1. Crittenden Compromise– Sen. John Crittenden of Kentuckya) Proposal – Reinstate the Missouri

Compromise line west through the remaining territories

b) Rejected by Lincoln. Why? • He would have lost the support of

many Republicans if he had allowed slavery to expand into the territories

2. Secessionists vs. the Uniona) Secessionists excited about creating a

new country b) Why did Lincoln try to keep the South

from seceding?• He took an oath of office to enforce the

Constitution in every state• No state should be able to get out of the

Union by its own decision• Country was made up of people, not states

1. The South easily took control of many federal forts, mints and arsenals – Fort Sumter at Charleston, S.C. remained in Union hands

2. Why was Fort Sumter important? – It controlled naval access to one of the South’s

largest ports

3. Lincoln’s dilemma– – Protect the fort but without being the

aggressor– Why? Most remaining slave states said they

would secede if force was used, but he would look weak if he just let the Confederacy take it.

4. Lincoln’s decision – send supplies only5. Result –

– Confederate troops led by Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard refuse to allow ships through

– Bombing begins at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861

– Maj. Robert Anderson and troops surrender 34 hours later

6. Lincoln’s Call to Arms – Two days after the surrender, Lincoln asks states to provide 75,000 troops for 3 months

“Showers of balls… and shells… poured into the fort in one incessant [unending] stream causing great flakes of masonry to fall in all directions. When the immense mortar shells, after sailing high in the air, came down in a vertical direction and buried themselves in the parade ground, their explosion shook the fort like an earthquake.”

-- Abner Doubleday, Maj. Anderson’s second-in-command

1. Four more Southern states secede after Lincoln’s call for troops– Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia

2. Confederate capital – Richmond, Virginia

3. Border States – Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri keep slavery legal but remain in Union (not always willingly)

4. West Virginia – People living in the mountains of

northwestern Virginia set up their own government in 1861, became a state in 1863

5. Family divisions – Upper South’s white population remained

divided over secession, many family members fought on opposite sides

– Including two sons of Sen. John Crittenden

Union ConfederacyPopulation

(North = 22 million, South = 9 million including

3.5 million slaves)

Defending their homeland

(More familiar with the land, plus Union had to conquer over 750,000

square miles)

Better industry/economy

(North controlled 85% of industry and resources)

Better military leaders(Most good generals were

from the South)

Better Railroads(Twice as many miles, Southern cities were

disconnected

United and motivated

U.S. Navy stayed loyal(South had to start from

scratch)

1. Armiesa) Union –

• Over 500,000 by end of 1861• Over 2.7 million during the entire war• About 180,000 African Americans and

3,500 Native Americans served

b) Confederacy – • Over 258,000 by end of 1861 • 750,000 during the entire war• Included about 5,500 Cherokee, Creek,

Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians

"With all my devotion to the Union and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission in the Army, and save in defense of my native State, with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed, I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword....."

Lee in a letter to his sister, April 20, 1861Question: Why did Lee resign from the U.S. Army?

1. Fighting at Manassasa) Lincoln wants to take Richmond right

away, both sides thought their troops needed more training

b) Battle of Bull Run – at Manassas Junction, 30 miles outside of Washington, D.C.

c) Confederates – led by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, dug in on high ground behind a creek called Bull Run

d) Result – Union squanders early advantage, then are forced to retreat back to D.C.

2. Aftermath of Southern victorya) Most people realized that the war would take

longer than expectedb) Most important effects were psychological

a) North shocked and shamed but now more determined

b) South thought they were the better side

– Johnston named to command Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee named adviser

– George McClellan named head of Union army

1. North’s three-part plan to win the war – Anaconda Plan

a) Capture Richmondb) Gain control of the Mississippi Riverc) Naval blockade

2. How did it get its name?3. Why this plan? It would divide the fighting into two areas

(east and west of the Appalachians) and cut off the western part of the Confederacy

4. South’s plan to win the wara) Drive through Virginia and invade the

Northb) Why this plan? Three things –

• Shatter northern morale • Disrupt Union communications• Win European support

c) Why were the Confederates hoping for support from Great Britain or France?

d) Two reasons why this plan failed –

1. Young recruits on both sides – 2. Plenty of shortages – 3. Camp conditions –

– Unsanitary and full of disease

4. Worst conditions of all were in prisoner-of-war camps in both North and South– Where was the worst POW camp?

Andersonville, Georgia– Why?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Andersonville_birdseye_ransom.jpg

• Who was he? Famous early photographer• What were the most dramatic

photos?Pictures of soldiers lying dead on

the battlefield

1. Northa) Women replaced male factory workers and

farmersb) Civilians participated in volunteer groups

that raised money for Union cause or provided relief services

2. Southa) Southerners supported the war effort with

patriotic events like parades and fund raisers

b) First sign of trouble – Effects of the blockade and providing for war effort set in, life became hard

1. Women tried to serve in battle and others served as spies, over 3,000 served as nurses

2. Clara Barton – Nurse on the battlefield, started the

American Red Cross after the war3. Sally Tompkins – Commissioned as a

Confederate captain

1. Southern Oppositiona) Spring of 1862 – Confederates hold

first draft a) Poor farmers and working people were

left to fight because large plantation owners didn’t have to serve

b) Food shortages led to riots

2. Northern Oppositiona) Too costly, took too longb) Riots in New York City in 1863

• Response to Union draft law• Could pay $300 to get out of draft• Immigrants and working class vs. elite

c) Copperheads – • Type of poisonous snake, nickname

given to Northern Democrats who opposed the war

• Limited antiwar activities to newspaper articles and speeches

The Copperhead Party - in favor of a vigorous prosecution of peace!

4. Lincoln’s response to Copperheads

• Suspension of some civil liberties including habeas corpus

5. What is habeas corpus? • Protection against unlawful imprisonment

6. What happened to many Copperheads?

• Arrested and held without a trial indefinitely