Numericsptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/1587051591/index/... · 2009. 6. 9. · radio frequency spectrum, 549–550 standards, 534–536 CDMA2000, 537–538 GSM, 536–537 IMT-2000,

I

N

D

E

X

Numerics

10 Gigabit Ethernet, 275–277

optical networks, 278–280

pluggable optics, 288–292

10GBASE-ER, 290

10GBASE-LR, 289

10GBASE-LX4, 290

10GBASE-SR, 289

10GBASE-SW, 290

10GE, 275–277

optical networks, 278–280

pluggable optics, 288–292

1G (first-generation systems), 541

2.5G systems, cellular mobility, 542

2G (second-generation systems), 542

3G systems (third-generation), 542–543

4G systems, 543

4GMF (4th Generation Mobile Forum), 543

4th Generation Mobile Forum (4GMF), 543

6Bone, 42

802.11 standards

timeline, 556

WLANs, 553–555

comparing revisions, 558–559diffused infrared, 553DSSS, 554–555FHSS, 553–554revision a, 556–557revision b, 555–556revision g, 558

802.16 standard, WLANs, 559–560

802.17 protocol, RPR architecture, 268–271

8900 Series, 113

A

AALs (ATM Adaptation Layers), 105

access

control, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81

layers, multilayer switching, 59

points, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 80

policy servers, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81

Access VPNs, 164, 171–172

IPSec (IP security), 172–175

firewall, 176hardware clients, 176–177remote-site routers, 177software-based clients, 174–176

MPLS, 182

benefits, 185function, 183–185

SSL (secure socket layer), 177–179

wireless, 179

hardware-based, 181security, 182software-based, 180

Access Zone Router (AZR), Cisco PWLAN

architecture, 81

add/drop multiplexers (ADMs), SONET/SDH

networks, 261

addressing, LANs IP routing, 52

ADMs (add/drop multiplexers), SONET/SDH

networks, 261

ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), 478–479

data rates, 482

distance limitations, 483

filter, 481

modems, 479–480

multiplexing standards, 480–481

service selection, 483–484

ADSL2, 484–485

ADSL2+, 484–485

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), 524, 529

aggregation layers, ISDN wireline networks,

472–474

AGS (Cisco Advanced Gateway Server), 47

AH (authentication header), 166–167

amplification

ELH, 430–431

578

metro DWDM, 357

ULH, 434

amplifiers

DWDM long-haul networks, 418–420

submarine long-haul networks, 437–438

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), 524, 529

analog

technologies, cellular mobility, 524–528

transmissions, residential loop, 459

Antheil, George, 530

Any Transport over MPLS (AToM), 195–198

any-to-any connectivity, MPLS Layer 3 VPNs,

192–194

AoMPLS (ATM over MPLS), 68

APC (Automatic Power Control), 407

APDs (avalanche photodiodes), 238

APONs (ATM PONs), 315

application service providers (ASPs), 85

architectures

ULH OXC, 434–435

WANs (long IP networks), 64

ASPs (application service providers), 85

Asymmetric DSL (ADSL), 476–479

data rates, 482

distance limitations, 483

filter, 481

modems, 479–480

multiplexing standards, 480–481

service selection, 483–484

Asymmetric DSL (ADSL), 476

Asymmetric DSL-Lite (G.Lite), 476

ATM

cell tax, 105

cell-based MPLS components, 118–119

multiservice networks, 104–106

next-generation multiservice switching,

108–110

VPNs (virtual private networks), 161–163

ATM Adaptation Layers (AALs), 105

ATM LSR, 119–120

ATM over MPLS (AoMPLS), 68

ATM PONs (APONs), 315

AToM (Ant Transport over MPLS), 195–198

authentication header (AH), 166–167

Automatic Power Control (APC), 407

avalanche photodiodes (APDs), 238

AZR (Access Zone Router), Cisco PWLAN

architecture, 81

B

bandwidths

STS, 141


basic rate interface (BRI), 464–465

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 52

B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital

Network), 104, 466

Bluetooth, WPANs, 560–561

bonded T1s, 463

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 52

BPX 8600 Series, 110

BRAS (Broadband Remote Access Server), 475, 492

BRI (basic rate interface), 464–465

broadband

wireline networks

cable, 493–502DSL, 475–490DSLAM, 490–492Ethernet, 502–509

digital access cross-connects, SONET/SDH

networks, 262

Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-

ISDN), 104, 466

Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS), 475, 492

C

cable, broadband wireline networks, 493–494

CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System),

500–502

amplification

579

standards, 496–500

technology, 494–495

Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS), 494,

500–502

called distributed CEF (dCEF), 61

capacity

Global IP networks, 88–89

metro DWDM, 357–358

WLANs (wireless LANs), 74–75

CDMA (code division multiple access), 18, 530

digital cellular technology, 530–532

direct spread, 540

multicarrier, 540

time division duplexing, 540

CDMA 1x EV-DO, 18

CDMA2000, 532

cellular standards, 537–538

data mobility, 545–546

CDMA2000 1x, 18, 532, 545

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, 532

CDMA2000 1xEV-DV, 532–546

cdmaOne, 532

CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), 60

cells

clusters, analog technology, 524–528

MPLS, 118

ATM components, 118–119ATM LSR, 119–120Cisco ATM multiservice switches,

120–121eLSR, 119–120

cellular mobility, 523–524

analog technology, 524–528

call transmission, 551

data overlay, 544, 547

CDMA2000, 545–546data rates, 548–549EDGE, 545GPRS, 544–545HSCSD, 544

HSDPA, 547TD-SCDMA, 547WCDMA, 546

digital technology, 529

CDMA, 530–532OFDM, 532–533TDMA, 529–530

functional generations, 541

2.5G system, 5424G systems, 543first-generation (1G), 541second-generation (2G), 542third-generation (3G), 542–543

networks, 82

Cisco Mobile Exchange Frameworks, 84–87

MPLS, 84packet gateways on router platforms,

82–83packet-based VoIP, 84RAN support, 83SS7oIP, 83WLAN 802.11, 83–84

radio frequency spectrum, 549–550

standards, 534–536

CDMA2000, 537–538GSM, 536–537IMT-2000, 539–541PCS, 538UTMS, 539

Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association

website, 17

channels

counts, metro DWDM, 358

DWDM design, 250–251

optical impairments, 249

chromatic dispersion, 248

CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), 39

Cisco

next-generation multiservice networks, 110

Cisco 8900 Series, 113Cisco BPX 8600 Series, 110Cisco IGX 8400 Series, 113

Cisco

580

Cisco MGX 8250 Edge Concentrator, 112Cisco MGX 8800 Series, 112

website, 43

Cisco 8900 Series, 113

Cisco Advanced Gateway Server (AGS), 47

Cisco BPX 8600 Series, 110

Cisco CNS SESM, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81

Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, 126

8-slot single-shelf systems, 131


hardware design

Fabric Chassis, 128–129line card shelves, 126–127

Multishelf Systems, 129–131

Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), 60

Cisco IGX 8400 Series, 113

Cisco Information Center, 81

Cisco IOS XR Software, multiservice network

routing, 132–133

Cisco MGS series routers, 12

Cisco MGX 8250 Edge Concentrator, 112

Cisco MGX 8800 Series, 112

Cisco Mobile Exchange Framework, IP cellular

networks, 84–87

Cisco ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data card,

143–144

Cisco ONS 15454 E Series Ethernet data card, 142

Cisco ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card,

142–143

Cisco ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data card,

143

Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP, 405–408

Cisco ONS 15808 DWDM System, 402–405

Cisco XR 12000 Series Routers, 133–134

architecture, 134–136

capacities, 136–138

cladding, optical fiber, 233

Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR), 39

Clinton, President Bill, Telecommunications Reform

Act of 1996, 8

CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System), 494,

500–502

CNS Performance Engine (CNS-PE), 81

CNS-PE (CNS Performance Engine), 81

coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM),

242, 254–257, 359–360

coating, optical fiber, 233

coaxial cables, 493

code division multiple access.

See

CDMA

coded OFDM (COFDM), 555

COFDM (coded OFDM), 555

communications networks

era of changes, 5–8

government regulation, 8–11

technological advancement, 11–12

IP (Internet Protocol) growth, 12–14optical communications growth, 14–17wireless communications, 17–20

components, optical networking, 228–229

electromagnetic spectrum, 230–232

lambdas, 229–230

light

emitters, 232–233receivers, 238

optical fiber, 233–238

computing power, 5

core layers, multilayer switching, 59

core networks, 138–139

MSPPs (Multiservice Provisioning Platform),

140–141

Cisco ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data card, 143–144


Cisco ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card, 142–143

Cisco ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data card, 143

MSSPs (Multiservice Switching Platforms),

144–147

core optical fiber, 233

Corning LEAF fiber, 237

Cisco

581

Corning SMF-28 fiber, 236

Corning SMF-28e fiber, 236

Corning SMF-DS fiber, 236

Corning SMF-NZ-DSF fiber, 236

Corning VASCADE fiber, 237

correspondent nodes, 71

CPE, customer premise equipment), 45

CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, 126



hardware design


Multishelf Systems, 129–131

customer premise equipment (CPE), 45

CWDM (coarse wavelength division multiplexing),

242, 254–257, 359–360

D

DACs (digital access cross-connect systems),

SONET/SDH networks, 262

dark fiber, 250

dark lambdas, 250

dark wavelengths, 250

DAT (Distributed Administration Tool), 81

data

ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), 482

cellular mobility, 544, 547

CDMA2000, 545–546data rates, 548–549EDGE, 545GPRS, 544–545HSCSD, 544HSDPA, 547TD-SCDMA, 547WCDMA, 546

era of change, 5

forwarding, IPSec (IP security), 168

transport mode, 170tunnel mode, 168–169

IP (Internet Protocol), converged networks, 44

modulation, ULH, 435

SONET/SDH, 266

wireline networks, 457–458, 509

broadband, 475–509narrowband, 458–474next-generation networks, 23–24

dCEF (called distributed CEF), 61

dense wavelength division multiplexing.

See

DWDM

density, multilambda networks, 242

DFB (distributed feedback), 416

Diffie-Hellman, authentication key methods, 167

diffused infrared, 75, 553

digital access cross-connect systems (DACSs),

SONET/SDH networks, 262

digital access technologies, WLANs (wireless

LANs), 75–76

Digital AMPS, 529

digital certificates, authentication key methods, 167

digital loop carrier (DLC), 472–474

digital signal one (DS1), 461–463

digital signal zero (DS0), 460

Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

(DSLAM), 475

Digital Subscriber Line.

See

DSL

digital technologies

cellular mobility, 529

CDMA, 530–532OFDM, 532–533TDMA, 529–530

wireline networks, 460–461

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum.

See

DSSS

dispersion

management, ULH, 433–434

optical impairments, 248–249

shifted fiber, 250

Distributed Administration Tool (DAT), 81

distributed feedback (DFB), 416

distribution layers, multilayer switching, 59

distribution layers, multilayer switching

582

DLC (digital loop carrier), 472–474

DMVPN (dynamic multipoint VPN), 189

DOCSIS 1.0 standard, 497–498

DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 266–268,

346–348

benefits, 274

Ethernet, 284–285

SRP protocol, 271–273

DS0 (digital signal zero), 460

DS1 (digital signal one), 461–463

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 475–478

ADSL, 478–479

data rates, 482distance limitations, 483filter, 481modems, 479–480multiplexing standards, 480–481service selection, 483–484

ADSL2, 484–485

ADSL2+, 484–485

SHDSL (Single-Pair High-Rate DSL), 485–486

VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL), 486–490

DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access

Multiplexer), 475

broadband aggregation layer, 490

basics, 491–492BRAS (Broadband Remote Access

Server), 492DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum), 553

802.11 standard, 554–555

wireless digital access technologies, 75

DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing),

242–246, 494

design

balance, 252channel count, 250channel plans, 251transponders, 251

fiber types, 249–250

intelligence and integration, 252–254

long-haul optical networks, 410, 422–424

lasers, 413–414

optical amplifiers, 418–420optical power budget, 423–429optical regeneration, 421–422tunable components, 415–418waveguide challenges, 410–413

metropolitan optical networks, 349

business drivers, 349–350CWDM, 359–360design considerations, 356–358enabled services, 360–361technology, 351–355

network topology discovery, 407

optical impairments, 246

channels, 249dispersion, 248–249power loss, 248

dynamic multipoint VPN (DMVPN), 189

Dynamic Packet Transport.

See

DPT

E

EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol), 76

EAP-TLS (Extensible Authentication Protocol-

Transport Layer Security), 77

ECLs (external-cavity lasers), 416

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution),

18, 83, 544–545

edge label switch router (eLSR), 115, 119–120

edge network switching, 138–139


140–141






144–147

EFM OAM (Ethernet in the First Mile Operations,

Administration, and Maintenance), 504, 508

DLC (digital loop carrier)

583

EFMC (Ethernet in the First Mile over Copper),

504–505

EFMF (Ethernet in the First Mile over Point-to-

Point Fiber), 504–506

EFMP (Ethernet in the First Mile over Passive

Optical Networks), 504, 507–508

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing

Protocol), 52

Einstein, Albert, stimulated emission of radiation,

229

electromagnetic spectrums

optical networking, 230–232

technological refinement, 5–6

ELH (Extended Long-Haul Optical Networks), 429

advanced fiber, 430

FEC, 431

L band, 430

modulation formats, 431–432

raman amplification, 430–431

eLSR (edge label switch router), 115, 119–120

EMS (Ethernet Multipoint Service), 363–367

encapsulating security payload (ESP), 168

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE),

18, 83, 544–545

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

(EIGRP), 52

Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON), 380–381

enterprise-managed VPNs, 216–217

EoMPLS (Ethernet over MPLS), 68

EPL (Ethernet Private Line), 363–365

EPONs (Ethernet over passive optical networks),

315, 503

EPR (Ethernet Private Ring), 363, 366

EPS, IPSec headers, 168

ERMS (Ethernet Multipoint Service), 363, 367

errors, LANs IP routing, 53

ERS (Ethernet Relay Service), 363–365

ESCON (Enterprise Systems Connection), 380–381

ESP (encapsulating security payload), 168

Ethernet

broadband wireline networks, 502–504

EFM OAM, 508EFMC, 504–505EFMF, 506EFMP, 507–508new access choices, 508–509

LANs (local area networks), 48–50

metropolitan optical networks, 361–362

LAN to MAN, 362–363market requirements, 367, 370–371service orienting, 371services, 363–369


10GE, 278–280direct over optical fiber, 285–292Gigabit Ethernet, 278next-generation SONET/SDH, 280–283RPR/DPT, 284–285

switching

Layer 2, 55–57multilayer, 58–60optimizing multilayer, 60–62

WANs (long IP networks), 68–69

Ethernet Multipoint Service (EMS), 363–367

Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS), 68

Ethernet over passive optical networks (EPONs),

315, 503

Ethernet Private Line (EPL), 363–365

Ethernet Private Ring (EPR), 363, 366

Ethernet Relay Multipoint Service (ERMS), 363, 367

Ethernet Relay Service (ERS), 363–365

Ethernet Wire Service (EWS), 363–365

EWS (Ethernet Wire Service), 363–365

excitation, 229

Extended Long-Haul Optical Networks.

See

ELH

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), 76

Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer

Security (EAP-TLS), 77

external-cavity lasers (ECLs), 416

Extranet MVPNs, 210

Extranet VPNs, 165, 211–213

Extranet VPNs

584

F

Fabric Chassis, Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing

System, 128–129

Fast Ethernet, 280

FDD (frequency division duplexing), 531

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), 46

FDMA (frequency division multiple access), 524,

540

FEC (Forward Error Correction), 431, 531

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum), 553

802.11 standard, 553–554


FIB (forwarding information base), 60

fiber

DWDM, 249–250

ELH, 430


submarine long-haul networks, 436–438

Fiber Connection (FICON), 381–383

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 46

fiber to the node (FTTN), 311

fibre channels, metro storage networks, 377–379

FICON (Fiber Connection), 381–383

filters, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), 481

firewalls, remote-site IPSec VPNs, 176

first generation systems (1G), 541

fixed wireless, WLANs, 563

LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service),

565

MMDS (multichannel multipoint distribution

service), 564–565

VOFDM (vector orthogonal frequency division

multiplexing), 564

foreign agents, Mobile IP, 71

Forward Error Correction (FEC), 431, 531

forwarding information base (FIB), 60

Frame Relay

Hub-and-Spoke Design, 66

ISDN wireline networks, 467–472

VPNs (virtual private networks), 161–163


Frame Relay over MPLS (FRoMPLS), 68

frame-based MPLS

function, 116–117

terminology, 115–116

frequency division duplexing (FDD), 531

frequency division multiple access (FDMA), 524,

540

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum.

See

FHSS

FRoMPLS (Frame Relay over MPLS), 68

FTTN (fiber to the node), 311

G

GBICs (Gigabit Interface Converters), 251, 286–288

Generalized Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 18, 83,

544

generations, cellular mobility, 541

2.5G system, 542

4G systems, 543

first-generation (1G), 541

second-generation (2G), 542

third-generation (3G), 542–543

Generic Framing Procedure standard (GFP

standard), 281–282

GFP (Generic Framing Procedure), 281–282, 333

GFP framed (GFP-F), 282

GFP transparent (GFP-T), 282

GFP-F (GFP framed), 282

GFP-T (GFP transparent), 282

Gigabit Ethernet, 275–277, 280

optical networks, 278

over optical fiber, 285–286

Gigabit Interface Converters (GBICs), 251, 286–288

Gigabit PONs (GPONs), 315

Global IP networks, 87–88

capacity, 88–89

Internet, 90–92

resiliency, 89–90

Fabric Chassis, Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System

585

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),

18, 536–537

Globally Resilient IP (GRIP), 89

governments, telecommunications regulation, 8–11

GPONs (Gigabit PONs), 315

GPRS (Generalized Packet Radio Service), 18, 83,

544–545

GRIP (Globally Resilient IP), 89

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications),

18, 536–537

H

hard handoffs, 529

hardware

Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System


IPSec VPN clients, 176–177

wireless VPNs, 181

HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure), 529

HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) protocol, 66

HDSL (High Data Rate DSL), 477

HDSL2 (High Data Rate DSL-2), 477

headers, IPSec (IP security), 166

AH (authentication header), 166–167

ESP (encapsulating security payload), 168

HFC systems, 494

Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS), 529

high availability, IP VPNs, 164

High Data Rate DSL (HDSL), 477

High Data Rate DSL-2 (HDSL2), 477

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol, 66

High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), 544

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA),

544, 547

histories, IP (Internet Protocol), 36

technology share, 36–38

version 4, 38–40

version 6, 40–43

home agent, Mobile ID, 71

hosted storage networks, service POPs, 329

hosted telephony, service POPs, 328

HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data), 544

HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access),

544, 547

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 7

hub nodes, long-haul optical networks, 400

hub-and-spoke design, intranet VPNs, 188

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 7

I–J

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 51

IBM SNA (Systems Network Architecture), 12

IDSL (ISDN DSL), 477

IEEE 802.11x standard, 74

IEEE standards, 75

IETF RFC 2002, 70

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 52

IGX 8400 Series, 113

IKE (Internet Key Exchange), 166

ILEC (Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier), 466

IMT-2000, cellular standard, 539–541

Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier (ILEC), 466

infrared, diffused, 553

infrastructures, convergence, 26–28

Integrated Services Digital Network.

See

ISDN

inter-AS MVPNs, 210

interexchange carriers (IXCs), 397

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), 52

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS),

52

internal networks.

See

intranet VPNs

Internet

Global IP network, 90–92

service accesses, 7

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 51

Internet Key Exchange, 166

Internet Protocol.

See

IP

Internet Protocol

586

Internet Protocol Suite, 37

Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching

(IP/MPLS), 67

Internet service providers (ISPs), 85

Internet Software Consortium website, 13

intranet VPNs, 165, 186

IPSec designs, 188

components, 189DMVPN (dynamic multipoint VPN), 189full-mesh on-demand with TED, 188–189hub-and-spoke, 188

L2TPv3, 202–204

MPLS Layer 2, 194–195

AToM, 195–198VPLS, 198–202

MPLS Layer 3, 190–194

MVPNs, 205

Cisco introduction, 207Extranet, 210inter-AS, 210MDs, 209–210MDT, 208MPLS need, 206MTI, 208mVRFs, 207SSM, 210

site-to-site, 186–188

IOS XR Software, multiservice network routing,

132–133

IP (Internet Protocol), 4

advancement, 12–14

converged networks, 44

future, 92–93

Global networks, 87–88

capacity, 88–89Internet, 90–92resiliency, 89–90

history, 36

technology share, 36–38version 4, 38–40version 6, 40–43


Ethernet, 48–50

routing, 50–55switching, 55–62technologies, 46–48


DPT, 346–348MPLS, 348–349RPR, 341–346

mobile networks, 69–72

cellular networks, 82–87WLANs (Wireless LANs), 73

next-generation networks, 21

routing, service POPs, 328

technology, 93

business drivers, 96–100network summary, 95–96viewpoints, 93–95

VPNs, 163–165


architecture changes, 64bandwidth, 63regulatory policy changes, 64technologies, 65–69

IP security.

See

IPSec

IP/MPLS (Internet Protocol Multiprotocol Label),

67

IPSec (IP security), 76, 165, 170–171

intranet VPNs designs, 188

components, 189DMVPN (dynamic multipoint VPN), 189full-mesh on-demand with TED, 188–189hub-and-spoke, 188

multiservice VPNs, 213–216

remote-access VPNs, 172–175

firewalls, 176hardware clients, 176–177remote-site routers, 177software-based clients, 174–176

SAs, 166

site-to-site VPNs, 186–188

VPNs, 165–166

data forwarding, 168–170headers, 166–168technologies, 170–171

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4), 38–40

Internet Protocol Suite

587

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), 40–43

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 463

wireline networks, 464

BRI, 464–465challenges, 466–467PRI, 465SS7, 466

ISDN DSL (IDSL), 477

IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System),

52

ISPs (Internet service providers), 85

ITU-T G.709 OTN, 292–294

control plane, 295–297

IP over optical, 294

IXCs (interexchange carriers), 397

K–L

key exchange SAs, 166

L band, ELH, 430

L2TPv3 (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3),

202–204

label switch router. See LSR, 115

Lamarr, Hedy, 530

Lamarr-Antheil patent, 530

lambdas, 229–230

LAN Management Solution (LMS), 81

LANs (local area networks), 37, 44–46

Ethernet, 48–50

IP routing, 50–51

application multiplexing, 54–55global addressing, 52packets, 51–52TCP/IP, 53windowing flow control, 53

IP support, 37

metro Ethernet, 362–363

switching

Layer 2, 55–56Layer 3, 56–57

multilayer, 58–60optimizing multilayer, 60–62

technologies, 46–48

lasers


ULH, 433

Layer 2

MPLS VPNs, 194–195

AToM, 195–198VPLS, 198–202

switching, LANs (local area networks), 55–56

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3 (L2TPv3),

202–204

Layer 3

MPLS VPNs, 190–194

switching, LANs (local area networks), 56–57

LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme), 283,

333–334

LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication

Protocol), 76

lights

emitters, 232–233


propagating, 239–241

receivers, 238

Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol

(LEAP), 76

line card shelves, Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing

System hardware, 126–127

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS), 283,

333–334

LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service), 565

LMS (LAN Management Solution), 81

local area networks.

See

LANs

local loops, 459

Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), 565

long IP networks.

See

WANs

long-haul optical networks, 397–399, 444–447,

450–452

DWDM, 410

long-haul optical networks

588

lasers, 413–414optical amplifiers, 418–420optical power budget, 423–429optical regeneration, 421–422tunable components, 415–418waveguide challenges, 410–413wavelengths, 422–424

ELH, 429

advanced fiber, 430FEC, 431L band, 430modulation formats, 431–432raman amplification, 430–431

nodes, 400–402

OXCs, 438–439

hybrid technologies, 444LOEO, 439–440OOO, 440–443

submarine, 435–438

technologies, 402, 444–447, 450–452

Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP, 405–408Cisco ONS 15808 DWDM System,

402–405ROADM, 408–410

ULH, 432–433

amplification, 434data modulation, 435dispersion management, 433–434laser accuracy, 433OXC architectures, 434–435

long-wavelength band ELH, 430

low-loss wavelengths, 240

LSR (label switch router), 115

M

MAC protocol, 268

macro cells, GSM, 536

management, IP VPNs, 164

MANs (metropolitan area networks), 138–139



140–141






144–147

MDs (Multicast Domains), 209–210

MDT (Multicast Distribution Tree), 208

Media Access Control protocol, 268

Metcalfe, Bob, Ethernet, 48

metro access, 311–312

business access, 312–313

PONs (passive optical networks), 314–317

residential access, 313–314

tiered metropolitan optical network, 310

metro core, 321

defining, 322–323

metro edge connection to service POP, 326

scaling bandwidth, 323–324


topology scaling, 324–325

metro DWDM, metropolitan optical networks, 349

business drivers, 349–350

CWDM, 359–360

design considerations, 356–358

enabled services, 360–361

technology, 351–355

metro edge, 317

bandwidth and services increase, 320–321

connecting metro access layer, 319–320

evolution, 318

increased intelligence, 318–319


metro Ethernet, metropolitan optical networks,

361–362

LAN to MAN, 362–363

long-haul optical networks

589

market requirements, 367, 370–371

service orienting, 371

services, 363–369

metro IP, metropolitan optical networks, 340–341

DPT, 346–348

MPLS, 348–349

RPR, 341–346

metro MSPP, metropolitan optical networks, 372

metro MSSP, metropolitan optical networks,

372–373

metro MSTP, metropolitan optical networks,

373–377

metro regional, 330–331

metropolitan area networks.

See

MANs


business drivers, 308–309

functional infrastructure, 309–311

metro access, 311–317metro core, 321–326metro edge, 317–321metro regional, 330–331service POP, 327–330

metro DWDM, 349, 360–361

business drivers, 349–350CWDM, 359–360design considerations, 356–358technology, 351–355


LAN to MAN, 362–363market requirements, 367, 370–371service orienting, 371services, 363–369

metro IP, 340–341

DPT, 346–348MPLS, 348–349RPR, 341–346

metro MSPP, 372

metro MSSP, 372–373

metro MSTP, 373–377

SONET/SDH networks, 331–332

GFP, 333LCAS, 333–334

packet movement, 335–340VCAT, 332

storage networks, 377

ESCON, 380–381fibre channel, 377–379FICON, 381–383

technology, 383–385, 388–391

metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), 536

MGX 8250 Edge Concentrator, 112

MGX 8800 Series, 112

micro cells, GSM, 536

MID (Mobile Identification Number), 528

MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution

Service), 564–565

MMF (multimode fiber), 234–235

Mobile Identification Number (MID), 528

Mobile IP networks, 69–72

cellular networks, 82

Cisco Mobile Exchange Framework, 84–87

MPLS, 84packet gateways on router platforms,

82–83packet-based VoIP, 84RAN support, 83SS7oIP, 83WLAN 802.11, 83–84

WLANs (Wireless LANs)

private, 73–78public, 78–81

mobile node, Mobile IP, 71

mobile operators, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81

mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), 85

mobility cellular networks, 82

Cisco Mobile Exchange Framework, 84–87

MPLS, 84

packet-based VoIP, 84

platform gateways on router platforms, 82–83

RAN support, 83

SS7oIP, 83

WLAN 802.11, 83–84

modems, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), 479–480

modems, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)

590

modulation formats, ELH, 431–432

Moore, Gordon, 533

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 114–115

benefits, 123

cell-based, 118

ATM components, 118–119ATM LSR, 119–120Cisco ATM multiservice switches,

120–121eLSR, 119–120

frame-based

function, 116–117terminology, 115–116

IP cellular networks, 84

large enterprise example benefits, 124–125

Layer 2 VPNs, 194–195

AToM, 195–198VPLS, 198–202

Layer 3 VPNs, 190–194

metro IP, 348–349

remote-access VPNs, 182–185

services, 121–122

MSAs (metropolitan statistical area), 536

MSDSL (Multirate Symmetric DSL), 477

MSPPs (Multiservice Provisioning Platforms),

138–141, 372, 405

Cisco ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data

card, 143–144

Cisco ONS 15454 E Series Ethernet data card,

142

Cisco ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card,

142–143

Cisco ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data

card, 143

MSSPs (Multiservice Switching Platforms), 138,

144–147, 372–373

MSTP (Multiservice Transport Platform), 373–377

MTI (Multicast Tunnel Interface), 208

Multicast Distribution Tree (MDT), 208

Multicast Domains (MDs), 209–210

Multicast Tunnel Interface (MTI), 208

Multicast VPNs.

See

MVPNs

Multicast VRFs (mVRFs), 207

Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service

(MMDS), 564–565

multilayer switching, LANs (local area networks),

58–62

multimode fiber (MMF), 234–235

multiplexing

ADSL (Asymmetic DSL), 480–481

LAN applications, 54–55

Multiprotocol Label Switching.

See

MPLS

Multirate Symmetric DSL (MSDSL), 477


ATM, 104–106

MANs (metropolitan area networks), 138–139

MSPPs (Multiservice Provisioning Platform), 140–144

MSSPs (Multiservice Switching Platforms), 144–147

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching Net-

works), 114–115

benefits, 123cell-based, 118–121frame-based, 115–117large enterprise example benefits,

124–125services, 121–122

next-generation, 107

ATM switching, 108–110Cisco switches, 110–113networks, 21–22

routers, 125–126

Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, 126–131

Cisco IOS XR Software, 132–133Cisco XR 12000 Series Routers, 133–138

technologies, 150

Multiservice Provisioning Platforms.

See

MSPPs

Multiservice Switching Platforms (MSSPs), 138,

144–147, 372–373

Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP), 373–377

multiservice VPNs, 213–216

modulation formats, ELH

591

Multishelf Systems, Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing

System, 129–131

MVNOs (mobile virtual network operators), 85

MVPNs (Multicast VPNs), 205

Cisco introduction, 207

Extranet, 210

inter-AS, 210

MDs, 209–210

MDT, 208

MPLS need, 206

MTI, 208

mVRFs, 207

SSM, 210

mVRFs (multicast VRFs), 207

N

narrowband wireline networks, 458–459

aggregation layer through DLC, 472–474

digital technology, 460–461

DS1, 461–463

frame relay, 467–472

ISDN, 464–467

residential loop, 459

NAT (Network Address Translation), 40

Network Address Translation (NAT), 40

networking




Networking Services Configuration Engine, 81

networks

era of changes, 5–8

management, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81

multiservice, 103–104

ATM, 104–106MANs (metropolitan area networks),

138–147

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching Networks), 114–125

next-generation, 107–113routing, 125–138technologies, 150

next-generation, 20–21

IP (Internet Protocol), 21multiservice networks, 21–22optical networks, 23services, 25–30VPNs, 22–23wireless networks, 24–25wireline networks, 23–24

next-generation multiservice networks, 107

ATM switching, 108–110

Cisco switches, 110

Cisco 8900 Series, 113Cisco BPX 8600 Series, 110Cisco IGX 8400 Series, 113Cisco MGX 8250 Edge Concentrator,

112Cisco MGX 8800 Series, 112

next-generation networks, 20–21



optical networks, 23

services, 25–26

convergence, 28–29infrastructure convergence, 26–28transformation from technology push,

29–30VPNs, 22–23

wireless networks, 24–25


nodes, long-haul optical networks, 400–402

non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, 250

O

OADM nodes (optical add/drop multiplexing

nodes), 400

ODR (On-Demand Routing), 52

ODR (On-Demand Routing)

592

OEO (Optical to Electrical to Optical), 439–440

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing), 532, 555



WLANs, 555

On-Demand Routing (ODR), 52

ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data card,

143–144

ONS 15454 E Series Ethernet data card, 142

ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card, 142–143

ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data card, 143

OOO (Optical to Optical to Optical), 440

OXCs, 440–441

challenges, 442–443requirements, 441services, 441–442

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), 52

Open System Interconnection (OSI), 36–37

optical add/drop multiplexing nodes (OADM

nodes), 400

optical amplifiers, DWDM long-haul networks,

418–420

optical communications, 4, 14–17

Optical Cross-Connects.

See

OXCs

optical fiber

Ethernet, 285

10GE pluggable optics, 288–292GBICs (Gigabit Interface Converters),

286–288Gigabit Ethernet, 285–286


MMF (multimode fiber), 234–235SMF (single-mode fiber), 235–238

optical line amplifier nodes, long-haul optical

networks, 400

optical networking, 227

components, 228–229

electromagnetic spectrum, 230–232lambdas, 229–230light emitters, 232–233

light receivers, 238optical fiber, 233–238


Ethernet, 274–277

10GE, 278–280direct over optical fiber, 285–292Gigabit Ethernet, 278next-generation SONET/SDH,

280–283RPR/DPT, 284–285

facilitating, 241–242

CWDM (coarse wavelength division multiplexing), 254–257

DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing), 244–254

WDM (wavelength division multiplexing), 242–244

light, 227–228

next-generation networks, 23

OTN (optical transport network), 292–294

control plane, 295–297IP over optical, 294

propagating light, 239–241

SONET/SDH, 257–258

data challenges, 266hierarchy, 259–260network elements, 261–262origins, 258–259Pos/SDH (packet over SONET/SDH),

263–265statistical multiplexing

DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 266–274

RPR (Resilient Packet Ring), 266–274technologies, 300–302

optical power budget, DWDM long-haul networks,

423

considerations, 425–428

decibels, 428–429

optical regeneration, DWDM long-haul networks,

421–422

optical supervisory channel (OSC), 253

Optical to Electrical to Optical (OEO), 439–440

OEO (Optical to Electrical to Optical)

593

Optical to Optical to Optical.

See

OOO

optical transport network.

See

OTN

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.

See

OFDM

OSC (optical supervisory channel), 253

OSI (Open System Interconnection), 36–37

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 52

OTN (optical transport network), 292–294

control plane, 295–297

IP over optical, 294

OXCs (Optical Cross-Connects), 438–439

architectures, 434–435

hybrid technologies, 444

OEO, 439–440

OOO, 440–441

challenges, 442–443requirements, 441services, 441–442

P

packet over SONET/SDH (PoS/SDH), 263–265

PacketCable, 499–500

packets

LANs IP routing, 51–52

SONET/SDH networks, 335–340

VoIP, mobile cellular networks, 84

passive optical networks (PONs), 314–317

PCM (pulse code modulation), 460–461

PCS (Personal Communications Services), 18,

536–538, 544

PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication

Protocol), 76

Perfect Forward Secrecy, 167

Personal Communications Services (PCS), 18,

536–538, 544

PFS (Perfect Forward Secrecy), 167

photodiodes, 238

photons, 229

pico cells, GSM, 536

plain old telephone service (POTS), 459

pluggable optics, GBICs (Gigabit Interface

Converters), 286–288

PMD (polarization mode dispersion), 249

PN Ethernet service.

See

VPLS

polarization mode dispersion (PMD), 249

policies, WANs (long IP networks), 64

PONs (passive optical networks), 314–317

PoS/SDH (packet over SONET/SDH), 263–265

POTS (plain old telephone service), 459

power loss, optical impairments, 248

preshared keys, authentication key methods, 167

PRI (primary rate interface), 464–465

primary rate interface (PRI), 464–465

private networks.

See

intranet VPNs

private WLANs, 73

capacity, 74–75

digital access technologies, 75–76

security, 76–78

standards, 73–74

Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol

(PEAP), 76

provider-managed VPNs, 217–218

pseudowire emulation services, 202

PSTN (public switched telephone network), 63, 460

public switched telephone network (PSTN), 63, 460

public WLANs (PWLANs), 78, 81

pulse code modulation (PCM), 460–461

PWLANs (public WLANs), 78–81

Q–R

QoS, IP VPNs, 164

quad shield cables, 495

radio frequencies, spectrum, 549–550

raman amplification, ELH, 430–431

RAN, cellular network support, 83

Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing.

See

ROADM

Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing

594

regeneration


metro DWDM, 357

regeneration node (RN), 401

regenerators, SONET/SDH networks, 261

regulations, WANs (long IP networks), 64

reliability, LANs IP routing, 53

remote-access VPNS, 171–172


firewalls, 176hardware clients, 176–177remote-site routers, 177software-based clients, 174–176

MPLS, 182

benefits, 185function, 183–185


wireless, 179

hardware-based, 181security, 182software-based, 180

repeaters, SONET/SDH networks, 261

residential loops, 459

Resilient Packet Ring.

See

RPR

revisions, 802.11 standard

comparison, 558–559

revision a, 556–557

revision b, 555–556

revision g, 558

RFC 1662, 263

RFC 1918 private addressing, 39

RFC 2002, 70

RFC 2615, 264

RFC 791, 38

RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 52

RN (regeneration node), 401

ROADM (Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop

Multiplexing), 252, 354, 408

long-haul optical networks, 408–410


roaming, Mobile IP, 72

routing


application multiplexing, 54–55global addressing, 52packets, 51–52TCP/IP, 53windowing flow control, 53


Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, 126–131

Cisco IOS XR Software, 132–133Cisco XR 12000 Series Routers, 133–138

Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 52

RPR (Resilient Packet Ring), 266, 341–342

auto-topology discovery, 342

bandwidth efficiency, 342

Ethernet, 284–285

infrastructure transparency, 342

IP service enablers, 343–346

S

sampled grating DBRs (SGDBRs), 416

SAs (security associations), 166

satellite wireless, 566

scalability, IP VPNs, 164

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 104,

257–258

data challenges, 266

Ethernet, 280–281

GFP standard, 281–282LCAS, 283VCAT (Virtual Concatenation), 282–283

hierarchy, 260

network elements, 261–262

origins, 258–259

Pos/SDH (packet over SONET/SDH), 263–265

SDSL (Symmetric DSL), 477

second generation systems (2G), 542

secure socket layer (SSL), 177–179

security

IP VPNs, 164

regeneration

595

IPSec (IP security), VPNs, 165–171

wireless VPNs, 182


security associations (SAs), 166

service aggregation, multilambda networks, 242

service POP, 311, 327–330

services


attribute summary, 367–369EMS, 366–367EPL, 364–365EPR, 366ERMS, 367ERS, 365EWS, 365

MPLS, 121–122


convergence, 28–29infrastructure convergence, 26–28transformation from technology push,

29–30OOO, 441–442

pull, 5–7


SGDBRs (sampled grating DBRs), 416

SGM (Signaling Gateway Manager), 81

SHDSL (Single-Pair High-Rate DSL), 477, 485–486

short message service (SMS), 83

SIDH (System Identification Code for Home

System), 528

Signaliing System 7 (SS7), 464

Signaling Gateway Manager (SGM), 81

signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 479

SIM (subscriber identity module), 536

single-mode fiber (SMF), 234–238

Single-Pair High-Rate DSL (SHDSL), 477, 485–486

site-to-site VPNs, 186–188

SMF (single-mode fiber), 234–238

SMS (short message service), 83

SNA (Systems Network Architecture), 37–38

SNAP (Subnetwork Access Protocol), 105

SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), 479

soft handoffs, 531

software-based VPN clients, 174, 176

software-based wireless VPNs, 180

SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 104,

257–258

data challenges, 266

Ethernet, 280–281

GFP standard, 281–282LCAS, 283VCAT (Virtual Concatenation), 282–283

hierarchy, 259–260

network elements, 261–262

origins, 258–259

Pos/SDH (packet over SONET/SDH), 263–265

SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical Network/

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 257


GFP, 333LCAS, 333–334packet movement, 335–340VCAT, 332

Source Specific Multicast (SSM), 210

spatial reuse protocol.

See

SRP

splitterless ADSL, 476

SRP (spatial reuse protocol), 271

nodes, 267

protocol, DPT architecture, 271–273

SS7 (Signaling System 7), 464–466

SS7 Signaling over IP (SS7oIP), 83

SS7oIP (SS7 Signaling over IP), 83


SSM (Source Specific Multicast), 210

standards

broadband cable, 496–497

DOCSIS 1.0, 497–498PacketCable, 499–500

cellular, 534–536

CDMA2000, 537–538GSM, 536–537IMT-2000, 539–541

standards

596

PCS, 538UTMS, 539

IEEE, 75

IEEE 802.11x, 74


statistical multiplexing

DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 266–268

benefits, 274SRP protocol, 271–273

RPR (Resilient Packet Ring), 266–268

802.17 protocol, 268–271benefits, 274

storage networks, metropolitan optical networks,

377

ESCON, 380–381

fibre channel, 377–379

FICON, 381–383

STS, bandwidth scaling, 141

submarine long-haul optical networks, 435–438

subnets, 39

Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), 105

subnetworking, 39

Subrate Gigabit Ethernet, 280

subscriber identity module (SIM), 536

switching

ATM next-generation multiservice networks,

108–110

LANs (local area networks)

Layer 2, 55–56Layer 3, 56–57multilayer, 58–60optimizing multilayer, 60–62

metro, service POPs, 328

Symmetric DSL (SDSL), 477

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.

See

SDH

Synchronous Optical Network.

See

SONET

Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy.

See

SONET/SDH

System Identification Code for Home System

(SIDH), 528

Systems Network Architecture (SNA), 37–38

T

T3s, over copper, 462

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 13, 54

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/IP

protocol), 47

application multiplexing, 54–55

LANs IP routing, 53

windowing flow control, 53

TDM (time division multiplexing), 461


services POP, 328

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), 18, 529,

540


single-carrier, 540

TD-SCDMA (time-division synchronous code

division multiple access), 532, 544, 547

technologies, 170–171, 444–447, 450–452

advancement, 11–12


cable for broadband media, 494–495

cellular

analog, 524–528digital, 529–533


business drivers, 96–100network summary, 95–96sharing, 36–38viewpoints, 93–95


long-haul optical networks, 402

Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP, 405–408Cisco ONS 15808 DWDM System,

402–405ROADM, 408–410


ROADM, 354–355tunable, 352–353

metropolitan optical networks, 383–385,

388–391

standards

597

multiservice networks, 150


push, 5, 29–30

share, 36

VPNs, 218–223


Ethernet, 68–69Frame Layer, 65–67VPNs, 67–68

wireless networks, 566–570


WLAN 802.11, 83–84

TED (Tunnel Endpoint Discovery), 188–189

telecommunications



IP (Internet Protocol) growth, 12–14optical communications, 14–17wireless communications, 17–20

wireline networks, narrowband, 474

Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996, 8

telephony, narrowband, 459



DS1, 461–463

frame relay, 467–472

ISDN, 464–467

residential loop, 459

telecommunications, wireline networks, 458

terminal multiplexers, SONET/SDH networks, 261

terminal nodes, long-haul optical networks, 400

third-generation systems (3G), 542–543

time division multiple access.

See

TDMA

time division multiplexing.

See

TDM

time division synchronous CDMA (TD- SDCMA),

532, 544, 547

TLS (transparent LAN services), 363

Token Ring, 47

Tomlin, Lily, 8

topologies

metro DWDM, 356


Ethernet, 68–69Frame Layer, 65–67VPNs, 67–68

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 13, 54

Transmission Control Protocol/IP protocol.

See

TCP/IP

transparency, multilambda networks, 242

transparent LAN Services (TLS), 363

transponders

DWDM design, 251

long-haul optical networks, 402

transport mode, IPSec (IP security), 170

TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Security), 77

tunable components, DWDM long-haul networks,

415–418

tunable DWDM, 352–353

tunable lithium niobate externally modulated lasers,

355

Tunnel Endpoint Discovery (TED), 188–189

tunnel mode, IPSec (IP security), 168–169

Tunneled Transport Layer Security (TTLS), 77

U

ULH (Ultra Long-Haul Optical Networks), 432–433

amplification, 434

data modulation, 435

dispersion management, 433–434

laser accuracy, 433

OXC architectures, 434–435

Ultra Long-Haul Optical Networks.

See

ULH

Ultra-Wideband (UWB), 561–562

umbrella cells, GSM, 536

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications

Systems), 539

uniform resource locator (URL), 7

Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems

(UMTS), 539

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), 540

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)

598

URL (uniform resource locator), 7

UTMS, cellular standards, 539

UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access), 540

UWB (Ultra-Wideband), 561–562

V

Variable-length Subnet Masking (VLSM), 39

VCAT (Virtual Concatenation), 282–283, 332

VCSELs (vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers),

416

VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL), 474, 477,

486–490

vector orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

(VOFDM), 564

vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs),

416

Very High Data Rate DSL (VDSL), 474, 477,

486–490

video

IP (Internet Protocol), converged networks, 44

service POPs, 329

Virtual Concatenation (VCAT), 282–283, 332

Virtual Private LAN Service.

See

VPLS

virtual private networks.

See

VPNs

virtual private wire service (VPWS), 195

VLSM (Variable-length Subnet Masking), 39

VOFDM (vector orthogonal frequency division

multiplexing), 564

voice

IP (Internet Protocol) converged networks, 44


broadband, 475–509narrowband, 458–474next-generation networks, 23–24

VoIP, packet-based, 84

VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 195, 363

MPLS Layer 2 VPNs, 198

Cisco IOS, 202hierarchical, 201

logical mode, 198–200need for, 198

VPNs (virtual private networks), 161

access VPNs, 171–172

IPSec (IP security), 172–177MPLS, 182–185SSL (secure socket layer), 177–179wireless, 179–182

enterprise-managed, 216–217

Extranet VPNs, 211–213

Frame Relay to ATM internetworking, 161–163

intranet VPNs, 186

IPSec designs, 188–189L2TPv3, 202–204MPLS Layer 2, 194–202MPLS Layer 3, 190–194MVPNs, 205–210site-to-site, 186–188

IP networks, 163–165


data forwarding, 168–170headers, 166–168technologies, 170–171

multiservice, 213–216


provider-managed, 217–218

service POPs, 328



VPWS (virtual private wire service), 195

W


architecture changes, 64

bandwidth, 63

regulatory policy changes, 64

technologies, 65

Ethernet, 68–69Frame Relay, 65–67VPNs, 67–68

wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 242–244

URL (uniform resource locator)

599

wavelengths, 402, 422–424

capacity, multilambda networks, 242


low-loss, 240

service POPs, 329

services, intelligent DWDM, 408

WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), 18, 532, 544–546

WDM (wavelength division multiplexing), 242–244

websites

Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Asso-

ciation, 17

Cisco, 43

Internet Software Consortium, 13

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), 76

Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), 18, 532, 544–546

wideband digital access cross-connects, SONET/

SDH networks, 262

Wi-Fi, advancements, 17–20

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), 76

wireless communications, advancement, 17–20

Wireless LAN Solution Engine (WLSE), 81

wireless local area networks.

See

WLANs

wireless mobilities, 4

wireless networks

cellular mobility, 523–524

analog technology, 524–528call transmission, 551data overlay, 544–549digital technology, 529–533functional generations, 541–543radio frequency spectrum, 549–550standards, 534–541



WLANs.

See

WLANs

wireless optics, WLANs, 562–563

wireless personal area networks.

See

WPANs

wireless remote-access VPNs, 179

hardware-based, 181

security, 182

software-based, 180


broadband

cable, 493–502DSL, 475–490DSLAM, 490–492Ethernet, 502–509

narrowband, 458–459


digital technology, 460–461DS1, 461–463frame relay, 467–472ISDN, 464–467residential loop, 459


WLAN 802.11, mobile cellular networks,

83–84

WLANs (Wireless LANs), 73, 523, 552, 560

802.11 standard, 553–555

comparing revisions, 558–559diffused infrared, 553DSSS, 554–555FHSS, 553–554revision a, 556–557revision b, 555–556revision g, 558

802.16 standard, 559–560

fixed wireless, 563

LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service), 565

MMDS (multichannel multipoint distribution service), 564–565

VOFDM (vector orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), 564

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing), 555

private, 73

capacity, 74–75digital access technologies, 75–76security, 76–78standards, 73–74

public, 78–81

satellite wireless, 566

wireless optics, 562–563


600

WPANs (wireless personal area networks)

Bluetooth, 560–561UWB, 561–562

WPANs (wireless personal area networks), 523

Bluetooth, 560–561

UWB (Ultra-Wideband), 561–562

WSLE (Wireless LAN Solution Engine), 81

X–Y–Z

XR 12000 Series Routers, 133–134

architecture, 134–136

capacities, 136–138

zero water peak fiber, 249


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Numericsptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/1587051591/index/... · 2009. 6. 9. · radio frequency spectrum, 549–550 standards, 534–536 CDMA2000, 537–538 GSM, 536–537 IMT-2000,