 1980 and a t the Sa te l l it e Sympos ium o f the In te rna t ion a l Cong ress ofPhysiolog y, Prah a, July 1980.

e f e r e n c e s

Am erican Col lege of Spor t s Medic ine (1975) G uide l ines for g raded exerc i se tes t ing and exerc i seprescr ip t ion . Lea and Febiger, Ph i lade lphia

Bruce R A, Kusum i F, H osmer D (19 73 ) Max i ma l oxyg e n i n t ake and nomogra ph i c a s s es sm en t o ffunc t i on a l a e ro b i c imp a i r m en t i n c a rd i ovas c u l a r d i s ea se . Am H ea r t J 85 : 546 -562

Co ope r K H (1968) A means o f assess ing maxim al oxygen in take .JAMA 2 0 3 : 2 0 1 - 2 0 4Dav ies CTM (1968) Lim i ta t ions to the pred ic t ion of maxim um ox ygen in take f rom card iac f requency

measu remen t s . J App l Phys io l 2 4 : 7 00 -7 0 6Do ol i t t l e TL , Bigb ee R (1968) T he tw elve-minute run-walk : a tes t o f card ioresp i ra tory f i tness of

ado l e sce n t b o ys . R es Q Am As s oc Hea l t h P hys E duc 39 49 1 -4 95Fai ls HB , H um phre y L D (1976) Energ y cos t o f running and walk ing in young wom en. M ed Sc i

S p o r t s 8 : 9 - 1 3Froe l ich er V, L ancas te r M (1974) The pred ic t ion of maxim al oxygen consumpt ion f rom a cont inuous

exe rc i s e t r e a dmi l l p ro to co l . A m Hea r t J 87 : 445 -450Froe l i che r VF, B ram m el l H , D av i s G , N ogu e ra I , S t ewar tA Lancas te r MC (1974) A com par i son of

the reprodu cib i l i ty and ph ys io logic response to th ree m aximal t readmi l l exerc i se pro tocols. Ches t65 : 512 -5 1 7

L6ger L , B ouc her R (1980) A n ind i rec t cont inuous runn ing mul t i s tage f ie ld tes t : The U nivers i t6 deMo n t r6a l tr a ck te s t. Can J App l Spo r ts Sc i 5 : 77 - 8 4


12/12

12 L. A. L6ger and J . Lamber t

L6ger LA , Sel iger V, Brassard L 1980) Backward ext rapola t ion of VO2 max values f rom2recovery curve . Med Sci Spor ts Exerc 12:24-27

M artin BJ 1971) The rel iabil i ty and va lidity of the twelve minute runwalk test for high school girls .M.Sc. Thesis in Physical Education, Universi ty of Idaho

Massicot te D 1972) Appl ica t ion of a pract ica l tes t to predic t the m aximal oxygen in take of h ighschool boys. In: Taylor AW ed) Training-scientif ic basis and application. Thom as, S pringfield,p p 7 6 - 8 6

Po l lock ML , Bohannon R L, C ooper KH, A yres J J , Ward A, Whi te SR, L inne rud AC 1976) Acomparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress test ing. Am Heart J92 : 39 -4 6

Row el l LB, Taylor HL, Wan g Y 1964) Limita t ions to predic t ion of maximal oxygen in take . J A pplPhysiol 19: 919-927

Sidney KH , Sheph ard RJ 1977) Maximum and submaximum exerc ise tes ts in men and women in theseven, eight and ninth decades of l ife. J A pp l Physiol 43 : 280 -287

Taylor HL, W ang Y, R owel l L, B lomqvis t G 1963) The s tandardiza t ion and in terpre ta t ion ofsubm aximal an d maxim al tests of working capacity. Pediatrics 32 : 703 -722

W yndham C H 1967) Submaximal tes ts for es t imat ing maximum oxygen in take . Can M ed A ssoc J96: 736-745W yndham CH, S t rydom NB, V an Graan G H, Rensburg AJ , Rodgers GG, Greyson JS , Van de r

W al t WH 1971) W alk or jog for heal th : I I Es t imat ing the maximum aerobic capaci ty forexe rc i se , S Af r Med J 45 :53-57

Accepted February 17, 1982

Documents

1982 49 A Maximal.Multistage 20-m Shuttle Run Test to Predict VO2 max (Eur J Appl Physiol).pdf