1. Socialization - the lifelong process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective participation in society.

2. Internalization - the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we assume they are correct and accept them without question.

3. Social Learning Theories - approaches whose central notion is that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction especially during childhood.

4. Looking-Glass Self - a self-image based on how we think others see us. 5. Self - an awareness of one’s social identity. 6. Role-taking - learning to take the perspective of others. 7. Significant Others - the people who are important in one’s life, such as parents or other primary caregivers and siblings. 8. Anticipatory Socialization - the process of learning how to perform a role one doesn’t yet occupy. 9. Generalized Other - a term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to people who do not have close ties to a child but who influence the child’s internalization of society’s norms and values. 10. Impression Management - the process of providing information and cues to others to present oneself in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing one’s less appealing qualities.

11. Reference Groups - groups of people who shape an individual’s self-image, behavior, values, and attitudes in different contexts. 12. Agents of Socialization - the individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate effectively in society. 13. Peer Group - any set of people who are similar in age, social status, and interests. 14. Resocialization – the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior. 15. Total Institutions – places where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.

Human’s are born with a “blank slate.” By the age 2 that slate has been filled some. Socialization transforms a newborn into a person who becomes a social being.

What is the Purpose of Socialization: 1. Establishes our social identity: you are who you are largely

because of socialization.

2. Teaches us role taking: we play different roles in different settings

3. Controls our behavior: in learning appropriate roles, we absorb values and a variety of rules about how we should (and should not) interact in everyday situations.

4. Transmits culture to the next Generation: the culture that is transmitted includes language, beliefs, values, norms, and symbols.

Why is Socialization Important: * Social Isolation can be devastating * Scientists since the 1930’s have found that institutionalization effects a child’s intellectual, physical, behavioral, social, and emotional development * Children that are deprived from interaction will not be seen normal and human

Isolation in Childhood: 1. Anna:

- born to a unmarried woman which upset her father, who did not want the child- confined to an attic room and was given only a minimum of care- almost no human contact, and was not spoken to, held, bathed, or loved- Anna was finally discovered by a social worker. She was six years old- she was unable to walk, talk, or feed herself- Anna died at the age of 10

2. Isabelle: - born to an unmarried woman. Her father kept his daughter and granddaughter in a dark room- her mother was a deaf-mute woman- Isabelle was six when she was discovered, but she only crawled and grunted like an animal. She would eat with her hands- after several months of therapy she began to speak and function

3. Genie: - was discovered when she was 13- she was locked in a small bedroom where she was tied to potty chair during the day and wrapped up in a sleeping bag in a mesh covered crib- after time she was not able to adapt to society and she was institutionalized

Sociological Explanation of Socialization: Functionalists: believe that socialization encourages conformity and maintains a society’s stability by controlling disruptive behavior.

Social Learning Theories: * social interaction is important in learning appropriate and inappropriate behavior* socialization relies on direct and indirect reinforcement Ex: children learn how to behave when they are scolded or praised for specific behaviors

Symbolic Interaction Theories: * the self emerges through social interaction with significant others* socialization includes role taking and controlling the impression we give to othersEx. Children who are praised are more likely to develop a strong self-image than those who are always criticized

Charles Horton Cooley = The looking glass self* children acquire a sense of who they are thru the interpretation with others, especially by imaging how other view them

3 phases: 1. Perception- we imagine how we appear to other people and how they perceive us. 2. Interpretation of the perception – we imagine how others judge us 3. Response – we experience self-feelings based on what we regard to be others’ judgment of us

George Herbert Mead: Development of the self and role taking

* the most critical social interaction occurs in the family, the foundation of socialization * self-awareness occurs when we learn to differentiate the me from the I

I – creative, imaginative, impulsive, spontaneous, non-conformist, self-centered, and sometimes unpredictable Me – has been successfully socialized, is aware of the attitudes of others, has self-control, and has internalized social roles

Erving Goffman: Staging the self in everyday life* research showed that we act differently in different settings throughout adulthood* he viewed life as a theater because we engage in role performances like an actor

3 type of expressive resources: 1. first we try to control the settings2. second is our appearance 3. third is manner – the mood or style of behavior we display that sends important messages to the audience

Primary Socialization Agents: 1. Family: parents, siblings, grandparents, and other

family members play a critical role in our socialization. - it is the first and most influential socialization agent.

How Parents Socialize Children: 1. The goal is to teach their children how to make socially responsible decisions.

- parents also will manage many aspects of the environment that influence a child’s social development.

Parenting Styles: - Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvolved Parenting

Siblings: * They can be a positive or a negative influence on their sibling’s personality.

Grandparents: * They are often consider the glue that keeps the family close.

2. Play and Peer Group: Play and it Function:

* promotes cognitive development* structured play can keep children out of trouble and enhance their social development. * strength their peer relationships

Peers: * peer’s influence usually increases as the child get older* can be important sources of support for teens and increase their self-esteem

Teachers and School:School’s Role in socialization:

* main purpose of schools are to instruct children and enhance their cognitive development. * encourage kids to think about the world in different ways* schools have taken on more roles that were solely the parents responsibility.

Teacher’s Impact on Children’s Development: * Teachers are among the most important socialization agents. * The relationship with a teacher is important for academic success.

Popular Culture and the Media: Electronic Media:

* parents should limit or allow no television time to kids under 2. * 68% of kids 2 or younger watch an average of 2 to 3 hours of Television and 20% have a tv in their rooms. * 7th to 12th graders spend an average of 7 hours a day using electronic media. But they only spend an hour a day on homework

Advertising and Commercials: * The average young person under 18 views more than 3,000 ads every day on television, the internet, and billboards and in magazines. * Ads and commercials influence us by playing on our insecurities and our search for the quick fixes.