Biology

Definition

• Bio – Life• Logos – study of

• Includes life and all its processes• An interdisciplinary science - Needs other

sciences to fully explain and understand

Biology as an Interdisciplinary science

http://www.engeecon.com/biology/

Describe Living Organisms

Characteristics of Life

• Organized• Acquire energy• Maintain homeostasis• Respond to environment• Reproduce and develop• Adapt

Organized•Nature always follow a certain order (process)

• Emergent properties – result of different systems working together

http://www.fanpop.com/clubs/human-anatomy/images/10358268/title/human-anatomy-photo

Acquire Energy

• Producers (Autotrophs) – creates its own energy

• Consumers (Heterotrophs) – creates energy from complex substances

AutotrophsA. Photoautotrophs

uses light to make their own food

B. ChemoautotrophsUses inorganic chemicals to make their own food

http://www.theroadtoanywhere.com/giraffe-eating-tree-serengeti-tanzania-photo/

http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2020806_2020804_2020794,00.html

HeterotrophsA. Consumer – “eats”

other organisms

B. Decomposer (Saprophyte)

http://www.phschool.com/iText/biology/chapter8/section1/content2.html

http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/krubal/rainforest/Edit560s6/www/plants/saprophytes.html

Maintain Homeostasis

• State of biological balance

http://benmorristech.com/featured/jorge-luna-podcast-8-emotional-homeostasis-part-2-of-homeostasis/

Respond•To stimuli from the environment.

•Chemotaxis – movement in response to a chemical stimulant.

http://uptondaily.com/2013/07/10/impala-jumps-into-car-full-of-tourists-to-escape-two-hungry-cheetahs/

Reproduce and Develop•Reproduce – make another organism like itself

Unicellular (prokaryotes) – mitosis or split in twoMulticellular (eukaryotes) - fertilizationIncreases diversity of life

•Develop –”grow”

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=images+of+impala&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=662&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved

=0ahUKEwjLp5ua-YjKAhUBJKYKHVr5DMAQsAQIGQ#imgrc=1aBiEzF8xNVDGM%3A

Adapt•Changes that make an organism more suited to a particular environment.

•Main cause of evolution.

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/119345458849077788/

How did life start?

http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Early_Earth_Absorbed_More_Sunlight_999.html

Early Earth

• Prebiotic Earth–Pre – before–Bio- life

How Did Life Start?

• Energy was common that resulted to chemical reactions

–Radiation from the sun–Lightning bolts

• Energy “fused” elements in to organic chemicals

• Resulted to the common ancestor

Common Ancestor

?•Single Celled•Chemoautotroph•All the characteristics of life•All of life was derived from this common ancestor

Evolution

• Adaptation• Migration• Natural Selection• Genetic Drift• Mutation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite#/media/File:Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg

Stromatolite – photosynthetic cyanobacteria theorized to start the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Tree of Life

http://wordpress.mrreid.org/2011/10/26/dating-a-common-ancestor/

Levels of ClassificationDomain EukaryaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordotaClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HomonidaeGenus HomoSpecies H. sapiens

Two Domains of life

• Prokarya - single-celled organisms

• Eukarya - multicellular organisms

http://www.microregistrar.com/streptococcus-pyogenes-group-a/ http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150929-why-are-we-the-only-human-species-still-alive

Six Kingdom Systems

• Bacteria• Archaea• Protista• Plantae• Fungi• Animalia

Carl Linnaeus Started naming organisms using the binomial nomenclature.

Binomial Nomenclature uses latin words

ProkaryaBacteriaStreptococcus pyogenes

ArchaeaHalobacterium sp.

http://www.microregistrar.com/streptococcus-pyogenes-group-a/ http://evobites.com/2014/11/10/chaib_evolution_viral_life/

Eukarya

• Protista- Euglena spirogyra

• Fungi- Amanita phalloides

• Plantae- Nepenthes sp.

• Animalia - Oryctolagus cuniculus

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/

http://www.mykoweb.com/TFWNA/P-06.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher_plant

https://newevolutiondesigns.com/75-free-hd-animals-backgrounds

How did we come upon the six kingdom system?

Scientific Method

• Observation• Hypothesis• Experimentation/Observations• Conclusion• Scientific Theory

Goal of Scientific Method

• Understand our world in terms of scientific theories

–Scientific theories - concepts that join together well supported and related hypotheses

• If possible to create laws

Observation

• Nature is orderly, ergo natural laws do not change

• Use of all senses to “see” what happens

Hypothesis

• A statement based on scientific observations• Starting point of scientific investigation• Made through inductive reasoning

–Using isolated facts to make an assumption–Cause and effect reasoning

• Data that can be tested

Experiment/Observations

• Uses deductive reasoning to prove hypothesis• Based on hypothesis the scientist will create

an experimental design and may make predictions of the result.

• Control groups are always used• Results of the experiment are called data

Experiment

• Collect scientific data• Experimental design - should prove or

disprove your hypothesis–Parameters are set for reproducibility

Why reproducible?

Reproducibility

• To test the validity in different conditions• Same experiments give a larger base of

knowledge on the same subject• More studies done on the same subject can

result to the formation of scientific theories and possibly laws

Conclusion

• The result after data has been properly analyzed

Why Study Nature at All?

• Make Earth more habitable for us• Learn the "balance" of nature and co-exist

with its other inhabitants

http://www.allianceabroad.com/china/

Human Intervention without Proper Knowledge of Nature

http://www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9752/2605 http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep16b.htm

Humans are the master of animals, but is a slave to nature

Because our constant effort to control nature, not understand it may lead to our extinction as a

species

Next meeting...

• Review of basic chemistry