159

1986 VALUES FOR FIFTEEN GSJ ROCK REFERENCE SAMPLES, "IGNEOUS ROCK SERIES"

Atsushi ANDO, Naoki MITA and Shigeru TERAS€€IMA

Geological Survey of Japan, 1-1 -3 Higashi, Yatabe, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 Japan

During the five-year period (April 1981 - March 1986), a series of fifteen rock reference samples, "Igneous rock series", has been prepared by the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ). Based on the data available (published and communicated), consensus values for major, minor and trace elements have been derived; these values are presented for this second series of samples as well as for the first series of two samples, Granodiorite JG-1 and Basalt JB-1.

The Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) had issued two rock reference samples, Granodiorite JG-1 and Basalt JB-1 in 1967 and 1968 (1-2). In a series of papers (3-7,9- 27), results and reports have been published on these two samples concerning their chemical and isotopic compositions, their geological ages and physical constants. However, the supply of these samples was exhausted in 1981, after settlement of 75 analytical components. A second project of GSJ rock reference sample, "Igneous rock series", was started in April 1981 and was completed in March 1986.

Fifteen new rock samples are added to the list of GSJ analytical program of rock reference samples. They consist of three granitic rocks (illmenite series: JG-la and JG-2, and magnetite series: JG-3), two rhyolites (obsidian: IR-1 and JR-2). three andesites (JA-1, sanukitoid: JA-2, and JA-3), three basalts (alkali basalt: JB-la, tholeiitic basalt: JB-2, and high alumina basalt: JB-3), gabbro (JGb- l), a peridotite (P-1) and two feldspars (JF-1 and JF-2). JF-1 is a feldspar, separated by mechanical grinding and sieving from a granite. JF-2 is a high grade feldspar occurring in a pegmatite. JG-la and JB-la are replacement samples respectively of JG-1 and JB-1. JB-1 a was prepared with same stock chips as JB-1. However we had insufficient amount of stock chips of JG-1 for its repreparation, hence resampling was done for JG-la in the same quarry, although the sampling point was not

identical. Brief description of the new samples are presented in Table 1 and sampling locations are shown in Figure 1. The preparation of these samples was announced in some Journals (9,28,29).

PROCESSING OF SAMPLES

The processing of JG-1 and JB-1 consisted of four steps (1-2):

Break cleaned pieces with a sledge-hammer to about 5 - 10 cm; crush to 1-2 cm pieces in a mortar and pestle made from the rock sample; mill in a porcelain ball grinder with porcelain balls until all the sample passes through a 100-mesh stainless steel sieve; mix well the sample and package in polyethylene bottles. The use of porcelain grinder might have caused some contamination during grinding.

For the new samples the following procedure was applied:

Break cleaned rock pieces with a sledge-hammer to 5 to 10 cm; crush to 1-2 cm pieces with a jaw crusher (Retsch type BB2/A); mill in a high alumina-lined ball mill of 22 liter capacity (for about 100 kg of silicate samples) with balls made of the rock sample to be processed when ever possible; flint balls were used friable samples like JF- 1, JF-2 and JR-2; screen with a 100 mesh stainless steel sieve; mix well the sample before packing in glass bottles (9).

JG-1 and JB-1 were prepared in about 100 kg, with the final packaging in about 1200 bottles containing 75 g each. The new samples were prepared in 100 to 120 kg, the final packaging in about 1000 - 1200 bottles containing 100 g each.

ANALYTICAL RESULTS

We received 500 reports from international laboratories (247 publications and 253 private

Geostandards Newsletter, Vol. 11, N"2, Octobre 1987,~. 159 h 166

160

Table 1. GSJ rock reference samples "Igneous rock series"

Name Rock

JG-1 Grancdiorite

JG-la Granodiorite JG-2 Granite

JG-3 Granodiorite

JR-1 Rhyolite

JR-2 Rhyolite

JA-1 hdesi te

JA-2 Andcsite

JA-3 Andesite

JB-1 Basalt

JB-la Basalt JB-2 Basalt

113-3 Basalt

JGb-1 Gabbro

P-1 Peridotite

JF-1 Feldspar

JF-2 Feldspar

Issucd Y W

( 1967)

(1984) (1985)

(1986)

(1982)

(1983)

(1982)

(1985)

(1986)

(1968)

(1984) (1982)

(1983)

(1983)

(1984)

(1985)

(1986)

Sori granodiorite (Biotite granodiorite) 85 Ma, m a - m u r a , G m Prefecture. Replacement sample of JG- 1. Naegi granite (Biotite granite) Cretaceous, Hirukawa-mura. Gifu Prefecture. Mitoya granodiorite (Hornblende-biotite granodiorite) Cretaceous-Palmgene, Mitoya-cho, Shimane Prefecture. Wada Toge obsidian, 0.8 Ma, north of Wada Toge, Wada-mura, Nagano Prefecture. Wada Toge obsidian, south of Wada Toge, Shimosuwa-machi, Nagano Prefecture. Hakone volcano, Old Somma lava (Augite- hypersthene andesite) Quaternary, Manam-machi, Kanagawa Prefecture. Goshikidai sanukitoid (Olivine andesite) 13 Ma, Sakaide, Kagawa Prefecture. Arama volcano (Olivine-bearing augite- hypersthene andesite) erupted in 1783, h i - Oshidashi, Tnunagoi-mura, Gumna Prefecture Kitamatsuura basalt (Alkali basalt, Titanaugite-olivine basalt) 7.6 Ma, Myokanji Toge, Sasebo, Nagasaki . Prefecture. Replacement sample of JB-1. 0-shirna volcano (Tholeiitic basalt, Augite- bronzite basalt) erupted in 1950-1951. northern rim of Mihara crater, 0-shima,

Fuji volcano (High alumina basalt, Hyper- slhene-augikdivine basalt) erupted in 864. Aokigahara lava flow. Narusawa-mura, Y amanashi Prefecture. Utsushigatake (Augite-hypersthene hornblende gabbro) 86 Ma, Funehikimachi, Fukushima Prefecture. Horoman peridotite (Dunite) Horoman. Ilokkaido. 0-hira feldspar (Mixture of orthoclase and albite) Nagiso-machi, Nagano Prefecture. Kurosaka feldspar (Orthoclase) Kurosaka, Ibaraki Prefecture.

-

'Tokyo.

-

communications) for GSJ rock reference samples including JG-1 and JB-1, by December 1986. Already eighteen papers have been published in Geostandards Newsletter, reporting the analytical results of new GSJ rock samples by various methods for many elements (8, 10, 15-16,20-26,28,30-38).

In this paper, 1986 consensus values for GSJ rock reference samples "Igneous rock series" for major and minor elements together with JG-1 and JB-1 are presented in Tables 2 and 3. The older samples JG-1 end JB-1 were analyzed during about twenty years and most values are considered to be recommendable; however, for the new samples the number of available analytical data is still low and the proposed values are to be considered as only of first approximations for some elements.

JF-2 -*, J G - I . JG-lo

? B - 1 JB-lo

JB-2

Jfi-2 '

Figure 1. Sampling point of GSJ rocks

Consensus values were evaluated by calculating the mean, after eliminating results beyond f two times the standard deviation, by considering the performance of analytical methods for a given element and by the Select laboratory method. The composition of major elements was mainly derived from results obtained by total rock analysis, conventional wet chemical methods along with atomic absorption method for sodium and potassium. The analytical methods selected for determining consensus values for trace elements are presented in Table 4.

Comparison of chemical compositions between JG- l a and JG-1, and JB-la and JB-1 (10) and those of chromium (38) have been reported; agreement between both sets of data are fairly good for most major and minor elements, however significant differences are found for some elements, for example, chromium (see Table 3). The degree of contamination in the course of processing of samples is lower for the new rock samples than for the old ones.

We are indebted to all analysts who contributed data for these samples. All data will be published in the Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan in the near future.

All the fifteen GSJ "Igneous rock series" samples are available except JG-1 and JB-1. Geologists, geochemists or analysts interested in participating in our program are invited to write to the "Liaison Officer of Reference

161

Table 2. Major elements in GSJ rock reference samples "Igneous rock series" (%)

- G r a n i t i c r o c k R h y o l i t e A n d e s i t e

JG-1 . J G - l a JG-2 JG-3 J R - 1 JR-2 J A - 1 JA- 2 JA-3

72.30 72.19 76.95 67.10 75 .41 75.65 64.06 5 6 . 1 8 62 .26

0 .26 0 .25 0 .04 0 .48 0.10 0 .09 0 .87 0 .67 0.68

14 .20 1 4 . 2 2 1 2 . 4 1 15 .52 12 .89 1 2 . 8 2 14 .98 15 .32 15 .51

0.39 0 . 4 3 0 .36 1 . 6 1 0 . 4 0 0 .38 2.42 2 . 1 3 1 . 2 1

1 . 6 3 I .46 0 .52 1 . 9 1 0 .50 0 . 4 3 4 .08 3 . 6 0 4.84

0.063 0.06 0.015 0.072 0.10 0.11 0.15 0.11 0.106

0.74 0.69 0.04 1 . 7 9 0 . 0 9 0 .05 1 . 6 1 7 .68 3.65

2 .18 2 . 1 3 0 . 8 0 3 .76 0 . 6 3 0 .45 5.68 6 . 4 8 6 . 2 8

3.39 3 .41 3 .55 4 .03 4.10 4 . 0 3 3.86 3 .08 3.17

3.95 4.04 4 .76 2.63 4.44 4 . 4 8 0.82 1 . 7 8 1 . 4 3

0.097 0.08 0.002 0.12 0.02 0 .01 0.16 0 . 1 5 0.11

0 .48 0 .59 0 . 2 5 0.67 1 . 0 5 1 . 2 8 0.80 1 . 0 6 0 .12

0.072 0 .09 0 .13 0 . 2 1 0 .13 0 . 1 4 0.26 1 . 4 1 0.19

Fe203 T 2.14 2.05 0 .92 3 . 7 3 0 . 9 6 0 . 8 6 6.95 6.14 6.59

B a s a l t Gabbro P e r i d o t i t e F e l d s p a r

J B - 1 JB-la JB-2 JB-3 JGb-1 JP-1 JF-1 JF-2

F e 2 0 3 T

52.17

1 . 3 4

1 4 . 5 3

2 .28

6 . 0 0

0 .16

7.73

9.29

2.79

1 . 4 2

0 .26

1 .02

0 . 9 5 -

8.97

52 .16

1 . 3 0

1 4 . 5 1

2.52

5.92

0.15

7 .75

9.23

2.74

1 . 4 6

0 . 2 6

0.10

0.86 -

9.10

53.20

1 . 1 9

14 .67

3.13

10 .09

0 .20

4.66

9.89

2 . 0 3

0.43

0.10

0 .31

0.07 -

14.34

51.04

1 . 4 5

1 6 . 8 9

3.10

7.90

0.16

5 . 2 0

9.86

2.82

0 .80

0.29

0 .20

0.03 -

1 1 . 8 8

43.44

1 . 6 2

17 .66

4.89

9 . 2 4

0.17

7.83

1 1 . 9 8

1 . 2 3

0 . 2 6

0 .05

1 . 2 3

0.04 -

15.16

42.39

<o. 01

0.62

1 . 9 7

5 .73

0.12

44.72

0 . 5 6

0.021

0 .003

0.00

2.68

0.40 -

8.34

66.64

0.005

1 7 . 9 9

0.08

< O . O l

0.001

0.006

1 . 0 5

3.54

10 .05

0.009

0.17

0.14

0.188

0 .08

65.20

0.004

1 8 . 4 3

0 .06

(0.01

0.001

0.003

0.09

2.46

13 .10

0.002

0.22

0.24 -

0.06

162

Table 3. Minor elements in GSJ rock reference samples "Igneous rock series" (ppm)

Ag As Au B B a Be Bi B r C(t)* C ( C ) * C(n)* Cd Ce c1 co Cr cs c u

E r EU F G a Gd G e H f Hg H o I In Ir La Li LU M o Nb Nd N i 0s Pb Pd Pr P t

DY

Granitic rock R h y o l i t e Andesite

JG- 1 J G - l a JG-2 JG- 3 JR- 1 JR-2 J A - 1 JA-2 JA- 3

0.026 0.36 0.00013 6

462 3 .1 0.52 0.068

215 172

43

46.6 60

4.0 64.6 10.2

1 .5 4.6 1 .69 0.76

0.037

496 17

3 .7 1 . 3 3.5 0.016 0.95 0.015 0.046 I 0.00001

23 85.9

0.46 1.46

12.6 20.0 6.0 0.0027

26.2

4 .5 0.0048

-

Ra (ppt) Rh Re Rh Ru S Sb SC Se Sm Sn Sr Td T b Te Th T1 Tm U V w Y Yb Zn Zr

1.24

0.000098 181

- -

1 1 . 3 0.08 6 .5 0.0028 5 . 1 4 . 1

1.7 0.84

184

- 13.5

1.0 0.5 3 .3

25 1 . 7

30 2 .7

41.5 108

- 0.39 0.0003 2.6

3 .1 458

- - - - - -

47.1 67

5 . 7 18.6 11.4

1 . 3 - -

0.72 450

17 - -

3.7 - - - - -

23 82.1

0.53 -

12 19.7 6.4

27.0

8.7

- -

- -

180 - - -

12 0.06 6.6

4 .5 4.2

1 .7 0.87

-

185

- 12 .1 -

0.49 4.7

2 3

32 3.0

38.8

-

115

- 0.80 - -

67 3 .3 - - - - - -

46 238

4.5 7 .6 7.5 0 .4

11 .9 - -

960 19

4 . 1

1.8 - - - - - -

18 43.4

1.0 -

1 5 24

2 . 1

32.8

4 . 8

-

-

- -

297 - - -

161 0.06 2.0

7 .1 2.5

1.9

-

16

- -

29.7 - -

12.5 3.0 -

89 4.5

12.7 97

- 0.37 0.0003 -

453 1 .5 - - - - - -

42 11 1

11.4 23.6

1 . 9 6.0 3.0 - -

335 17

2.4

4.9 - - - - - -

22 21.7

0.8 5.6

16 13,O

12 .3

3 . 1

-

- - - -

66 - - -

73 0.07 2.1

3.8 1.0

-

372 - - - 8 - -

2 7 3

19 2 . 1

44.8

-

137

- 15 .9

0.0004 1 3 3

40 3.1 0 . 5 1

10 6 3 - -

0.017 49

970 0.65 2 . 3

20 .2 1 . 4 6 .2 3.9 0 . 3 1

942 17.6

4 . 8

4.7 0.908 1.1

-

- - -

2 1 6 2 . 3 0.68 3 .3

15.5 25.5

0 .66 - 19.1

6.1 - - -

257 - - -

1 5 1 . 4 8 5.2 0.0059 6.2 2 .7

1.9 1.1

26.5

30

- -

0 . 7 3 9 a

1 . 9 46

4 . 6 30

102

- 19.5 -

135 39

3.4 0 .65 -

50 - -

0.019 38

750 0 . 4 2.6

1 . 4 7 .7 5.2 0 .13

26

1087 18.2

7 . 8

5.2 0.0002 1 . 7

-

- - -

17.5 83

0.92 3.4

19.2 24 .8

0 .84 - 21 .9

5.5 - - -

297 - - -

8 1 . 8 3 5.4 0.0026 6.2 3.2 8 2.4 1 . 2

32.2 - -

0.86 10.5 C8

5 1 5 .4

27.2 98 .5

-

s 0 . 0 2 0 2.92 0.0002

1 6 30 7

0.50 0.009 7

263 - -

0.094 13.2 35 11.8

7.3 0.64

42.2 4.9 3.2 1 . 2

17 .3 4.6

2.4 0 .008 0.89

180

-

- -

5 0.00001 5 .5

10.5 0 .46 0.85 1 . 7

11 1.8

~0.005 5.8

1 .5 0.00012

-

- 11.8

0.00054 - -

25 0.26

28.4 0.0086 3.6 0.78

0.1 0.77

0.82

0.51 0.34

3.9 31.4 2 .9

90.6 87

2 66

- -

105

v

0.77 0.0003 -

317 2.2 - - - - - -

29 2 10

30 465

4.2 28.6 <l -

0.91 485

16.4 3.9

2 . 8 - - - - - -

16 28.7

0.27 2.8 9.8

1 4 142 -

1 9 . 3

5 .9 - - -

68 - - -

104

19 0.13

- 3 .1 1 . 5

0.61 0 .48

4 .7

252

- - -

2.4 130

18 1.6

62.7

-

119

- 4.5 - -

318 0 .7 - - - - - -

2 3 207

2 1 67.5

2 . 2 45.3 8 - -

2 80 17

2.0

3. 8 - - - - - -

14 14.0

1.0 3

12 35.5

6.7

2 . 9

-

- - - -

36 - - -

200

1 5 0.34

- 3.2 0.9

294 - - -

5 - -

1.4 172

22 2 .6

67.5

-

12 3

*) C ( t ) : T o t a l carbon, C ( c ) : Carbonate carbon, C ( n ) r Non-carbonate carbon

163

Table 3. (Cont'd.). Minor elements in GSJ rock reference samples "Igneous rock series" (ppm)

B a s a l t Gabbro P e r i d o t i te F e l d s p a r

JB- 1 JB- la 58-2 JB- 3 J G b - 1 J P - 1 JF- 1 JF-2

AcJ AS Au B Ba Be B i Br c (t) * c (c) * C(n)* Cd Ce c1 co Cr cs c u Qy Er EU F Ga Gd Ge Hf

Ho I In Ir La L i LU MO N b N d N i 0s P b P d P r P t R a ( p p t 1 R b Re Rh Ru S S b sc Se Sm Sn Sr T a Tb T e Th T 1 Tn. U V w Y Yb Zn Zr

Hg

0.041 2.48 0.00085

12.4

1.5 0.031 0.58

490

467 35 3 114

67 172

38.7 469

0.103

1.19 56.3

4 . 0 2.2 1.52

393 1 8 . 1

4.7 1.3 3.4 0.028 0.70 0.029 0.055

c0.00002 30. 11.5

34.4 34.5 27

139

0.31

0.0019 7 .1

7.5 0.0067 0.72

0.0049

-

41.2

- -

17.9 0.35

27.4 0.026 5.0 1 .8

3.6 1.2

9.2 0.10 0 35 1.7

435

-

2 12 20 24

83 143

2 . 1

- 2.34 0.0008 -

497 1.4 - - - - _- 0.11

67 170

39.5 4 15

1 .2 55.5 - -

1.5 385

18 - -

3.4 - - - - -

30 11.5 0.33 -

27

140 - -

7.2 - - - -

41 - - -

16

29 0.28

- 5.2 2.0

2.0 0.70

8.8

0.34 1.6

44 3

- -

220

25

82 144

-

2.0

<0.040 2.98 0.0064

30 208

0.27 0.033 6

194 - -

0.14 6.5

39.8 27.4

278

0.90

3.85 2.4 0.85

227

101 17.0

3.3

1.4 0.004 0.83

0.13 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 5

2.4 8.0 0.40 0.54 0.8 6.5

14.2 4 0 . 0 0 5

5.4

1.2 G O . 020

6.2 0.00039

-

-

-

-

- -

23

54 0.27

0.00018 2.3 0.56

0.2 0.62

0.33

0.50 0.16

0.26

2.5

178

- -

578

26

110 52

- 1.66 0.002

15 251

0.74 0.020 -

1 2 1 - -

0.082 20.5

36.3 60.4 1.1

4.4 2.5 1.3

20.7 4.6

2.7

0.84

0.078

9 . 1 7.2 0.38 0.9 2.3 16.6 38.8

5.5

3.2

2 80

198

295

-

- -

-

-

-

- -

1 3 - - -

10

35 0.15

0.080 4.3 0.86

0.15 0.82

1 . 3 0.052 0.50 0.46

0.9

2.4

99.4

395

-

383

28

106

- 1.11 0.001 2.4

0.36 0.014

63

- 285 -

- 0.085 8

87 61.6 59.3

0.27 86.8

1.4 0 .91 0.61

150 18.9

1.5

0.84 0.0021 0.32

-

- - -

3.95 4.3 0.16 1.5 2.8 5.7

25.4

1.9

1.1

- - - -

4 - - -

1900

35 0.11

0.17 1.5 0.36

0.17 0.30

0.53

0.17 0.15

0 .81

1.0

32 1

- -

640

11

111 33

- 0.34

1.0 1 7 co.1

-

- - - - -

<O. 03 1 3

146 116

2970 4 0 . 1

5.7 - - -

10 0.5 - -

0.2 - - - - -

3.6 1.8

1.6 1.2

-

- 2460

(2

co. 1

-

-

- -

t l - - - -

4 . 0 4 7.7 - -

0.05 4 1 4 1

- -

0.18 - - 0.05 - - 1

29.5 6

-

- 0.96 - -

1680 1.5 - - - - - -

4.3

0.2 5.8 2.2 0.2

308

<1 - 0.85

t10 18.1

1.3

1 .3 - - - - - -

2.6 10.8 0.06 3.0 0.5 1.5 0.4

33.4

0.7

- - - -

264 - - -

167 0.06 0.22

0.38 0 .3

0.4 0.1

1.3

-

16 3

- - -

0.33 3

4 0.35 3.2

-

4 1

- 0.28 - -

320 0.5 - - - - - -

0.5

0 . 4 4.0 1.4 0.3 1.0

75

- -

4 1 8 0.7

3.1

- - - - - -

2.6 2.1

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4

47.9

0.3

-

- - - -

222 - - -

47 0.04 1.0

0.2 0.1

-

193 - - - 1 - -

0.2 0.7

0.2 1.0 0.8 7

-

164

Table 4. Analytical methods selected for determining consensus values

Methods AA AA, IDMS AA, NAA Com-IR- Abs Com-IR- Abs, IDMS IDMS IDMS, NAA

IDMS, Photom ISE, PIGE NAA

NAA, FE NAA, Photom Photom-cat. Rn XRF, PAA Various

Elements Be, Bi, Hg*, Li, Sn Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Rb, Zn As, Co, Cr, Sb C S Ba, In, Sr, T1 Ag, Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, La, Lu, Nd, Sm, Yb B, Ga F Au, Br, Ge, Hf, Ho, Ir, Os, Pr, Pt, Re, Sc, Ta, Tb, Tm cs C1, Mo, W I Ra Nb, Y, Zr Se (NAA. Fluo, AA) Th (NAA, y-cntg, Fluo, Photom) U (IDMS, NAA, y-cntg, Fluo, Photom) V (Photom, AA, NAA, XRF)

* NAA should be selected for mercury, however we received no mercury data by NAA on GSJ rocks.

Codes for analytical methods

Code Analytical method AA Alomic absorption spectrometry,

unspecified Com-IR- Abs Combusion infrared absorption

spectrometry FE Flame emission spectrometry Flu0 Fluorometry IDMS Isotope dilution mass spectrometry ISE Ion selective electrode NAA Neutron activation, unspecified PAA Photon activation Photom Spec tropho tome try Photom-cat. Catalytic reaction-Spectrophotometry PIGE Proton induced gamma-ray emission

spectrometry Rn Radon method XRF X-ray fluorescence, unspecified y-cntg Ganuna-ray counting

Materials, Chemistry Section, Geochemistry and Technical Service Department, Geological Survey of Japan, 1-1-3 Higashi, Yatabe, Ibaraki, 305 Japan". We would appreciate receiving reports on the analyses of these rocks as well as of JG-1 and JB-1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank Drs. H. Kurasawa, S. Ishihara, K. Bamba. K. Kawada, N. Isshiki, N. Yamada, K. Mimura, S. Haramura, 0. Ujike, M. Bunno, and Y. Takahashi Geological Survey of Japan, and Prof. S . Aramaki Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo for their kind advice and for the collection of rocks. We also thank Dr. K, Shibata Geological Survey of Japan for providing data on geological ages.

RESUME

Le Service Geologique du Japon (GSJ) a prepare une serie de quinze Cchantillons geochimiques de refbrence ("Igneous rock series") durant une periode de cinq ans (Avril 1981 - Mars 1986). En se basant sur les donnees disponibles (publikes et communiqubes), des valeurs de consensus ont dte 4valuCes; ces valeurs sont prCsent4es pour cette deuxieme sdrie d'echantillons ainsi que pour la prdmiere serie de deux echantiilons, Granodiorite JG-1 et Basalt JB-1.

REFERENCES

( 1) A. Ando (1967) A new silicate rock standard, JG-1 issued from the Geological Survey of Japan, Geochemical. Journal, 1: 155.

(2) H. Kurasawa (1968) A new silicate rock standard, JB-1 issued from the Geological Survey of Japan, Geochemical Journal. 2: 185.

(3) A. Ando, H. Kurasawa, T. Ohmori and E. Takeda (1971) 197 1 compilation of data on rock standards JG-1 and JB- 1 issued from the Geological Survey of Japan, Geochemical Journal, 5: 151-164.

(4) F.J. Flanagan (1973) 1972 values for international geochemical reference samples, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37: 1180- 1200.

(5) A. Ando, H. Kurasawa, T. Ohmori and E. Takeda (1974) 1974 compilation of data on the GSJ geochemical reference samples JG-1 granodiorite and JB-1 basalt, Geochemical Journal, 8: 175-192.

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(6) A. Ando, H. Kwasawa and S . Uchiumi (1975) Evaluation of Rb, Sr, K and Na contents of the GSJ JG-1 granodiorite and JB-1 basalt, Bull, Geological Survey. Japan, 26: 335-348.

(7) S . Abbey (1983) Studies in ”Standard samples” of silicate rocks and minerals 1969-1982, Geological Survey. Canada Paper 83-15, 1 1 4 ~ .

(8) S . Tcrashima, T. Yamashige and A. Ando (1984) Determination of major and minor elements on the six GSJ rock reference samples, Bull. Geol. Survey. Japan, 35: 171-177.

(9) A. Ando (1 984) Preparation of standard rock samples, Bunseki, 1984: 597-602 (in Japanese).

(lo) T. Yamashige, M. Yamamoto, S. Terashima, Y. Shigetomi, A. Ando and Y. Yamamoto (1985) Determination of major and minor elements in GSJ reference rock samples (JB-la and JG-la), Bunseki Kagaku, 34: T104-107 (in Japanese with English abstract).

(11) M. Ebihara, Y. Minai, M.K. Kubo, T. Tominaga, N. Aota, T. Nikko, K. Sakamoto and A. Ando (1985) Reevaluation of rare earth element abundances in Japanese standard rock samples, JG-1 and JB-1, Analytical Sciences, 1: 209-213.

(12) J.G. Sen Gupta (1977) Determination of traces of rare-earth elements, yttrium and thorium in several international geological reference samples and comparison with other published data, Geostandards Newsletter, 1: 149-155.

(13) S . Pal and D.J. Terrell (1978) Instrumental neutron activation analysis of twenty-nine international geochemical reference samples, Geostandards Newsletter, 2: 187-197.

(14) M. Quintin, A. Martin et A.M. de Kersabiec (1978) Analyse de 47 Cchantillons gkochimiques de reference par fluorescence-X (Cu, Ca, Ni, Zn) et par absorption atomique (Cu, Ni, Zn), Geostandards. Newsletter, 2: 199-209.

(15) S . Terashima (1980) Spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum and tungsten in forty geochemical reference samples, Geostandards Newsletter, 4: 9-12.

(16) S . Terashima and N. Mita (1981) Determination of cesium in sixty-three geochemical reference samples by flame emission spectrometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 5: 71-74.

(17) R. Goguel(l981) Flame emission for accurate cesium determination in geostandards, Geostandards Newsletter, 5: 95-99.

(18) Y. I. Belyaev and O.P. Sobomov (1981) Uranium, thorium and potassium in reference samples, Geostandards Newsletter, 5: 109-1 11.

(19) T. Kato and K. Masumoto (1981) Determination of niobium and yttrium and GSJ basalt JB- 1 by photon activation analysis, Geostandards Newsletter, 5: 167-170.

(20) F.J. Flanagan, R. Moore and PJ. Aruscavage (1982) Mercury in geologic reference samples, Geostandards Newsletter, 6: 25-46.

(21) S . Terashima (1982) Determination of trace amounts of tin in seventy-three geochemical reference samples by atomic absorption spectrometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 6: 77-81.

(22) S . Terashima (1983) Determination of beryllium in eighty geological reference samples by atomic absorption spectrometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 7: 295-299.

(23) S . Terashima (1984) Determination of cadmium and lead in seventy-seven geological reference samples by atomic absorption spectrometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 8: 13- 16.

Determination of selenium in twenty-eight geological reference materials by atomic absorption spectrometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 8: 39-41.

(24) N. Imai, S . Terashima and A. Ando (1984)

(25) S . Terashima (1984) Determination of bismuth in eighty-three geochemical reference samples by atomic absorption spectrometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 8: 155-158.

(26) A. Ando (1984) Proposed values for Japanese Geological Survey rock standards, in 1984 compilation of working values and sample descriptions for 170 international reference samples of mainly silice rocks and minerlas. K. Govindaraju (editor and compiler), Geostandards Newsletter, Special Issue, Vol. 8, Appendix 1: 14.

(27) E.S. Gladney (1985) Determination of uranium in GSJ , CRPG, and CCRMP reference samples by delayed neutron assay, Geostandards Newsletter, 9: 275-276.

(28) A. Ando (1984) New silicate rock reference materials issued from the Geological Survey of Japan, 1984, Geochemical Journal, 18: 215-216.

(29) A. Ando (1984) New silicate rock reference materials issued from the Geological Survey of Japan, 1984. Geostandards Newsletter, 8: 115.

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(30) E.S. Gladney, D.B Curtis and D.R. Perrin (1985) Determination of selected rare earth elements in 37 international geochemical reference materials by instrumental thermal neutron capture prompt gamma- ray spectrometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 9: 25-30.

(31) I. Roelandts, G. Robaye, G. Weber and Jeanne-Marie Delbrouck (1985) Determination of fluorine in eighty international geochemical reference samples by proton induced gamma-ray emission spectrometry (PIGE), Geostandards Newsletter, 9: 191-197.

(32) N.W. Bower, E.S. Gladney, R.C. Hagan, P.E. Tmjillo and R.G. Warren (1985) Elemental concentrations in Japanese silicate rock standards JA-1, JR-1 and JB-2, Geostandards Newsletter, 9: 199-203.

(33) Y. Kanai, N. Imai and S. Terashima (1986) Determination of uranium in thirty-six geological reference samples by fluorimetry and extractive spectrophotometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 10: 73- 7 6.

(34) S. Terashima (1986) Determination of arsenic and antimony in eighty-five geochemical reference samples by automated hydride generation and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 10: 127-130.

Instrumental neutron activation analysis of nine new reference materials from the Geological Survey of Japan, Geostandards Newsletter, 10: 121-125.

Rare earth elements in six new GSJ standard rock samples as determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Geostandards Newsletter, 1 0 173-175.

(35) PJ. Potts and N.W. Rogers (1986)

(36) K. Toy& and Haraguchi (1986)

(37) S. Terashima and A. Ando (1987) Elemental concentrations in nine new Japanese rock reference samples, Geostandards Newsletter, 11: 75-77.

(38) T. Yamashige and S. Terashima (1986) An improved methods for the determination of chromium in geological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry, Bull. Geol. Sum. Japan, 37: 373-380 (in Japanese with English abstract).