2

EPA standards for fuel economy and harmful emissions

Health and environmental effects of hydrocarbon fuel combustion

Idle reduction Immediate savings after

implementation Reduced consumption of foreign oil

Introduction

3

Lesson 1:Introduction to Idle

Reduction

4

Objectives Describe what idle reduction is Explain the basic history of idle

reduction strategies and technologies Describe how implementing idle

reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment

Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction

Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it

5

Petroleum and emissions reduction technologies and strategies

Idle = speed at which ICEs rotate under no throttle or load

Tachometer displays engine speed (600-1,000 rpm)

Smooth engine operation during acceleration from stop and adequate oil pressure

Definition of Idle Reduction

6

Transportation and convenience idling

Technologies, policies, strategies to reduce engine idle time

Strategies and technologies to reduce both transportation and convenience idling

Figure 1: The engine tachometer showing a vehicle’s idle speed. Source: NAFTC.

7

Did You Know?

Idling a vehicle may allow for the comforts of heat or A/C and the operation of accessories such as radios or other multimedia, but when your vehicle is idling, your fuel economy when not in motion is 0 mpg.

8

ICEs in use since the early 20th century Old = mechanical carburetors/fuel

pumping systems New = electronic throttle, high

pressure fuel system, electronic fuel injection

Idling vehicles produce no propulsion but still consume fuel and produce emissions

Basic History of Idle Reduction

9

Pre-heating, pre-cooling for comfort

Idling while waiting for traffic, etc. Load from accessories Long-haul trucks may idle up to

300 nights a year Non-driving time requirements

10

Policies for Idle Reduction U.S. EPA emissions and CAFE fuel

economy standards More attention is being paid to

emissions produced from idling Federal tax exemptions for heavy-duty

trucks New vehicles and aftermarket products Clean Cities program, SmartWay

Transportation, Clean School Bus USA partnership, and others

11

Figure 2: States that have policies or incentives to implement idle reduction technologies. Source: AFDC.

12

State enacted policies and idle limitations

Local and city government regulations

School bus emissions at idle

Amount of fuel used per idle time

Reduced idling = immediate fuel savingsFigure 3: School bus at idle, consuming

fuel and producing emissions. Source: EPA.

13

Did You Know?

Idling a car for one hour consumes about one gallon of fuel.

Source: http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/idling.html.

14

Cleaner, healthier planet Improved fuel efficiency and

reduced emissions Innovative technologies,

specialized technicians Technologies and strategies

implemented by both manufacturers and consumers

Idle Reduction Today

15

Consumer Idle Reduction Strategies Any reduction in idle time can save

fuel and reduce emissions Idling during in-city driving

Avoiding congested areas Limit idle time for convenience Immediate fuel savings

16

Manufacturer Idle Reduction New technologies, improved fuel

economy, and reduced emissions Light-, medium-, and heavy-duty

vehicle fuel savings Idle shutoff functions,

mild hybrid technologies APUs for long haul trucks TSE implementation

Figure 4: Driver in a long haul truck utilizing a type of TSE. Source: IdleAir.

17

Did You Know?

Truck idling uses approximately 3 billion gallons of fuel per year

• Approximately 1 billion gallons for overnight idling

• Roughly 2 billion gallons for workday idlingEvery hour a truck idles unnecessarily is

equivalent to about 8 to 10 miles of on-road driving.

Source: Argonne National Laboratory.

18

Personal and environmental health Financial and fuel economy

improvements Technologies manufacturing and

service Implementation by both consumers

and fleets Immediate reductions in fuel

consumption and emissions

Why Consider Idle Reduction?

19

Advantages of Idle Reduction Reduced fuel consumption Fewer vehicle emissions Lower operating costs Increased engine life No-cost implementation

20

Additional Points to Consider Possible capital investment Personal convenience may be

compromised

21

Health and environmental benefits Reduced fuel costs - economics Reduced dependence on foreign

oil – energy security

Benefits of Idle Reduction

22

Combustion of fuels produces harmful emissions

Creation of PM Respiratory and cardiovascular

complications Idle reduction reduces vehicle

emissions

Health Benefits

23

Emissions negatively affect the environment

GHG formation, climate change Idle reduction = reduced

emissions

Environmental Benefits

24

Excessive idling = unnecessary financial loss

Industry opportunity for implementation of idle reduction technologies

Reduced consumption = financial benefit for all drivers

Economic Benefits

25

Reduced idling = reduced fuel consumption

Reduced fuel consumption = reduced reliance on foreign oil

Nearly half of all petroleum used in the U.S. is imported

Energy Security Benefits

26

Upon completing this lesson, can you: Describe what idle reduction is? Explain the basic history of idle

reduction strategies and technologies? Describe how implementing idle

reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment?

Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction?

Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it?

27

1. True or False: Engine speeds of idling engines under no load are typically 600-1,000 rotations per minute (rpm).

2. What does the acronym TSE stand for and how does it relate to idle reduction?

3. A passenger car that is idles for one hour consumes about ___ gallon(s) of fuel.

4. True or False: Vehicles that are idling while not moving have a fuel economy of 0 miles per gallon (MPG).

Test Your Knowledge

28

Lesson 2:Idle Reduction Policies,

Infrastructure, andSustainability

29

Objectives Describe federal, state, and local

policies on idle reduction Explain how both manufacturers and

consumers can implement idle reduction strategies

Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction

Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency

30

Reduced allowable emissions from vehicles

CAFE fuel economy standards for passenger cars and trucks

New goals implemented by the Obama administration

Fuel economy gains of more than 5% per year

Idle Reduction Policies

31

Figure 5: New standards for light-duty vehicles in order to meet 2016 compliance. Source: EPA.

32

Figure 6: Compression-ignition engine emissions limits. Source: EPA.

33

Testing Procedures Pre-defined test cycles for light- and

heavy-duty vehicles Dynamometer vehicle testing Fuel waste and emissions from

overnight idling New technology development Strict standards and timelines

34

Figure 7: Test cycles for fuel economy and emissions of light-duty vehicles. Source: EPA.

35

Federal Idle Reduction Programs Clean Cities program

Reduce petroleum consumption Offers educational workshops, grants,

program development assistance SmartWay

Partnership between government and industry

Financing options for fuel-saving and emission reducing technologies

36

Clean School Bus USA Partnership between EPA and

private organizations Reduce children’s exposure to

school bus emissions Limit school bus idling

37

For more information on Clean Cities initiatives in your area, visit: www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities.

For more information on a SmartWay program, visit:

http://www.epa.gov/smartway/index.htm To learn more about another DOE idle

reduction project, visit: http://www.the-step-project.org

38

State Programs Individual regulations and incentives Incentives often based on vehicle

weight Truck stop electrification (TSE)

development Maximum idling time per hour Specific grant programs for idle

reduction implementation

39

To learn about other states laws, visit http:/www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state.

Andhttp://www.atri-online.org/

2012/01/01/idling-regulations-compendium/.

40

Local Maximum idle time in public places Idle time may vary by location,

proximity to certain businesses

Figure 8: Idle-Free Tennessee Program. Source: East Tennessee Clean Fuels Coalition.

41

New technologies help light- duty manufacturers reach CAFE/EPA standards

Light- and medium-duty mild hybrid implementation

Heavy-duty idle timer use Auxiliary power units (APUs)

Manufacturer Implementation

42

Purchase of new technologies/vehicles

Understand how the vehicle operates

Minimum warm-up/cool-down times

Planning trips/avoiding traffic congestion

Consumer Implementation

43

Distribution of Knowledge Strategies are implemented on

vehicles that are already in use Easily adapted for advanced

technology vehicles Immediate fuel and emissions

reductions

Distribution and Infrastructure

44

Infrastructure Some strategies requires no

infrastructure development Mild hybrid, HEV, EV production

already in place Heavy-duty sector development

APUs, TSE (possibility for up to 5,000 TSE sites)

Utilization of electricity over petroleum

45

Completely sustainable practices Small changes can affect fuel

consumption Less dependence on foreign oil

supplies Remember overnight commercial

truck idling consumes about 1 billion gallons a fuel a year

Sustainability

46

Cost Efficiency Immediate fuel savings Strategies can be implemented at no

cost Technology investment may be offset

by tax incentives and fuel savings

The Future of Idle Reduction Necessary part of achieving higher

fuel economy ratings Evolution from options to standard

equipment

47

Upon completing this lesson, can you: Describe federal, state, and local

policies on idle reduction? Explain how both manufacturers and

consumers can implement idle reduction strategies?

Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction?

Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency?

48

1. True or False: The Clean Cities and SmartWay transportation programs are examples of federal programs that address benefits of idle reduction.

2. In West Virginia, a heavy-duty vehicle may not operate more than ________ minutes within a sixty minute period.

3. The EPA estimates that overnight idling of long- haul trucks consumes 1 (thousand, million, billion) gallons of fuel annually.

4. True or False: Additions in TSE could provide up to 64 electrified truck stops nationwide.

Test Your Knowledge

49

Lesson 3:Idle Reduction

Technologies and Strategies

50

Objectives Explain some of the technologies and

strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the heavy-duty vehicle sector

Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the light- and medium-duty vehicle sector

Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle reduction technologies

Describe some of the vehicles available with idle reduction technologies already in place

51

Long-haul commercial freight carriers

Rest/driving requirements set by the U.S. DOT

Average truck idles more than 1,400 hours annually

Technology, strategy developments to reduce idle time

Heavy-Duty Idle Reduction

52

Strategies No up-front implementation cost State-enforced anti-idling laws Bus loading/unloading Warm-up and cool-down procedures

may require idle time

53

Technologies

Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)Electrified parking spots at truck stops

Enable drivers to meet rest requirements without idling

54

To find an electrified truck stop in your region, the DOE hosts a site locator searchable by zip code. It can be found at http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/tse.

55

Technologies Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)

Single-system vs. dual-system Single-system offers heating, A/C, electricity,

internet, cable Unit is placed in passenger window Offers connectivity and comfort features

Dual-system requires onboard equipment for each truck

Driver plugs truck in to the electrical outlet to power onboard equipment – known as “shore power”

56

Figure 9: Long-haul trucks using truck stop electrification. Source: EPA.

57

Technologies Onboard Equipment

Powered by external electrical source or existing fuel system

Use is more efficient than allowing the engine to idle

Onboard Heating Direct-fired = small furnaces Consumes only a small amount

of fuel per hour Coolant heaters = heat

transfer system Can be used to heat cabin and

warm engine in cold climatesFigure 10: Direct-fired heater installed in a long haul truck.

Source: DOT.

58

Technologies Onboard Cooling

Thermal storage, battery-electric air conditioners

Thermal storage: energy is stored during normal operation, used at a later time to cool cab

Battery-electric air conditioners: powered by onboard batteries that are charged at truck stops

Both produce zero local emissions

59

Technologies Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)

Small vehicle-mounted systems

Electrical generator powered by an internal combustion

engine Heat recapture from ICE Powers accessories, HVAC Rechargeable battery packs

Figure 11: Auxiliary power unit attached behind the fuel tank of a long haul truck. Source: IdleAir.

60

Over 234 million light-duty vehicles registered in 2010

Implementation of idle reduction strategies can have drastic effects

Enormous potential for reduced fuel consumption

Light- and Medium-Duty Idle Reduction

61

Strategies Provide immediate fuel savings Modern vehicle warm-up functions Extended idling situations Engine operation at higher speeds

62

Technologies Research is being conducted Advancements help reduce fuel

consumption Block Heaters

Use grid power to maintain engine temperature

Operate on standard 120VAC outlet Reduces ‘necessary’ idle time

63

Mild Hybrids Idle shutoff function Small battery pack and

motor/generator (MG) Used only for short amounts of time Reduce idle time by shutting ICE off

Other Idle Shutoff Technologies Advanced engine technologies reduce

amount of energy needed to restart engine

Conventional starters Micro-hybrids

64

Similar if not the same as conventional vehicles

Regular scheduled maintenance Same performance, reduced fuel

consumption Same safety systems as

conventional vehicles

Vehicle Maintenance, Performance, and Safety

65

Upon completing this lesson, can you: Explain some of the technologies and

strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the heavy-duty vehicle sector?

Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the light-duty vehicle sector?

Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle reduction technologies?

Describe some of the vehicles available with idle reduction technologies already in place?

66

1. True or False: The only idle reduction option for light-duty consumers is to purchase new mild hybrid vehicles.

2. What does the acronym APU stand for?3. _____________ heaters are like small

furnaces that can be used to heat the cabs of long-haul trucks.

4. True or False: Commercial truckers are required to take minimum amounts of rest time from driving each day.

Test Your Knowledge