1.Anaerobic respiration is considered to be less efficient ...mleoneearthsci.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/1/2/32129011/respiration_m… · graph is that Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium

A) less lactic acid is formed during anaerobicrespiration than aerobic respiration

B) anaerobic respiration requires more oxygen thanaerobic respiration

C) the net gain of ATP molecules is less inanaerobic respiration than in aerobicrespiration

D) less energy is required during anaerobicrespiration than aerobic respiration

1. Anaerobic respiration is considered to be less efficientthan aerobic respiration because

A) aerobic respirationB) anaerobic respirationC) fermentation of lactic acidD) fermentation by yeast cells

2. Which process produces the greatest number of ATPmolecules?

A) carbon dioxide is usedB) more chemical bonds are brokenC) oxygen is releasedD) lactic acid is formed

3. Why does glucose release more energy during aerobicrespiration than anaerobic respiration?

A) been able to synthesize organic molecules frominorganic compounds

B) used oxygen from the atmosphere for respirationC) survived on existing organic molecules in the

seasD) been unable to carry on anaerobic respiration

4. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, the earliestheterotrophs must have

A) aerobic respiration, onlyB) anaerobic respiration, onlyC) both aerobic and anaerobic respirationD) neither aerobic and anaerobic respiration

5. Most animals make energy available for cell activityby transferring the potential energy of glucose to ATP.This process occurs during

A) Anaerobic respirationB) Aerobic respirationC) Photochemical reactions of photosynthesisD) Carbon-fixation reactions of photosynthesis

6. Light energy is absorbed by organic pigmentmolecules during


7. The oxidation of a glucose molecule results in thesynthesis of ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. Thisprocess is known as


8. PGAL is synthesized during

A) ingestion and digestionB) absorption and circulationC) anaerobic respirationD) protein synthesis

9. In a grasshopper, the movement of glucose from thedigestive tract to muscle cells is most directly a resultof

10. Base your answer to the following question on thechart below and on your knowledge of biology.

A) test for the presence of chlorophyll in aquaticplants

B) identify alcohol given off as a waste product ofanaerobic respiration

C) determine whether a plant uses carbondioxide in photosynthesis

D) test for the presence of glucose formed as aresult of photosynthesis

The materials in set B could best be used to

A) alcohol and oxygenB) alcohol and carbon dioxideC) water and oxygenD) water and carbon dioxide

11. The products produced by yeast cells as a result ofanaerobic respiration include ATP and

A) aerobic respirationB) photosynthesisC) anaerobic respirationD) fermentation

12. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, extendedperiods of autotrophic activity eventually added agas to the atmosphere of the primitive Earth that hadnot been present before. The addition of this gasmade possible the evolution of the process of

A) aerobic respiration of a glucose moleculeB) anaerobic respiration of a glucose moleculeC) synthesis of a chlorophyll moleculeD) hydrolysis of a cellulose molecule

13. In a bean plant, which reaction will release thegreatest amount of energy?

14. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below of a mitochondrion and on yourknowledge of biology.

A) carbon fixationB) photochemical reactionC) anaerobic respirationD) aerobic respiration

All the arrows are associated with the process of

A) urea B) uric acidC) ethyl alcohol D) nitrogen

15. Which substance is formed as a result of the processof anaerobic respiration?

A) photosynthesisB) hydrolysisC) anaerobic respirationD) transpiration

16. Green plants usually do not excrete large amounts ofCO2 because they use CO2 in the process of

A) aerobic respiration in cardiac muscleB) anaerobic respiration in striated muscleC) glycogen synthesis in visceral muscleD) gas exchange in smooth muscle

17. Fatigue and a buildup of lactic acid are most closelyassociated with

18. Base your answer to the following question on thegraph below which shows the population growthcurves of Paramecium aurelia and Parameciumcaudatum cultures after they were mixed together.

A) utilize oxygen for anaerobic respirationB) utilize the same wavelengths of lightC) live in marine environmentsD) occupy the same niche

One inference that could correctly be drawn from thegraph is that Paramecium aurelia and Parameciumcaudatum cannot successfully

A) aerobic respiration takes placeB) photosynthesis takes placeC) organic compounds may have been

synthesized in the Earth's primitiveatmosphere and ocean

D) the process of anaerobic respiration producedATP on the primitive Earth

19. By discharging electricity through a mixture of thegases hydrogen, methane, and ammonia. StanleyMiller attempted to show how

20. Base your answer to the following question on thestructural formula below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) enzymatic hydrolysisB) anaerobic respirationC) dehydration synthesisD) carbon fixation

The process by which two or more of thesemolecules are bonded together in a muscle cell isknown as

A) aerobic respirationB) anaerobic respirationC) photosynthesisD) photolysis

21. What process may cause lactic acid to form?

Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on the listof molecules below. Select the molecule, chosen fromthe list below, that is most closely associated withthat phrase.

Molecules (1) Oxygen (2) Pyruvic acid (3) Enzymes (4) Carbon dioxide (5) Water

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

22. May be converted to lactic acid in anaerobicrespiration

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

23. Controls each reaction in both aerobic and anaerobicrespiration

A) anaerobic respirationB) autotrophic nutritionC) deamination of amino acidsD) excretion of metabolic wastes

24. Which activity is represented by the arrows in thediagram below?

A) The human and the earthworm have lungs, butthe grasshopper does not have lungs.

B) The human and the earthworm transport farmore oxygen with their blood than thegrasshopper transports with its blood.

C) The human and the earthworm have opencirculatory systems, but the grasshopper has aclosed circulatory system.

D) The human and the earthworm are adapted foranaerobic respiration, but the grasshopper isadapted for aerobic respiration.

25. Hemoglobin is found in the blood of humans andearthworms, but not in the blood of grasshoppers.Which conclusion is best supported by thisstatement?

A) The potential energy of glucose istransferred to ATP

B) The enzymes for anaerobic respiration areproduced and stored in lysosomes.

C) Lactic acid is produced in muscle tissue.D) Alcohol is produced by yeast and bacteria.

26. What is a direct result of aerobic respiration?

A) enzyme action in lysosomesB) a decrease in carbon dioxideC) protein hydrolysisD) anaerobic respiration

27. The presence of lactic acid in human muscle tissuewould most likely be the result of

28. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below which represents two differentpathways of glucose oxidation and on yourknowledge of biology.

A) aerobic respirationB) anaerobic respirationC) photosynthesisD) carbon fixation

The two pathways represented are examples of aprocess known as

A) hormonal regulationB) nutritionC) anaerobic respirationD) transport

29. Which life process is classified as autotrophic insome organisms and heterotrophic in otherorganisms?

A) Structures Needed for Anaerobic RespirationB) Structures Used in Gas ExchangeC) Excretory SystemsD) Sensory Receptors

30. Which title is an appropriate heading for Column X?

A) autotrophic nutritionB) heterotrophic nutritionC) anaerobic respirationD) aerobic respiration

31. The tracheal tubes of grasshoppers, the moist skin ofearthworms, and the alveoli of humans are structuraladaptations that aid in

A) anaerobic respiration in muscle cells,forming lactic acid

B) aerobic respiration in muscle cells, generatingglycogen

C) anaerobic respiration in liver cells, producingglucose

D) aerobic respiration in liver cells, synthesizingalcohol

32. An individual running a marathon may experienceperiods of oxygen deprivation that can lead to

A) autotrophic nutritionB) heterotrophic nutritionC) aerobic respirationD) anaerobic respiration

33. The secretion of hydrolytic enzymes by the salivaryglands of the grasshopper is an adaptation for

A) synthesisB) locomotionC) anaerobic respirationD) extracellular digestion

34. Which activity is a function of all living cells?

A) water and oxygenB) pyruvic acid and glycerolC) nitrogen gas and ammoniaD) alcohol and carbon dioxide

35. What are possible products of certain types ofanaerobic respiration?

A) Less ATP is generated during anaerobicrespiration than during aerobicrespiration.

B) More water is generated during anaerobicrespiration than during aerobicrespiration.

C) More oxygen is generated during anaerobicrespiration than during aerobicrespiration.

D) Less lactic acid is generated during anaerobicrespiration than during aerobicrespiration.

36. Which statement best compares aerobic andanaerobic respiration?

A) cilia and mucous membranesB) alveoli and cartilage ringsC) diaphragm and bronchiolesD) epiglottis and bronchi

37. Which structures filter and moisten air as it passesthrough the human respiratory system?

A) trachea B) alveolusC) bronchiole D) pharynx

38. Which respiratory structure is supported by rings ofcartilage?

A) The food will interfere with the passage ofair to the alveoli.

B) The food will undergo emulsification anddeamination.

C) The food will be moved down to the stomachby peristalsis.

D) The food will be completely digested as a resultof enzyme action.

39. What will most likely happen when food is in thetrachea?

A) trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoliB) trachea bronchioles bronchi alveoliC) alveoli trachea bronchioles bronchiD) alveoli bronchioles trachea bronchi

40. Which sequence correctly indicates the branchingpattern of the human respiratory system?

A) bronchioles B) alveoliC) bronchi D) pharynx

41. When humans exhale, air passes from the tracheadirectly into the

A) esophagus B) alveolusC) pharynx D) trachea

42. Which structure in humans is lined with ciliatedmucous membrane, is supported by cartilaginousrings, and functions as a passageway for air?

A) It is kept open by rings of cartilage.B) It is lined with a mucous membrane that

filters, moistens, and warms the air.C) It is made up of alveoli.D) It contains ciliated bronchioles to filter the

incoming air.

43. Which statement best describes the structureindicated by letter X in the diagram below?

A) They permit digestive end-products to makecontact with body cells.

B) They permit exchange between the externalatmosphere and the circulatory system.

C) They transport gaseous cellular wastes frombody cells to the lungs for excretion.

D) They regulate the amount of ammonia and saltdissolved in body fluids.

44. Which statement best describes the function of therespiratory passageways of a human?

A) nasal cavity B) epiglottisC) diaphragm D) cartilage rings

45. A humidifier is a device that adds moisture to dry air.Which part of the human respiratory system has thesame function?

A) bonesB) ligamentsC) skeletal musclesD) cartilaginous rings

46. The human trachea is a passageway that remainsopen due to the presence of

A) rings of cartilageB) lymph nodesC) thin, moist alveoliD) ciliated mucous membranes

47. Which structures in the nasal cavity remove somebacteria and dust from outside air before it enters thelungs?

A) It is composed of a network of moistpassageways that permit air to flow from theexternal environment to the lungs.

B) Each cell of the human body is in direct contactwith the external environment, and gasexchange occurs by diffusion.

C) The external body surface is kept moist to allowfor gas exchange.

D) Gases diffuse across membranes on both theexternal and internal surfaces of the body.

48. Which statement best describes the humanrespiratory system?

A) epiglottisB) alveolusC) mucous membraneD) cartilage ring

49. In humans, which structure prevents food fromentering the trachea?

A) photosynthesisB) cell divisionC) cellular respirationD) DNA replication

50. The cellular process which uses oxygen and sugar toproduce energy is called

A) To remove carbon dioxide and supplyoxygen to the body

B) To remove oxygen from the bodyC) To supply carbon dioxide and remove oxygen

from the bodyD) To supply water to the body cells

51. What is the main function of gas exchange

A) A B) B C) C D) D

52. Which line in the graph below best illustrates aneffect of the carbon dioxide level in the blood onbreathing rate before, during, and after a period ofexercise?

A) B)

C) D)

53. Which diagram best illustrates the function of an alveolus?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

54. Which structure shown in the diagram belowcontracts, causing a pressure change in the chestcavity during breathing?

A) carbon dioxide content of the bloodB) oxygen content of the atmosphereC) number of platelets in the bloodD) number of red blood cells

55. An increase in breathing rate can be triggered by anincrease in the

A) trachea B) bronchusC) epiglottis D) alveolus

56. Which part of the human respiratory system is a thin,moist membranous structure where gas exchangeoccurs?

A) a glomerulus B) an alveolusC) a villus D) the liver

57. The diagram below represents part of a capillary in aspecific region of the human body.

The region labeled X represents part of

A) alveolus – microscopic sac containing rings ofcartilage and ciliated membranes

B) pharynx – cavity lined with flagellated mucousmembranes

C) bronchiole – small branching tubule lackingcartilaginous rings

D) trachea – thin, moist membrane surrounded bycapillaries

58. Which part of the human respiratory system iscorrectly paired with a description of its structure?

A) lack of blood vesselsB) presence of villiC) presence of many capillariesD) lack of cell membranes

59. In vertebrates, organs adapted for respiratory gasexchange are characterized by the

A) trachea and pharynxB) bronchi and alveoliC) nasal cavity and tracheaD) epiglottis and larynx

60. In the human respiratory system, bronchioles directlyconnect the

A) an increased level of oxygenB) a decreased number of red blood cellsC) an increased level of carbon dioxideD) a decreased amount of hemoglobin

61. Humans breathe more rapidly during exercise thanbefore it because during exercise the blood contains

A) bronchi B) the epiglottisC) capillaries D) lymph vessels

62. In humans, the thin, moist membranes of the alveoliare surrounded by

A) a change in air composition outside the bell jarB) a change in air pressure inside the bell jarC) an expansion of the balloons, which pulls the

rubber sheet into the bell jarD) a contraction of the balloons, which forces air

into the bell jar

63. The diagram below represents a demonstration of thebreathing process in humans. The balloons representlungs.

The change in the balloons is brought about by

A) Additional oxygen will diffuse into the bloodas carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood inthe lungs.

B) Additional carbon dioxide will diffuse into theblood as oxygen diffuses out of the blood in thelungs.

C) Oxygen from body cells will diffuse morerapidly into red blood cells.

D) Increased oxygen dissolved in the blood willstimulate the cerebrum to slow the breathingrate.

64. In humans, what happens when the breathing rateincreases?

A) lung—alveoli B) kidney—neuronsC) brain—nephrons D) liver—ureters

65. Which human organ is correctly paired with itsfunctional subunits?

A) excretory tubules and body cellsB) arteries and body cellsC) skin and airD) alveoli and capillaries

66. In humans, most gas exchange occurs between the

A) fermentationB) aerobic respirationC) buddingD) dehydration synthesis

67. The production of alcohol by yeast cells is the result of

A) Structure A synthesizes and secretes cellularproducts.

B) Structure B contains nucleotides involved intransmitting genetic information.

C) Structure C utilizes carbon dioxide in theprocess of photosynthesis.

D) Structure D is the site of aerobic respiration.

68. A cell is represented in the diagram shown below.

Which statement about the cell is correct?

A) ribosomes B) mitochondriaC) nucleoli D) vacuoles

69. Which organelles are most closely associated withthe process of aerobic respiration?

A) It is identical to the process of burning.B) It is quite similar in all organisms.C) It usually does not involve organic catalysts.D) It usually does not involve carbon dioxide

production.

70. Which statement concerning the process of aerobicrespiration is true?

A) transpirationB) aerobic respirationC) intracellular digestionD) extracellular digestion

71. In autotrophic plants, stored starch may be convertedinto small organic molecules by the process of

A) Molecular oxygen is used by humans and bybean plants 24 hours per day.

B) Molecular oxygen is used by humans 24 hoursper day and by bean plants only in sunlight.

C) Molecular oxygen is used by humans 24 hoursper day and by bean plants during darkness.

D) Molecular oxygen is used by bean plants 24hours per day and by humans only duringdarkness.

72. Which is a true statement concerning aerobicrespiration in humans and bean plants?

A) produce organic compoundsB) produce elementsC) duplicate aerobic respirationD) duplicate photosynthesis

73. In an experiment by Stanley Miller, the chemicalsmethane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water vapor weresubjected to a high-energy electrical sparking deviceat high temperatures. What was the aim of thisexperiment?

A) lactic acid and oxygenB) glucose and oxygenC) carbon dioxide and waterD) carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

74. The products of aerobic respiration in green plantsare ATP and

A) Auxins controlling plant responses areproduced in stem tips.

B) Water and minerals necessary for growthcannot be absorbed.

C) Photosynthetic cells were removed during theexperiment.

D) Aerobic respiration has been stopped in theplant.

75. In an experiment, after the growing tip of an oatseedling was removed, the seedling did not respondto light. Which statement best accounts for this lackof response?

A) reproduceB) photosynthesizeC) form structures for aerobic respirationD) form "hot, thin soup"

76. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, the earliestaggregates of complex molecules were considered tohave been alive when they developed the ability to

A) conversion of radiant energy into chemicalenergy

B) production of lactic acid as an end productC) storage of energy in a polysaccharideD) production of ATP from the breakdown of

glucose

77. The main result of aerobic respiration is the

78. Base your answer to the following question on thediagrams below which represent two different cells.

A) secretionB) starch synthesisC) aerobic respirationD) food storage

In both cells, the organelles labeled E are the sites of

79. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation and data table below and on yourknowledge of biology.

An investigation was conducted to observe theeffects of glucose ingestion on glucose concentrationin the blood. An animal was fed 10 milliliters of aglucose solution. At five different times followingingestion of the solution, the blood glucoseconcentration was determined and the results wererecorded in the data table below.

A) the liver releasing glucose into the smallintestine

B) glucose being absorbed from the digestivesystem

C) the synthesis of glucose from carbohydratesD) glucose being used for aerobic respiration

The change in glucose concentration in the bloodbetween 0 and 30 minutes was probably due to

80. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology.The diagram outlines some of the steps in thechemical synthesis of carbohydrates in plants.

A) light reactions of photosynthesisB) aerobic phase of aerobic respirationC) carbon-fixation reactionsD) hydrolysis reactions of digestion of

photosynthesis

Which group of reactions is represented by the stepsin phase II?

81. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below which represents an enzymecontrolled reaction and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) dehydration synthesisB) aerobic respirationC) hydrolysisD) fermentation

This reaction best represents

A) Energy is being stored as a result of aerobicrespiration.

B) Fermentation is taking place, resulting in thesynthesis of ATP.

C) Energy is being released for metabolicactivities.

D) Photosynthesis is taking place, resulting in thestorage of energy.

82. Which statement best describes one of the eventstaking place in the chemical reaction representedbelow? H2O + ATP ®ATPase ADP + P + energy

A) intracellular digestionB) aerobic respirationC) synthesis of glycogenD) hydrolysis of lipids

83. Which metabolic process is most closely associatedwith the organelle represented in the diagram below?

A) mitochondrion B) chloroplastC) lysosome D) nucleolus

84. In plant cells, which organelle is most closelyassociated with aerobic respiration?

A) hydrogen B) carbonC) nitrogen D) oxygen

85. Which element acts as a hydrogen acceptor duringaerobic respiration?

A) photosynthesisB) aerobic respirationC) dehydration synthesisD) fermentation

86. Yeast cells produce carbon dioxide and alcohol as aresult of

87. Base your answer to the following question on thereactions below and on your knowledge of biology.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Which reaction represents the process of aerobicrespiration?

A) mitotic cell divisionB) aerobic respirationC) transport of needed materialsD) ingestion of organic molecules

88. Which process can be performed by organism A but not by organism B?

A) synthesize ATPB) control the process of osmosisC) synthesize more glucoseD) produce oxygen molecules

89. During aerobic respiration, the energy within thebonds of a glucose molecule is released in smallamounts in a step-by-step, enzyme controlledreaction. In this process, the energy released is usedto

90. Base your answer to the following question on thechemical reaction represented below and on yourknowledge of biology.

A) dehydration synthesisB) enzymatic hydrolysisC) carbon fixationD) aerobic respiration

This reaction is an example of

A) granaB) Golgi bodiesC) endoplasmic reticulaD) mitochondria

91. Within which structures does the aerobic phase ofaerobic respiration take place?

A) alcoholic fermentationB) dehydration synthesisC) lactic acid fermentationD) aerobic respiration

92. Which metabolic process is responsible for themuscle fatigue and cramping an athlete mayexperience after running a race?

A) carbon dioxide B) nitrogenC) oxygen D) ATP

93. In aerobic respiration, which substance acts as thefinal hydrogen acceptor, resulting in the formation ofwater

A) ammonia B) oxygenC) nitrogen D) carbon monoxide

94. In a green plant, which gas is used in the process ofaerobic respiration?

95. Base your answer to the following question on thechemical reaction shown below and on yourknowledge of biology.

A) hydrolysisB) photosynthesisC) dehydration synthesisD) aerobic respiration

This chemical reaction is an example of

A) hydrolysisB) dehydration synthesisC) aerobic respirationD) photosynthesis

96. A disaccharide combines with water to produce twomonosaccharides in the process known as

A) prevents the hydra from moving to a newecosystem

B) assists the hydra in carrying on aerobicrespiration

C) is a structural adaptation, making the hydrabetter able to survive in its wateryenvironment

D) is a reproductive adaptation, allowing the hydrato spread its species more efficiently

97. The stinging cells of the hydra are an inherited traitthat

A) ATP B) ADPC) lactic acid D) ethyl alcohol

98. What is represented by X in the summary equationfor aerobic respiration below?

A) aerobic respirationB) lactic acid productionC) photosynthesisD) fermentation

99. Which process produces the greatest quantity of ATPper molecule of glucose oxidized?

A) dehydration synthesisB) protein metabolismC) aerobic respirationD) carbohydrate metabolism

100. Nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia, urea, anduric acid all result from

A) intracellular transportB) protein synthesisC) aerobic respirationD) excretion of metabolic wastes

101. After a cell was treated with a certain chemical, theribosomes stopped functioning. Which cell activitywas immediately affected by this change inribosome function?

A) chlorophyll, enzymes, and carbon dioxideB) food molecules, enzymes, and carbon dioxideC) oxygen, enzymes, and chlorophyllD) oxygen, enzymes, and organic molecules

102. Which three substances must be present inmitochondria for the process of aerobic respirationto take place?

103. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

A) digestionB) hydrolysisC) aerobic respirationD) dehydration synthesis

This equation represents a process known as

A) carbon dioxide and glucoseB) oxygen and adenosine triphosphateC) oxygen and waterD) carbon dioxide and water

104. Which substances are produced as a result of theprocess of aerobic respiration?

A) Respiration in autotrophic organisms occursonly during the day.

B) Fungi and monerans carry out aerobicrespiration only.

C) All living organisms carry out some form ofrespiration.

D) All autotrophs and heterotrophs requireglucose and oxygen for respiration.

105. Which statement regarding respiration is correct?

A) glucose B) lactic acidC) glycerol D) water

106. Oxygen serves as a hydrogen acceptor duringaerobic respiration. What is the molecule that iscreated as a result?

A) NH3 and O2 B) NH3 and CO2

C) H2O and O2 D) H2O and CO2

107. During aerobic respiration, the chemical energy ofa glucose molecule is gradually released, producing36 ATP and

108. Base your answer to the following question on the chemical reaction represented below.

A) hydrolysis B) aerobic respirationC) dehydration synthesis D) deamination

This reaction is an example of

109. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The arrow below each lettered processindicates where the process takes place.

A) photosynthesis B) fermentationC) dehydration synthesis D) aerobic respiration

What is Process A called?

A) bromthymol blueB) Benedict's solutionC) iodine solutionD) methylene blue

110. A gas resulting from aerobic respiration is releasedinto water. Which substance could be used toindicate a change in the water due to the release ofthe gas?

111. Base your answer to the following question on the word equation below.

Name the process represented by the equation.

112. The diagram below represents a cell found in some complex organisms. The enlarged sectionrepresents an organelle, labeled X, found in the cell.

Describe the function of organelle X and explain how it is important to the survival of the cell. Inyour answer, be sure to:• Identify organelle X• State the process that this organelle performs• Identify the two raw materials that are needed for this process to occur• Identify one molecule produced by this organelle and explain why it is important to the organism

A) Aerobic respiration results in less energy.B) Aerobic respiration results in more energy.C) Each process results in equal amounts of

energy.D) Each process results in variable amounts of

energy.

113. How does the amount of energy resulting fromfermentation compare with that ofaerobic respiration?

A) aerobic respirationB) photosynthesisC) fermentation

114. Which process releases the most ATP molecules?

115. In some land plants, guard cells are found only onthe lower surfaces of the leaves. In some waterplants, guard cells are found only on the uppersurfaces of the leaves. Explain how guard cells inboth land and water plants help maintainhomeostasis. In your answer be sure to:

• identify one function regulated by the guard cellsin leaves • explain how guard cells carry out this function • give one possible evolutionary advantage of theposition of the guard cells on the leaves of landplants

A) They regulate the flow of urea into and out ofthe organism.

B) They are the major sites for the ingestion ofnutrients.

C) They contain enzymes that convert lightenergy to chemical bond energy.

D) They are surrounded by moist internalsurfaces where gas exchange occurs.

116. What do the tracheal tubes of the grasshopper andthe air spaces of a geranium leaf have in common?

A) digestive B) circulatoryC) nervous D) endocrine

117. The respiratory system of an earthworm utilizes theskin as an external gas exchange surface. Whatadditional system is used to carry gases to moistinternal body tissues?

A) earthworm B) hydraC) ameba D) paramecium

118. Which organism has a gas exchange surfaceadapted for a terrestrial environment?

A) the cells of the tentacles, onlyB) the outer layer of cells, onlyC) the inner layer of cells, onlyD) all the cells of the organism

119. In the hydra, gas exchange occurs by diffusionacross the membranes of

A) diffuse through moist surfaces of leavesB) diffuse through moist external cell surfacesC) move through tracheal tubesD) move through lenticels in stems

120. Gas exchange between fungi and their environmentoccurs when gases

A) protein synthesisB) gas exchangeC) enzymatic hydrolysisD) transpirational pull

121. The moist skin of earthworms, the spiracles ofgrasshoppers, and the lenticels of plants are allassociated with the process of

A) active transportB) respiratory gas exchangeC) anaerobic cellular respirationD) enzymatic hydrolysis

122. An ameba absorbs oxygen from its environmentand releases carbon dioxide into its environment.This process is known as

A) root hairs B) alveoliC) cell membranes D) stomates

123. In those organisms classified in the kingdomMonera, gas exchange occurs through

A) ameba – nucleusB) earthworm – nephridiaC) grasshopper – tracheal tubesD) human – skin

124. Which organism is correctly paired with its mainadaptation for gas exchange?

125. Base your answer to the following question on thediagrams below which represent three commontypes of blood vessels and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3

Through the walls of which vessel does gasexchange occur?

A) gas exchange through lenticelsB) water intake through lenticelsC) gas exchange through stomatesD) water intake through stomates

126. Painting the woody stems of plants may interferewith

A) absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesisB) ingest nutrient moleculesC) manufacture pigments for protectionD) carry on gas exchange and absorb

inorganic substances

127. The root system of a grass plant is an adaptationthat increases the ability of the plant to

128. When a fish opens and closes its mouth, water is forced over the gills, which act as the sites of gasexchange. Four teams of students investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of mouthopenings in a certain species of fish. Proper experimental procedure was followed throughout theinvestigation. The results are shown in the data table below.

Using one or more complete sentences, predict what will most likely happen to the rate ofrespiration in this species of fish if the temperature is decreased to 22°C.

129. How do guard cells of a leaf help to maintainhomeostasis in a plant?

A) regulate the rate of gas exchangeB) store food for winter dormancyC) undergo mitotic cell divisionD) give support to the veins in the leaf

130. What is the main function of the cells indicated bythe black pointer?

131. Diagram A below represents a microscopic view ofthe lower surface of a leaf. Diagram Brepresents aportion of the human body.

a Choose one diagram and record its letter, A or B, in the space provided.b Identify the structure labeled X in the diagramyou chose.c State one problem for the organism that wouldresult from a malfunction of the structure youidentified.

A) carbon dioxide moves in; oxygen moves outB) carbon dioxide and oxygen move in; ozone

moves outC) oxygen moves in; nitrogen moves outD) water and ozone move in; carbon dioxide

moves out

132. Leaves of green plants contain openings known asstomates, which are opened and closed byspecialized cells allowing for gas exchangebetween the leaf and the outside environment.Which phrase best represents the net flow of gasesinvolved in photosynthesis into and out of the leafthrough these openings on a sunny day?

A) A and G—transmission of nerve impulsesB) B and E—photosynthesisC) C and H—digestion of foodD) D and F—gas exchange

133. A single cell and a multicellular organism arerepresented below.

Which structures are correctly paired with theirprimary function?

A) B pumps blood to A for gas exchange.B) A and B both produce carbon dioxide, which

provides nutrients for other body parts.C) A releases antibodies in response to an

infection in B.D) The removal of wastes from both A and B

involves the use of energy from ATP.

134. Some organs of the human body are represented inthe diagram below.

Which statement best describes the functions ofthese organs?

A) nasal cavity, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx,bronchi

B) nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi,bronchioles

C) nasal cavity, trachea, pharynx, bronchi,bronchioles

D) nasal cavity, bronchi, bronchioles, pharynx,trachea

135. Which sequence most correctly represents thenetwork of passageways which normally permitsair to flow from the external environment to thehuman lungs?

A) trachea and esophagusB) alveoli and liverC) nasal cavity and tracheaD) epiglottis and esophagus

136. Deposits from cigarette smoke are most likely tointerfere with the ciliated mucous membraneslocated in both the

A) action of cilia in the tracheaB) contraction of the diaphragmC) warming of air in the nasal cavityD) secretion of mucus by the alveoli

137. Deposits from cigarette smoke and otheratmospheric pollutants may interfere with the

A) an increase in lung capacityB) a degeneration of alveoliC) a constriction of the bronchial tubesD) an obstruction of the nasal cavity

138. Which change in the human respiratory system isdue to asthma?

A) diaphragm B) nasal cavityC) bronchial tubes D) epiglottis

139. Choking on food is most likely caused by aninterference with the proper functioning of the

A) pharynx B) alveolusC) epiglottis D) nasal cavity

140. Which structure is lined with a ciliated mucousmembrane that warms, moistens, and filters air?

A) enlargement and degeneration of the alveoliB) constriction of the bronchial tubes and

wheezingC) inflammation and swelling of the epiglottisD) constriction of the nasal cavity and watery

eyes

141. Which set of symptoms would most likely lead to adiagnosis of asthma?

A) pharynx B) alveoliC) trachea D) bronchi

142. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide betweenthe external environment and the blood occurs inthe

A) mouth and pharynxB) skin and ventral nerve cordC) anus and aortic archesD) setae and excretory pores

143. Which pair of structures can be observed without dissecting an earthworm?

A) liver and pancreasB) glomerulus and villiC) esophagus and alveoliD) gallbladder and pharynx

144. Which structures secrete chemicals utilized for thecompletion of digestion within the small intestine?

A) chitinous appendage – locomotionB) Malpighian tubule – respirationC) trachea – digestionD) gonad – excretion

145. Which organ of the grasshopper is correctlymatched with its function?

A) mucous membranesB) cartilaginous ringsC) muscle fibersD) bony networks

146. The human trachea is prevented from collapsing bythe presence of

A) veins and arteriesB) trachea and bronchiC) capillaries and alveoliD) lymph vessels and stomach

147. Which body structures have walls one cell thick?

A) medulla to the diaphragm, increasing therate of breathing

B) cerebrum to the chest muscles, decreasing therate of breathing

C) medulla to the trachea, causing it to constrictD) cerebrum to the alveoli, causing them to

actively transport oxygen

148. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in theblood stimulates the respiratory center of the brain.As a result, impulses are sent from the

A) interfere with ciliary action in the tracheaB) trigger the release of antigens by the alveoliC) block the transmission of impulses that

regulate breathingD) lower blood pressure in the mucous

membranes of the bronchioles

149. Smoking may damage the respiratory systembecause deposits from the smoke can

A) arteries B) veinsC) lymph vessels D) bronchioles

150. Transport structures in humans that contain valvesand phagocytic white blood cells, but not red bloodcells, are known as

A) bronchioles B) nephronsC) capillaries D) neurons

151. When leg muscles respond to a stimulus by movingthe foot, the response depends most directly on thefunctioning of

A) endocrine glands B) lymph nodesC) bronchioles D) nephrons

152. Bacteria that have invaded the body are most oftenremoved from circulation by phagocytic cellswithin structures known as

A) arteries B) veinsC) lacteals D) bronchioles

153. Structures specialized for returning blood to theheart are known as

A) alveoli B) arteriesC) capillaries D) veins

154. The thin-walled vessels of the circulatory systemwhere most oxygen and carbon dioxide areexchanged are

A) goiter B) bronchitisC) arthritis D) emphysema

155. A condition in humans that is characterized byenlargement and degeneration of the alveoli,resulting in decreased lung capacity, is known as

A) nephrons B) ventriclesC) alveoli D) neurons

156. Which structures in humans perform a functionmost similar to that performed by the aortic archesof the earthworm?

A) hydra - cell membranesB) earthworm - alveoliC) paramecium - nephridiaD) human - Malpigian tubules

157. Which organism is correctly paired with thestructures it uses for the excretion of nitrogenouswastes and carbon dioxide?

A) cerebral palsyB) coronary thrombosisC) emphysemaD) leukemia

158. Which malfunction of the human body ischaracterized by an enlargement and degenerationof the alveoli, resulting in a decreased lungcapacity?

A) chitinous exoskeletonB) tracheal tubeC) gastric caecumD) salivary gland

159. Which structure in a grasshopper has a functionsimilar to that of the alveoli of a human?

A) alveoli B) neuronsC) villi D) nephrons

160. The absorptive surface of the small intestine isgreater than that of other human digestive organsbecause of its length and the presence of

A) water B) glucoseC) ammonia D) uric acid

161. In humans, which substance is normally excretedthrough both alveoli and nephrons?

A) urinary bladder B) gallbladderC) alveoli D) lymph nodes

162. Bacteria and dead cells are removed fromcirculatory fluid in the

A) emphysema B) asthmaC) bronchitis D) meningitis

163. Which disease is linked to smoking and results in areduction in the number and elasticity of alveoli?

164. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below of the human heart.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Which heart chamber pumps blood toward thealveoli by way of the pulmonary arteries?

A) random breakage of chromosomes in thenucleus of liver cells

B) a base substitution in gametes duringmeiosis

C) abnormal lung cells produced by toxins insmoke

D) ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells

165. A mutation that can be inherited by offspring wouldresult from

166. The drugs usually used to treat high blood pressure do not affect blood vessels in the lungs.Bostentan is a new drug being studied as a treatment for high blood pressure in the lungs. In anexperiment, patients treated with bosentan showed an improvement in the distance they could walkwithout fatigue within 12 weeks.

Design an experiment to test the effectiveness of bosentan as a drug to treat high blood pressure inthe lungs. In your answer be sure to:• state the hypothesis your experiment will test• state how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group• state two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental and control groups• state the type of data that should be collected to determine if the hypothesis is supported

A) usually lead to the death of the organismB) cannot be passed on to offspringC) are usually beneficial to the organismD) lead to more serious mutations in offspring

167. Mutations that occur in skin or lung cells have littleeffect on the evolution of a species becausemutations in these cells

Base your answers to questions 168 through 171 onthe following list of organs. Choose the organ that isbest associated with the statement below.

Organs (1) Kidney (2) Liver (3) Lung (4) Stomach (5) Skin

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

168. Which organ is responsible for the removal of CO2 from the blood?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

169. Which organ is responsible for the extracellularhydrolysis of protein?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

170. Which organ is responsible for storage ofglycogen?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

171. Which organ is responsible for production of urea?

172. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of the human heart below and on yourknowledge of biology.

A) A B) E C) C D) D

Oxygenated blood from the left lung is returned tothe heart through a structure labeled

A) prolonged exposure to very dry airB) the introduction of toxins through breaks in

the skinC) meiotic division of normal cellsD) the uncontrolled division and growth of

abnormal cells

173. The presence of a cancerous mass in the lung is adirect result of

A) lung B) kidneyC) skin D) liver

174. Which human excretory organ breaks down redblood cells and synthesizes urea?

A) liver B) kidneyC) bladder D) lung

175. In humans, microscopic nephrons are found in the

A) Ultraviolet radiation causes skin cells toundergo uncontrolled mitotic division.

B) The DNA of a human lung cell undergoesrandom breakage.

C) A primary sex cell in a human forms agamete that contains 24 chromosomes.

D) A cell in the uterine wall of a human femaleundergoes a chromosomal alteration.

176. In which situation could a mutation be passed on tothe offspring of an organism?

A) lung B) liverC) kidney D) intestine

177. The nephron is the structural unit of the human

Base your answers to questions 178 through 181 on the passage below.

Ibuprofen Helps Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

A faulty version of the CFTR gene causes the disease cystic fibrosis (CF). This geneis found in 1 in 25 Caucasians in the United States. A person who inherits a copy of thisgene from each parent develops CF. Thick mucus builds up in the lungs of CF patients,leaving them vulnerable to infections. Over time, this repeated cycle of illness andinflammation causes structural damage to the lungs of the patient. In a recent study, the common pain reliever ibuprofen significantly reduced lungdamage caused by cystic fibrosis. This study included 85 CF patients between the agesof 5 and 39. Half of those participating in the study were given a tablet containingibuprofen, and the other half were given a placebo (a tablet containing no ibuprofen).Ibuprofen, taken along with other treatments, most benefited CF patients between theages of 5 and 13. Patients taking ibuprofen suffered less inflammation of the bronchialtubes. Lung deterioration in the children taking ibuprofen was nearly 90% slower thanexpected. Among those patients taking ibuprofen, lung capacity declined by only 2%,while those taking the placebo experienced a decline of 16%. Researchers recommend that doctors begin the new therapy with their cystic fibrosispatients. However, the treatment involves taking large doses of ibuprofen, which cancause serious side effects, including stomach and kidney damage. The researchers warnpeople with cystic fibrosis not to take ibuprofen without talking with their doctors first. Thirty years ago, most CF patients died before the age of 5. Today, many CF patientslive into their 30's. A new drug for CF, DNase, was approved in 1994. Trials are alsobeing done using gene therapy to correct the faulty gene found in cystic fibrosis patients.Since ibuprofen therapy delays the progression of the disease, it is hoped that morepatients will be able to benefit from gene therapy when it becomes available for generaluse.

A) Lung deterioration in individuals taking ibuprofen was about 16% slower than in those takingthe placebo.

B) Although initially promising, problems with stomach and kidney damage have made mostdoctors unwilling to prescribe ibuprofen for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

C) Large doses of ibuprofen can be dangerous, but under the care of a doctor the benefits ofibuprofen for individuals with cystic fibrosis can be significant.

D) The most significant reduction in the swelling of the bronchi due to ibuprofen therapy occurredin individuals 15 to 35 years of age.

178. Which statement regarding the use of ibuprofen in the treatment of cystic fibrosis is correct?

A) ibuprofen is now considered the drug of choice, replacing DNase in treating cystic fibrosisB) because of ibuprofen, gene therapy and the use of DNase are no longer considered effective

ways to treat cystic fibrosisC) ibuprofen, with its serious side effects, is too dangerous to use in the treatment of cystic

fibrosisD) in combination with other drugs, ibuprofen reduces lung damage and slows the progress

of cystic fibrosis

179. A valid conclusion that can be drawn from this information is that

A) homozygous for the faulty CFTR geneB) heterozygous for the faulty CFTR geneC) given an overdose of ibuprofenD) exposed to a person with this disease

180. Cystic fibrosis results when an individual is

181. Using one or more complete sentences, state one possible result of the buildup of mucus in the lungsof individuals with cystic fibrosis.

A) Altered lung cells can produce the normalCFTR protein.

B) Altered lung cells can divide to produce otherlung cells with the normal CFTR gene.

C) The normal CFTR gene may be expressed inaltered lung cells.

D) Offspring of someone with altered lungcells will inherit the normal CFTR gene.

182. People with cystic fibrosis inherit defective geneticinformation and cannot produce normal CFTRproteins. Scientists have used gene therapy to insertnormal DNA segments that code for the missingCFTR protein into the lung cells of people withcystic fibrosis. Which statement does not describe aresult of this therapy?

183. Base your answer to the following question on thediseases and their causes listed below

A. Flu–influenza virusB. Lung cancer–smokingC. Cystic fibrosis–genesD. Dysentery–parasitic amoeba

A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which disease would individuals have the greatestdifficulty preventing in themselves?

A) lung B) brainC) ovary D) heart

184. A single-celled organism is represented below.

Structure X carries out a function most similar towhich structure in a human?

A) radiation changing the DNA sequence in skincells

B) a gamete with an extra chromosomeforming

C) tobacco smoke altering the genes in lung cellsD) exposure to chemicals altering nerve cell

function

185. Which would most likely produce a mutation that ispassed on to offspring?

Base your answers to questions 186 through 188 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

The relationship between lung capacity and gender was studied in a laboratory investigation. Relativelung capacity was measured by having each student fill a balloon with a deep breath and thenmeasuring the circumference of the balloon. Each student was given three trials and the averageballoon circumference was recorded in the data table below.

186. A student calculated the group average to be 441.8. State the specific error made in this calculation.

187. A student concluded that "all females have a smaller lung capacity than males." Is this a validconclusion? Support your answer.

188. Identify one biological condition or personal activity that could make it difficult for a person toperform well on a test of lung capacity.

A) lung cell, due to exposure to a toxic gasB) gamete formed in the ovaryC) body cell undergoing mitosisD) heart cell with chromosome damage

189. A mutation occurring in a human can be passedfrom parent to offspring when it occurs in a

190. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A group of students obtained the following data:

What effect would exercise have on the system you identified in the previous question?

191. Select one of the paired items below and describe how the first item in the pair regulates the seconditem for the maintenance of homeostasis.

insulin-blood sugar level CO2 in blood-breathing rate activity of guard cells-water loss from a leaf

A) cerebrum B) cerebellumC) medulla D) spinal cord

192. The part of the human central nervous system thatcontrols breathing is the

A) control of breathing and heartbeatB) maintenance of coordination and balanceC) interpretation of sensory impulsesD) initiation of voluntary actions

193. The diagram below represents the human brain

The structure labeled X is most directly involved inthe

A) They slow down the rate of breathing.B) They are the building blocks of polymers.C) They speed up the conduction of impulses

along a nerve cell.D) They influence the rate of chemical

reactions.

194. Which statement best describes enzymes?

A) increase in breathing rate B) decrease in body temperatureC) formation of a clot D) formation of urea

195. The diagram below shows a sequence of events that occurs in humans.

Which information belongs in box A?

A) cellular organizationB) inheritanceC) nutritionD) metabolism

196. The breathing rate, heart rate, and blood hormonelevels of a human would most likely provideinformation about human

197. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below which represents the human brainand on your knowledge of biology.

A) ability to contract muscles in the walls ofarteries

B) reflex actions and involuntary behaviorpatterns

C) involuntary activities such as breathing andperistalsis

D) reasoning and speech

Which processes would most likely be affected ifthe part of the brain indicated by letter A wasdamaged?

198. Using a specific example, illustrate how a feedback mechanism maintains homeostasis in a livingorganism.

199. In the table below, identify two body activities that would change in response to an increase inmuscle activity and describe how each would change.


Many people have a sensitivity to peanuts. The symptoms can include watery itchy eyes anddifficulty breathing. This allergic reaction can be mild, severe, or fatal.

Discuss why an individual can have a sensitivity to peanuts.200. Identify the human system that is responsible for this sensitivity to peanuts

201. Identify the specific type of molecule that triggers an allergic reaction

202. State one reason why a person could be allergic to peanuts, but not be allergic to walnuts

203. Describe how this reaction is similar to the rejection of a transplanted organ


Beware of Dust Mites

Quietly lurking within our mattresses, under our beds, and inside sofas and carpets arecreatures too small to be seen without a microscope. Dust mites are arthropods closely related tospiders, scorpions, and ticks. They feed on the dead skin cells regularly shed by humans and theiranimal pets. The average human sheds about 10 grams of dead skin a week. Cats and dogs createeven more dander for dust mites to eat. The mites also eat pollen, fungi, and bacteria. They do notdrink water but absorb it from the air. Dust mites do not carry diseases and are harmless to most people. It's their bathroom habitsthat make some of us itch and sneeze. Many people develop severe allergies to dust mite feces(wastes). If you lie on a rug where dust mites live, you might develop itchy red bumps on yourskin. Breathe in dust containing their feces and you might have more serious symptoms, such asdifficulty breathing or a severe asthma attack. Dust mites thrive in warm, humid environments - eating and nesting in dust-collecting bedding,fabric, and carpet. Think about this! A typical mattress can contain anywhere from 100,000 to 10million dust mites. Nearly 100,000 dust mites can live in one square yard of carpet. During a process called sensitization, a person's immune system mistakenly identifies theinhaled dust mite waste as an invader. The next time the person is exposed to the dust mite waste,the immune system launches an allergic reaction.

A) specialized chemicals that mark dust mite waste for destructionB) viruses that combat dust mitesC) white blood cells that attack human skin cellsD) white blood cells that attack the skin cells of cats and dogs

204. The immune system of an individual who is allergic to dust mite waste produces

A) does not respond to pathogensB) maintains homeostasisC) responds to usually harmless environmental substancesD) undergoes rapid, uncontrolled cell division

205. An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system

206. State one way, other than using a pesticide, that an individual could decrease the number of dustmites present in his home.

A) the differentiation of mature body cellsB) feedback mechanisms removing damaged

cellsC) modification of gene activity in cellsD) the internal environment being kept within

certain limits

207. Breathing rate is constantly being monitored andadjusted in the human body, which results in

A) less ATP B) less glucoseC) more DNA D) more protein

208. In the human body, carbon dioxide reduces theamount of oxygen that can be transported to cells.Breathing in too much carbon monoxide will mostlikely result in the production of

Base your answers to questions 209 and 210 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Mosquito Technologies of New York, Inc., has developed a Mosquito Killing System (MKS) tohelp control the mosquito population and reduce the transmission of West Nile Virus. The MKSworks by taking advantage of the natural hunting strategies of mosquitoes, such as heat sensingand carbon dioxide detection. Beneficial insects do not use the same hunting strategies. The MKSunit produces heat and releases carbon dioxide in cycles, mimicking the breathing and bodytemperatures of humans, pets, and other warm-blooded animals. This attracts the mosquitoes tothe device and, once inside, a vacuum pulls them in, where they pass through an electrocutiongrid, killing them. The mosquito remains are then returned to the environment through the bottomof the unit. The unit contains a solar-powered photocell that turns the device on at dusk and turns it off atdawn.

209. State one positive effect the use of this MKS device has on the environment.

210. A town wants to buy a number of MKS devices to solve their mosquito problem. One individual isconcerned that this device could have a negative effect on insects that are beneficial to theenvironment. Based on the information given, is this a valid concern? Support your answer.

A) normally harmless cat antigens stimulatedthe immune system

B) it is difficult for the respiratory system to filtercat antigens out of the inhaled air

C) cat antigens are a health hazard, since theyalways cause disease

D) cat antigens stop the immune system frommaking antibodies, so bacteria cause theseresponses

211. Every time a child visited a cousin who has twocats, the child's eyes turned red, itched, and beganto water. Then, the child began to have troublebreathing. It is most likely that the child reactedthis way because

Base your answers to questions 212 and 213 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

The fight-or-flight response in humans prepares the body to fight off or run away from apotential threat. This response results from a series of nerve and chemical signals that direct howcells·function. This, in turn determines the actions of organs in these situations.

Some of the changes experienced by the individuals as part of this response include:

increased pulse rate

increased blood glucose levels

increased breathing rate212. Select one of the listed changes experienced by the individual and write it on the line below.

Explain how the change you chose allows the individual to effectively respond to a threat.

Change: ______________

213. Once the threat has passed, another series of changes returns the body to its original state. Why mustthis occur?

214. Base your answer to the following question onSelect the immune reaction, chosen from the list below, that is best described by that statement. Immune Reactions (1) Passive immunity (2) Allergy (3) Rejection

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3

Bronchial tubes constrict during an asthma attack.

A) asthma B) emphysemaC) bronchitis D) meningitis

215. One type of allergic reaction results in constrictionof the bronchial tubes, which interferes with thepassage of air into and out of the lungs. This typeof allergic reaction is most closely associated with

A) bronchitis B) appendicitisC) constipation D) asthma

216. An allergic reaction that results in the constrictionof bronchial tubes is known as

217. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below, which represents the two systemsinvolved in regulation, and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) diabetes and goiterB) coronary thrombosis and angina pectorisC) gout and asthmaD) meningitis and polio

Two malfunctions associated with the region of thenervous system indicated by box B are

A) estrogen B) acetylcholineC) histamine D) methane

218. The chemical that causes the allergic responseduring an asthma attack is

A) experimental groupB) limiting factorC) controlD) indicator

219. A new drug for the treatment of asthma is tested on100 people. The people are evenly divided intotwo groups. One group is given the drug, and theother group is given a glucose pill. The group thatis given the glucose pill serves as the

A) coronary thrombosisB) arthritisC) asthmaD) emphysema

220. An allergic reaction characterized by theconstriction of the bronchial tubes is known as

A) passive immunity B) blood clottingC) asthma D) anemia

221. A series of enzyme-controlled reactions that occurwhen platelets rupture is known as

222. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

The planning board of a community held a public hearing in response to complaints byresidents concerning a waste-recycling plant. These residents claim that the waste-hauling truckswere polluting air, land, and water and that the garbage has brought an increase in rats, mice, andpathogenic bacteria to the area. The residents were insistent that the waste-recycling plant beclosed permanently. Other residents recognized the health risks but felt that the benefits of waste recyclingoutweighed the health issues.

Identify two specific health problems that could result from living near the waste recycling plant.

223. Systems in the human body interact to maintainhomeostasis. Four of these systems are listedbelow.

Body Systems Circulatory Digestive Respiratory Excretory

a Select two of the systems listed. Identify eachsystem selected and state its function in helping tomaintain homeostasis in the body. b Explain how a malfunction of one of the foursystems listed disrupts homeostasis and how thatmalfunction could be prevented or treated. In youranswer be sure to: • name the system and state one possiblemalfunction of that system• explain how the malfunction disrupts homeostasis• describe one way the malfunction could beprevented or treated

A) in a survey, residents felt that the air in townlooks dirtier now

B) there have been reports that other types offactories have been linked with health issues

C) residents have occasionally seen smokecoming from the factory

D) local medical facilities have recentlyreported a 15% increase in the number ofpatients treated for asthma

224. Residents of a town are concerned that a recentlybuilt factory could pose health risks. Scientistswere asked to investigate the effects of the factoryon the health of local residents. The most relevantinformation they reported was that

225. Base your answer to the following question on the organ, indicated in the diagram below, that ismost closely associated with that statement.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

Emphysema is a disease characterized by thedegeneration of the functional units of this organ.

Base your answers to questions 226 through 229 onthe following list of disorders. Choose the disorderthat best describes the given statement below.

Disorders (1) Angina pectoris (2) Leukemia (3) Emphysema (4) Diabetes (5) Meningitis

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

226. What is enlargement and degeneration of thealveoli, resulting in decreased lung capacity knownas?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

227. What is narrowing of the coronary arteries, oftenaccompanied by chest pain know as?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

228. What is inflammation of the membranessurrounding the central nervous system known as?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

229. What is uncontrolled production of nonfunctionalwhite blood cells in the bone marrow known as?

A) leukemia B) anemiaC) thrombosis D) emphysema

230. A blood abnormality that results from uncontrolledproduction of abnormal white blood cells by thebone marrow is known as

Base your answers to questions 231 and 232 on the diagram below and on your knowledge ofbiology. The diagram represents several majorcirculatory pathways in the human body.

A) anemia B) anginaC) asthma D) leukemia

231. A narrowing of the arteries that results in aninadequate supply of oxygen to structure 1produces a condition known as

A) goiter B) goutC) emphysema D) arthritis

232. Enlargement and degeneration of tissue withinstructure 2 will result in

233. Base your answer to the following question on thechart below and on your knowledge of biology. Thechart lacks some information about the symptomsand disorders of three patients who have recentlyreceived medical attention.

A) emphysema B) leukemiaC) diabetes D) bronchitis

Patient A most likely has the disorder known as

Base your answers to questions 234 and 235 on the incomplete chart below and on your knowledgeof biology.

A) neurons in arms and legsB) membranes lining bronchi and bronchiolesC) membranes covering the brain and spinal

cordD) cells covering arteries and veins

234. Letter C most likely represents

A) emphysema B) cerebral palsyC) hemophilia D) stroke

235. Letter B most likely represents

A) emphysema B) anemiaC) leukemia D) angina

236. A disorder in which there is uncontrolledproduction of nonfunctional white blood cells inthe bone marrow is known as

A) angina pectoris B) arthritisC) mental retardation D) emphysema

237. Which condition has been linked to a diet that ishigh in saturated fats?

238. Select one human body system from the list below.

Body SystemsDigestiveCirculatoryRespiratoryExcretoryNervous

Describe a malfunction that can occur in the system chosen. Your answer must include at least:• the name of the system and a malfunction that can occur in this system• a description of a possible cause of the malfunction identified• an effect this malfunction may have on any other body system

A) NoB) YesC) MaybeD) There is not enough information tell

239. Could an individual unable to absorb oxygen intothe body perform cellular respiration?

A) digest foodB) transport nutrients throughout the bodyC) absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxideD) produce sex cells

240. A man develops a severe infection in his lungs.This would impact the man's ability to

Answer KeyRESPIRATION-MARCH TEST

1. C2. A3. B4. C5. C6. C7. B8. D9. B10. C11. B12. A13. A14. D15. C16. A17. B18. D19. C20. C21. B22. B23. C24. D25. B26. A27. D28. B29. B30. B31. D32. A33. B34. A35. D36. A

37. A38. A39. A40. A41. D42. D43. B44. B45. A46. D47. D48. A49. A50. C51. A52. A53. B54. D55. A56. D57. B58. C59. C60. B61. C62. C63. B64. A65. A66. D67. A68. B69. B70. B71. C72. A

73. A74. C75. A76. A77. D78. C79. B80. C81. C82. C83. B84. A85. D86. D87. A88. D89. A90. A91. D92. C93. C94. B95. C96. A97. C98. A99. A100. B101. B102. D103. D104. D105. C106. D107. D108. C

109. D110. A111. The process

represented could beviewed asrespiration or cellrespiration or aerobic respiration or oxidation.

112. (essay)113. B114. A115. Examples of

functions of guardcells: –gasexchange –respiration –photosynthesisExamples ofexplanations of howguard cells carry outfunctions: – Guardcells change shape.– Guard cells changethe size of the leafopeningsExamples ofpossibleevolutionaryadvantages: –prevents excessevaporation of wateron sunny days –prevents theentrance of somepollutants

116. D117. B118. A119. D120. B121. B122. B123. C


124. C125. C126. A127. D128. If the temperature is

decreased to 22°C,the rate ofrespiration in thisspecies of fish willmost likely decrease.

129. Examples: — Guard cells canregulate the amountof water lossthrough the leaf. —Guard cells carry outphotosynthesis. —allow CO2 to enterthe leaf — regulategas exchange

130. A131. Examples:

Diagram A:Structure X is aguard cell. If theguard cells do notfunction properly,the plant can losetoo much water or gas exchange couldbe affected.Diagram B:Structure X represents thepancreas. If thepancreas does notproduce enoughinsulin, a person willdevelop diabetes.

132. A133. D134. D135. B136. C

137. A138. C139. D140. D141. B142. B143. D144. A145. A146. B147. C148. A149. A150. C151. D152. B153. B154. C155. D156. B157. A158. C159. B160. C161. A162. D163. A164. B165. B166. (essay)167. B168. C169. D170. B171. B172. C

173. D174. D175. B176. C177. C178. C179. D180. A181. A buildup of mucus

in the lungs of a CFpatient can leave thepatient vulnerable toinfections.

182. D183. C184. A185. B186. – The student did not

divide the total by 8(number ofstudents). – This isthe total, not theaverage.

187. – The conclusion isnot supportedbecause one of themales has a smalleraverage than one ofthe females. –because it is a verysmall sample.

188. – The person mighthave been ill. – Theperson might haveasthma. – Theperson was injured.– smoking, –working in a coalmine, – watching TVinstead of exercising

189. B

190. Acceptableresponses include,but are not limitedto:Respiratory: —increased breathingrateExcretory: —increasedperspiration

191. Examples: -Increased insulinresults in a decreasein blood sugarlevels. - As the CO2level in the bloodincreases, thebreathing rateincreases. - Whenthe guard cells closeopenings in leaves,rate of water lossdecreases.

192. C193. B194. D195. C196. D197. D198. If a person holds his

or her breath toolong, carbon dioxidecan build up in thebody. The personwould faint, andnormal breathingwould startautomatically torestore oxygenlevels.

199. –heartbeat: It wouldspeed up,–breathing: It wouldspeed up, –sweating:It would increase

200. – immune system


201. — antigen —protein — allergen

202. — One type ofantibody only reactswith (fits) one typeof antigen. —Antibody reactionsare specific. —Walnuts and peanutshave differentproteins. — Walnutsand peanuts aremade up of differentchemicals.

203. — Transplantedorgans also haveantigens that willstimulate antibodiesthat will attack theorgan. — They bothstimulate immuneresponses.

204. A205. C206. – do not have a cat

or dog – lower theamount of moisturein the air in thehome – do not havecarpet on the floor –vacuum often –clean or remove dustoften – washbedding frequently

207. D208. A

209. –It doesn't use orproduce any harmfulchemicals.–Mosquito remainsare returned to theenvironment. –Itdoes not harmbeneficial insects.–It reduces thetransmission of WetNile virus.

210. –No, This is not avalid concern. TheMKS device usesheat and carbondioxide to attractonly insects thatprey on people andother warm-bloodedanimals. –No.Environmentallybeneficial insectswould not beattracted to thedevice. –Yes. Somebeneficial insectsmight accidentallyenter the device.–No. Beneficialinsects use differenthunting strategies.

211. A

212. Change: Increasedpulse rate: – movesblood rich inglucose/oxygen tothe cells faster, –allows the body toget rid of wasteproducts/carbondioxide fasterChange: Increasedblood glucoselevels: – providecells with a readysource of energymore rapidlyChange: Increasedbreathing rate: –eliminates carbondioxide faster, –allows the body toget oxygen into theblood faster

213. – The fight-or-flightresponse includesmany changes inbody activity, whichcould result indamage to the bodyif not returned tonormal. – Thefight-or-flightresponse sped upactivity, which mustnow be slowed tonormal. – Once thedanger is over, thehigh activity levelsof cells and organsare reduced tonormal levels,preventing damageto the body. – so thathomeostasis can berestored

214. B215. A216. D

217. D218. C219. C220. C221. B222. Examples: —

asthma —respiratoryinfections —allergic reactions —cancer — bacterialinfections — viralinfections —disease linked to apathogen

223. (essay)224. D225. C226. C227. A228. E229. B230. A231. B232. C233. A234. C235. D236. C237. A238. (essay)239. B240. C


112. • identifying organelle X as a mitochondrion.• stating the process this organelle performs.— respiration— aerobic respiration releases energy

• identifying the two raw materials needed for this process to occur.— sugar/glucose— oxygen (O2)

• identifying one molecule produced by this organelle and explaining why it is important to the organism.— ATP - This molecule makes energy available for life functions.— Water - This molecule is important forchemical reactions.— CO2 - This is a waste product that needs to be removed to maintain homeostasis.

166. • State hypothesis. – Bostentan treatment improves the lung function of people with high blood pressure inthe lungs. – Treatment with bosentan will decrease a patient's blood pressure in the lungs. – Treatmentwith bosentan will increase a patient's ability to walk without fatigue. – Bostentan can be used to treat highblood pressure in the lungs.• State how control group will be trated differently from the experimental group. – The control group willnot receive bostentan. – The control group will be given a placebo (or sugar pill).• State two factors that must be kept the same in both experimental and control groups. – same number ofmales and females – similar activities for the 12 weeks – initial high pulmonary blood pressure – samesize pill, given at the same time – similar food, sleep time, etc. – same range of ages• State type of data that should be collected to determine if hypothesis is supported. Responses include, butnot limited to: – Record the initial pulmonary blood pressure in each group. Once a week record thepulmonary blood pressure of each group. – See which individuals can walk the longest without fatigueafter treatment begins and compare this to how long they could walk without fatigue prior to treatment.

223. Examples: a — circulatory: carries nutrients to cells — digestive: breaks down substances or makesnutrients available — respiratory: exchange of gases — excretory: eliminates metabolic wastesb • — circulatory: heart attack, hardening of arteries, disruption of blood flow — digestive: constipation, diarrhea — respiratory: asthma, bronchitis, emphysema — excretory: kidney disease, gout• — hardening of arteries: raises blood pressure — diarrhea: results in dehydration — emphysema: reduced oxygen supply to cells — kidney disease: interferes with excretion of some wastes• — hardening of arteries: exercise — emphysema: do not smoke


238. Examples:Malfunctions associated with the selected system:– digestive - ulcer– circulatory - heart attack– respiratory - emphysema– excretory - kidney stones– nervous - Parkinson's disease

Direct or indirect cause of malfunction identified:– ulcer - excess stomach acid– heart attack - high fat diet– emphysema - smoking– kidney stones - genetic cause– Parkinson's disease - brain stops making a sufficient supply of critical chemical (dopamine)

Effect the malfunction has on any other system:– ulcer - causes bleeding– heart attack - reduces oxygen to the brain– emphysema - reduces oxygen in the circulatory system– kidney stones - stimulates nervous system resulting in pain– Parkinson's disease - involuntary muscular contractions

Documents

1.Anaerobic respiration is considered to be less efficient ...mleoneearthsci.weebly.com/uploads/3/2/1/2/32129011/respiration_m… · graph is that Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium