CHAPTER 15THE STATES AT WAR

John Crittenden (KY) proposed a compromise that would protect slavery

where it existed.

It failed to pass the Senate.

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• Life at camp• 65% of time at camp (bivouacking)• 30% marching• 5% fighting

• Raising Northern Forces• state militias: formed at the request of

Congress• bounty: a large bonus to those who

joined• conscription: draft (both sides)

• Some paid immigrants to serve instead.

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• Raising Southern Forces• conscription: enacted in 1862• Twenty-Negro Law: anyone owning

20 or more slaves was exempted from the draft

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A total war is one that involves both the military and civilians.

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• Preparing Civilians for War• In the North

• widening its industrial base (women)• Abundance of supplies

• increasing farm production (mechanization)

• private volunteer groups (commissions)

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• In the South• fewer factories• impacted agriculture severely• volunteer organizations

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The Civil War is considered the first modern war due to the use of industry

and technology to improve weapons and change tactics and strategy.

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• Innovations• Railroads• Aerial reconnaissance with manned

balloons• telegraph• improved weaponry (rifling)

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• Mines, trench warfare, wire barricades• ironclad warships (Monitor, Merrimac

[Virginia] fight at Hampton roads, ended in a tie)

• Confederate submarines• photography (Matthew Brady)

• History Channel Videos• Trench Warfare• Civil War Tech• Biological Warfare• Confederate Bomb Plot

• Strategies of War• South: fighting a defensive war

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• North: the Anaconda Plan• impose naval blockade• gain control of the Mississippi River• divide the Upper and Lower South• capture Richmond

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• The First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)• commanders

• North: Irvin McDowell• Union army overconfident and

unprepared• Spectators that thought it would be a

picnic

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• South: Joseph Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard• Looked to General Thomas Jackson

(“Stonewall” Jackson) for inspiration• South won

• results• The North realized their army wasn’t yet

ready for war and that the conflict would be longer than expected.

• The South became overconfident and thought they would win quickly.

• McClellan was placed in charge of the Union armies.

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• History Channel video• 1st Battle of Bull Run

• Hesitation and Loss for the North• The Peninsula Campaign

• McClellan was cautious.• Johnston was wounded and replaced

by Lee (commander of the Army of Northern Virginia).

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• Seven Days’ Battle: Lee attacked McClellan at six different locations and drove him back.

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• The Second Battle of Bull Run• J.E.B. Stuart raided Pope’s

headquarters while Poe was gone.• Lee defeated Pope (win for the

South).• McClellan put back in command.

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• The Union Blockade• purpose: to prevent entry or exit of

passengers or commerce• part of the strategy to gain control of

the Mississippi River

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• blockade runners: ships designed to slip through blockades

• The British assisted the Confederacy in blockade running.

• results: major impacts on the southern economy

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• Union General William Sherman called the Mississippi River the “spinal column of America.”

• Gaining the Upper Mississippi• Ulysses S. Grant (Union General)

• “Unconditional Surrender” Grant• Forts Henry and Donelson• Shiloh• Corinth

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• Gaining the Lower Mississippi• Admiral David Farragut

• captured New Orleans

• Battle of Vicksburg• North: Ulysses S. Grant• South: John Pemberton• city fell to Grant after a siege, starved them

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• Antietam• Lee hoped to arouse Southern

sympathizers• productive grain state• hoped to gain British support

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• McClellan discovered Lee’s location and sought to force Lee into battle before Lee could be reinforced.• A cigar wrapper

• McClellan failed to take advantage of his superior numbers and never pursued Lee when Lee was weakened.

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• results• South: failure to win prevented the British

from recognizing the Confederacy• North: issued the Emancipation

Proclamation• single bloodiest day in the history of

American wars

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McClellan was replaced by Ambrose Burnside.

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• Fredericksburg• Burnside planned to move against

Richmond• Union encountered entrenched

Confederate forces• massive Union casualties

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Burnside was replaced by “Fighting Joe” Hooker.

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• Chancellorsville• major victory for the South• believed to be Lee’s finest battle• Stonewall Jackson was killed.

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Hooker was replaced by George Meade just a few days before the Battle of

Gettysburg.

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• Gettysburg• Southern reasons:

• turn the Northern population against the war

• force Lincoln to pull troops from the Mississippi region

• resupply troops

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• three-day battle• first day: Union pushed back but not broken• second day: Union attacked but held firm• third day: “Pickett’s Charge” ended

disastrously with several thousands of deaths• “High-water mark of the Confederacy”

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• Results• Defeat for the Confederacy• Meade allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia• proved to be the turning point in the war• Chamberlain at Gettysburg• Lee at Gettysburg

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Meade would soon be replaced by Ulysses S. Grant.

William T. Sherman replaced Grant in the West.

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The Battle Gettysburg Videos

The Battle of Gettysburg

Chamberlain at Gettysburg

Chamberlain at Gettysburg 2

Lee at Gettysburg

Last Charge at Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.

Lincoln presented the Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg

Cemetery.

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Gettysburg Address Video

The Original

• War Between the States• War of Rebellion• War against Slavery• War for Abolition• War for the Union• War for Southern

Independence

• War for Southern Rights

• War of Secession• War Against Northern

Aggression• The Lost Cause

Names for the Civil War

• Waging Total War• both sides growing weary of war• Confederate money lost its value

• severe inflation

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• The Emancipation Proclamation• issued to help revive Northern support

for the war• freed all slaves held in Confederate

territory

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• results• caused Southern slaves to desert their masters• ended the possibility of British support for the

South• paved the way for public acceptance of the end

of slavery• Blacks joined the Union Army for the first time.

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• Emancipation Proclamation videos• The Emancipation Proclamation• Civil War Turning Point• Lincoln Issues the Emancipation Procla

mation• MA’s 54th Regiment• Black’s in the Military• After the Emancipation

• The Destruction of the South• Grant implemented a war of attrition

against the South• Sheridan was successful in carrying

out his orders.

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“Destroy whatever cannot be consumed. Let that valley be left so that crows flying

over it will have to carry their own rations.”Ulysses S. Grant

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• Rosecrans in Tennessee• Battle of Chickamauga

• George Thomas (“the Rock of Chickamauga”) held his line, allowing the Union army to retreat to Chattanooga.

• The battle was one of the bloodiest in the West.

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General Longstreet and the Confederates were defeated at Knoxville and General

Bragg was defeated at Chattanooga, giving the Union control of Tennessee.

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• Sherman’s March to the Sea• Atlanta: captured and burned• bummers• Savannah: given to Lincoln as a

Christmas gift

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• Sherman videos• Sherman and the Burning of Atlanta• Sherman’s Terrifying Tactics• Sherman Closes in on Savannah• Confederate Last Stand• General Sherman’s Legacy• Grant and Lee Lead the Union

• The Election of 1864• Northerners were war-weary and

wanted peace.• Lincoln faced opposition from the

Radical Republicans and from the Northern Democrats.

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• candidates• McClellan: ran on a peace platform• Lincoln: chose Andrew Johnson as his

running mate (democrat from TN)

• Lincoln carried all but three states.

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• The Road to Richmond• The Wilderness Campaign

• heavily wooded area west of Fredericksburg

• “Lincoln’s Butcher”: Grant kept throwing men at Lee, knowing he could replace them more easily

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• Spotsylvania Courthouse• Cold Harbor: Union took heavy losses• Lincoln said, “I cannot spare this man. He

wins,” about Ulysses S. Grant• Petersburg: besieged by Grant to cut off

supplies to Richmond• One of the North’s goals- to capture

Richmond

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• Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse• Grant allowed Confederate soldiers to

keep their horses and weapons.• Other Confederate units surrendered

soon thereafter.

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• Grant and Lee Videos• Robert E. Lee• Lee’s Great Regret• Grant or Lee?

The Civil War was the most destructive war in American history.

Video- The Civil War in One Word

The South experienced unparalleled loss of property during the war.

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Problems in the South during the Civil War

1. Inflation of currency

2. Decreased need for cotton

3. Shortage of many items

NOT inadequate food production

President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth less than a week after

the war ended.

President Lincoln and his wife were at Ford’s Theater to see a play.

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Abraham Lincoln Videos

Lincoln, the Commander in Chief

Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address

Abraham Lincoln Death Threats

The Success of Abraham Lincoln

The Legacy of Lincoln

Lincoln’s Humor

In what ways was the Civil War devastating to the nation?