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Table of ContentsChronology of Tensegrity

Tensegrity History ByDecade

TensegrityChronology, pre-1940's

TensegrityChronology, 1940's

TensegrityChronology, 1950's

TensegrityChronology, 1960's

TensegrityChronology, 1970's

TensegrityChronology, 1980's

TensegrityChronology, 1990's

TensegrityChronology, 2000's

TensegrityChronology, 2010's

Tensegrity Chronology,References

Chronology of Tensegrity

A chronology of events and publications relating to the history and advance oftensegrity.

Tensegrity History By Decade

Tensegrity Chronology, pre-1940's

1920 Karl Ioganson displays a proto-tensegrity system, called"Gleichgewichtkonstruktion". The relevance of this sculpture to tensegrity isdisputed and was only uncovered in retrospect.

Tensegrity Chronology, 1940's

1940's David Georges Emmerich (Debrecen-Hungary, 1925-1996), probablyinspired by Ioganson's structure, studies different kinds of structures as tensileprisms and more complex tensegrity systems, which he called "structurestendues et autotendants", tensile and selfstressed structures (see fig 2.3). Asa result, he defined and patented his "reseaux autotendants," the same kindof structures that were being studied by Fuller and Snelson.1948 summer. Fuller, teaching at Black Mountain College in North Carolina,USA. Fuller and Snelson meet. Snelson told Coplans: "Bucky was... talking oftension and compression... I started to think of something like a swingingpendulum sculpture. The sculpture consisted of a succession of forms: thelower one supporting the upper one and suspended by a girth of thread. It isslung and the sculpture moves like a spinal column; the form is very flexible. I did two or three sculptureslike this and then it occurred to me that to remove the mobility would be a curious thing. I would then havethese units separated from one another and retained rigidly in space if I tied the strings in a different manner.The only difference is that both compression members are completely free of one another. It has no top,bottom or sides, and could be placed into orbit."1948 X-module by Snelson1949 summer. Snelson shows Fuller his first Tensegrity sculpture.

Tensegrity Chronology, 1950's

1951 Festival of Britain displays the Skylon, a tensile sculpture held in place at one end by only three cablesby architects Powell and Moya, and built by the engineer Felix Samuely.1953 Minnesota University. Fuller realization at large scale of a rigid tensegrity structure with 270 non-identical rods. The structure is patented by Fuller later, in 1962.

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1954 Patent: Fuller, R.B. Building construction, U.S. Patent No. 2,682,235, June 29, 1954.1955 Fuller coins tensegrity as a contraction of “Tensional-Integrity”1959 Oregon University. The first deresonated tensegrity with 270 identical rods. The structure is describedin Synergetics as "isotropic tensegrity geodesic sphere: single bonded turbo triangles, forming a complex sixfrequency triacontahedron tensegrity."1959 tensegrity displayed at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York.

Tensegrity Chronology, 1960's

1960 Long Beach State Collete. The realization of a rigid tensegrity structure in bamboo with a diameter of14m. The outer ends of each element were calibrated with regards to the central point of the adjacentelements.1961 Published: Fuller, R.B., “Tensegrity”, Portfolio and Art News Annual, No.4. pp.112- 127, 144, 148. Alsoavailable in http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/rbfnotes/fpapers/tensegrity/tenseg01.html1961 Southern Illinois University. Basket weave tensegrity by Fuller. An interwoven dome of a 22mdiameter, 3.4 of a sphere, approximately 15m high. The struts were made of wooden centine, segmentedand interwoven, which permitted the cost to be sharply reduced. This geodesic also corresponds to thealternate breakdown of a 4v icosahedron, sectioned to 5/8 of a sphere.1962 Patent: Fuller, R.B., Tensile-Integrity Structures, U.S. Patent No. 3,063,521, November 13, 1962.1963 Trigonal Tower Aluminum and Steelon Wire by Snelson1964 Patent: Emmerich, D.G.,, Construction de réseaux autotendants, French Patent No. 1,377,290,September 28, 19641964 Patent: Emmerich, D.G.,, Structures linéaires autotendants, French Patent No. 1,377,291, September28, 19641964 Patent: Fuller, R.B., Suspension Building, U.S. Patent No. 3,139,957, July 7, 1964.1965 Patent: Snelson, K., Continuous tension, discontinuous compression structures, U.S. Patent No.3,169,611, February 16, 1965.1966 Published: Emmerich, D. G., "Reseaux", International Conference on Space Structures, University ofSurrey, pp.1059-1072.1967 Patent: Fuller, R.B., Octahedronal building truss, U.S. Patent No. 3,354,591, November 28, 1967.1967 Sculpture: Double Six by Snelson1969 Sculpture: E. C. Column by Snelson

Tensegrity Chronology, 1970's

1972 Frei Otto for Summer Olympics structure is a tensile structure very close to tensegrity in design1972 Published: Black, S.J., Cords and countercords. Proposal for a tensile building system. UnpublishedBArch dissertation. School of Architecture, Queen’s University Belfast.1972 Patent: Mogilner, G.A., Tensegrity Structure Puzzle, U.S. Patent No. 3,695,617, October 3, 1972.1972 J. Stanley Black wrote an unpublished study which tried to recall the main concepts known at thattime and to figure out some possible systems and configurations. Although it was a good attempt, the basisof tensegrity were not very clear at that moment, and his final design was not a reflection of a true tensegritysystem, but something more similar to Levy and Geiger’s works (Geiger, 1988; Goosen et al., 1997; Setzer,1992).1972 12 strut right angled 3-way unit with double end-caps by Snelson1973 René Motro begins to publish on Tensegrity, Topologie des structures discrètes. Incidence sur leurcomportement mécanique. Autotendant icosaédrique. It was an internal note for the Laboratory of CivilEngineering of the University of Montpelier (France) about mechanical behaviour of this kind.1975 Patent: Fuller, R.B., Non-symmetrical tensegrity, U.S. Patent No. 3,866,366, February 18, 1975.

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1975 Published: Fuller, R.B., Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, New York: MacMillanPublishing Co., Inc. Also available in http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/synergetics/synergetics.html1975 Patent: Wiesner, S.J., Stressed structure for supporting weight, U.S. Patent No. 3,901,551, August 26,1975.1975 Term ”responsive architecture” coined by Negroponte for dynamically restructuring buildings1975 Donald Ingber, undergraduate student at Yale, saw Needle Tower, suddenly understood that cells—previously thought to be sacks full of viscous liquid—might have strong, flexible frameworks that usetensegrity to stabilize themselves, and made a model of a cell using wooden dowels and elastic strings.1975 Stephen Levin, a practicing orthopedic surgeon studying spinal mechanics, saw the Needle Tower andused it as a model for spine and, ultimately, organism mechanics.1976 Published: Kenner, H., Geodesic Math and How to Use It, Berkeley, California: University of CaliforniaPress.1976 Published: Pugh, A., An Introduction to Tensegrity, Berkeley, California: University of California Press.1978 Published: Calladine, C.R., “Buckminster Fuller's "tensegrity" structures and Clerk Maxwell's rules forthe construction of stiff frames”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol.14, No.2, 1978, pp. 161-172.1979 Patent: Miller, R.M., Piece of furniture, U.S. Patent No. 4,148,520, April 10, 1979.

Tensegrity Chronology, 1980's

1980 Patent: Kitrick; C.J.,, Tensegrity module structure and method of interconnecting the modules, U.S.Patent No. 4,207,715, June 17, 19801980 Published: Francis, A.J., Introducing Structures, Oxford: Pergammon Press.1981 Published: Fuller, R.B., “Tensegrity”, Creative science and technology, February 1981. Also availablein [[@http://www.bfi.org/in Fullerswords/Tensegrity.pdf]]1981 Published: Fox, H. N., “Portrait of an Atomist”, Catalog Essay for Kenneth Snelson Exhibition atHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., June - August 1981.Also available in http://www.kennethsnelson.net/icons/art.htm Tensegrity Structures and their Application toArchitecture VI. Bibliography 1951982 Fuller designed and developed deresonated Tensegrity dome [1]1982 Published: Fuller, R.B., Correspondence with Robert Burkhardt, January 29 - March 18, 1982. Alsoavailable in http://www.bfi.org/burkhardt/section1.html1982 Published: Levin, S.M., “Continuous Tension, Discontinuous Compression. A Model for BiomechanicalSupport of the Body”. Bulletin of Structural Integration, Rolf Institute, Bolder. pp.31-33. Also available inhttp://www.biotensegrity.com/continuous_tension_discontinuous_compression.php1984 Published: Makowski, Z.S. (ed), Analysis, Design and Construction of Braced Domes, London:Granada Publishing Ltd. Tensegrity Structures and their Application to Architecture VI. Bibliography 1981985 Published: Buchholdt, H.A., An introduction to cable roof structures, Cambridge (UK): CambridgeUniversity Press.1985 Published: IL - Institut Für Leichte Flächentragwerke, IL 31 Bamboo. [on-line], University of Stuttgart(Germany). http://bambus.rwth-aachen.de/eng/PDFFiles/IL%2031.pdf1986 Published: Nelson, W.A.,, Telescoping strut members and tendons for constructing tensile integritystructures, U.S. Patent No. 4,614,502, September 30, 1986.1987 Ariel Hanaor defines the main bidimensional assemblies of elementary self-equilibrated cells1987 Nestorovic proposes metallic integrally tensioned cupola.1987 Published: Hanaor, A., “Preliminary Investigation of Double-Layer Tensegrities”, in H.V. Topping, ed.,Proceedings of International Conference on the Design and Construction of Non-conventional Structures(Vol.2), Edinburgh, Scotland: Civil- Comp Press.1987 Published: Motro, R., “Tensegrity Systems for Double-Layer Space Structures”, in H.V. Topping, ed.,Proceedings of International Conference on the Design and Construction of Non-conventional Structures(Vol.2), Edinburgh, Scotland: Civil- Comp Press.1987 Published: Nestorovic, M., “Metallic Integrally Tensioned (Tensegrity) Cupola”, in H.V. Topping, ed.,Proceedings of International Conference on the Design and Construction of Non-conventional Structures(Vol.2), Edinburgh, Scotland: Civil- Comp Press.1987 Published: Walker, D., The great engineers. The Art of British Engineers 1837-1987, London:

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Academy Editions. Tensegrity Structures and their Application to Architecture VI. Bibliography 2011988 Patent: Geiger, D.H., Roof structure, U.S. Patent No. 4,736,553, April 12, 1988.1988 Published: Emmerich, D. G., Structures Tendues et Autotendantes, Paris: Ecole d'Architecture deParis la Villette.1988 Published: Kittner, C. and Quimby, S.R,, Compression-tension strut-cord units for tensile-integritystructures, U.S. Patent No. 4,731,962, March 22, 19881989 Published: Burrows, J., “Catalogue Introduction”, in The New York Academy of Sciences (ed.),Kenneth Snelson Exhibition: The Nature of Structure. New York (USA), January - April 1989.1989 Published: Snelson, K., “Kenneth Snelson and Hans Christian von Baeyer: A Conversation”, in TheNew York Academy of Sciences (ed.), Kenneth Snelson Exhibition: The Nature of Structure. New York(USA), January - April 1989.1989 Published: Snelson, K. and Von Baeyer, “Kenneth Snelson and Hans Christian von Baeyer: AConversation”, in The New York Academy of Sciences (ed.), Kenneth Snelson Exhibition: The Nature ofStructure. New York (USA), January - April 1989.

Tensegrity Chronology, 1990's

1990's Connelly researches a mathematical three dimensional generalization for tensegrities. Using themathematical tools of group theory and representation theory and the capabilities of computers, he draws upa complete catalogue of tensegrities with detailed prescribed types of stability and symmetry, including somethat have never been seen before.1990 Patent: Huegy, C.W., Spiral helix tensegrity dome, U.S. Patent No. 4,901,483, February 20, 19901991 Published: K. J. Pienta, D. S. Coffey, Cellular harmonic information transfer through a tissuetensegrity-matrix system, in Medical Hypotheses, Volume 34, Issue 1, January 1991, Pages 88-951992 Published: András Recski, Werner Schwärzler, One-story buildings as tensegrity frameworks III, inDiscrete Applied Mathematics, Volume 39, Issue 2, 22 October 1992, Pages 137-1461992 Published: Setzer, S.W., Georgia Dome. Raise High the Record Roof, [on-line], New York: ColumbiaUniversity. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/gsapp/BT/DOMES/GEORGIA/g-raise.html1993 Published: Ingber, D.E., “Cellular Tensegrity: defining new rules of biological design that govern thecytoskeleton”. Journal of Cell Science, No.104, pp.613-627. Also available inhttp://www.childrenshospital.org/research/ingber/PDF/1993/JCellSci-Ingber.pdf1993 Published: Joyce, J., Dubliners, Ware: Wordsworth Editions Limited.1993 Published: Schodek, Daniel L., Structure in Sculpture, Cambridge, Mass. (USA): M.I.T. Press.1994 Robert Burkhardt revises his Tensegrity Structures and their Application to Architecture1994 Published: Burkhardt, R.W., A Practical Guide to Tensegrity Design, Cambridge (USA): SoftwareServices. Tensegrity Structures and their Application to Architecture VI. Bibliography 1931994 Published: Burkhardt, R.W., A practical guide to tensegrity design, [on-line], Cambridge (USA)http://www.channel1.com/users/bobwb/tenseg/book/cover.html1994 Published: Donald E. Ingber, Laura Dike, Linda Hansen, Seth Karp, Helen Liley, Andrew Maniotis,Helen McNamee, David Mooney, George Plopper, John Sims, Ning Wang, Cellular Tensegrity: ExploringHow Mechanical Changes in the Cytoskeleton Regulate Cell Growth, Migration, and Tissue Pattern duringMorphogenesi, in International Review of Cytology, Volume 150, 1994, Pages 173-2241995 Published: Cruickshank, D., “The 1951 Dome of Discovery, London”, The Architectural Review,No.197.1175, pp.80-85. Also available in http://www.packer34.freeserve.co.uk/dome.htm1996 Patent: Terry, W.L., Tension braced dome structure, U.S. Patent No. 5,502,928, April 2, 1996.1996 Published: Burstow, R., Symbols for ’51, the Royal Festival Hall, Skylon and Sculptures for theFestival of Britain, The Ballroom, Main Foyer, Royal Festival Hall, London, 2 March – 21 April 1996. Alsoavailable in http://www.packer34.freeserve.co.uk/symbols.htm CAC (California Energy Commission),,Energy Time Line –Year 1800 to 1899, [on-line] California.http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/time_machine/1890-1900ce.html1996 Published: Castañeda, C., “Tensegrity”, Readers of Infinity: A Journal of Applied Hermeneutics. Vol.1,No.1. Also available in http://www.castaneda.com/ CISC-Canadian Institute Of Steel Construction, Projectgallery:1996 Published: Dimitrije Stamenovi, Jeffrey J. Fredberg, Ning Wang, James P. Butler, Donald E. Ingber, "A

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Microstructural Approach to Cytoskeletal Mechanics based on Tensegrity", in Journal of Theoretical Biology,Volume 181, Issue 2, 21 July 1996, Pages 125-1361996 Published: Flavin, P., Compression and Tension are good; Torque's a Killer, [on-line],http://www.frontiernet.net/~imaging/tenseg1.html1996 Published: Shelter Systems, Tensegrity and Geodesic Yurts™ , Domes, and Tent Structures, [on-line],California http://www.shelter-systems.com/tensegrity.html1997 Patent: Skelton, R.E.,, Deployable tendon-controlled structure, U.S. Patent No. 5,642,590, July 1,19971997 Published: Deane, S.,. Reading in the dark. London: Vintage. Drew, P., Frei Otto. Form and structure,London: Crosby Lockwood Staples.1997 Published: Gabriel, J.F., Beyond the Cube, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1997 Published: Gossen, P.A., Chen, D., and Mikhlin, E., The First Rigidly Clad "Tensegrity" Type Dome,The Crown Coliseum, Fayetteville, North Carolina, [online], USA: Geiger Engineers. Tensegrity Structuresand their Application to Architecture VI. Bibliography 196 http://www.geigerengineers.com/techpaper.cfm?RecordID=11997 Published: LU, A., The Discovery of the BuckminsterFullerenes, [on-line], Edinburgh (Scotland).http://www.lexcie.zetnet.co.uk/buckminster.htm1997 Published: Mijuca, D., Finite Element Analysis of Tensegrity Structures, [on-line], Department ofMechanics, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade (Serbia and Montenegro).http://www.matf.bg.ac.yu/~dmijuca/tensegrity.html1997 Published: Stanton, J., Expo ’67 – Architecture, [on-line], Montreal (Canada).http://naid.sppsr.ucla.edu/expo67/map-docs/architecture.htm1998 Patent: Goldsmith, E.M., Sports catch glove with stiffner, U.S. Patent No. 5,717,994, February 17,19981998 Published: Castaneda published Magical Passes, containing a series of instructions for performing aset of Tensegrity movements. With the aid of the company Laugan Productions Castaneda also publishedinstructional video recordings of Tensegrity movements.1998 Published: Connelly, R. and Back, A., “Mathematics and Tensegrity”, American Scientist. Vol.86, No.2,March-April 1998.1998 Published: Connelly, R. and Back, A., Catalogue of Symmetric Tensegrities, [online], CornellUniversity, Ithaca (USA) http://mathlab.cit.cornell.edu/visualization/tenseg/in_progress/short_top.html1998 Published: Ingber, D.E., “The Architecture of Life”. Scientific American Magazine. January,1998. Alsoavailable in http://vv.arts.ucla.edu/projects/ingber/ingber.html1998 Published: B. Eckes, P. Martin, H. Smola, D. Dogic, E. Colucci-Guyon, A. Maniotis, N. Wang, M.Aumailley, D. Ingber, C. Babinet, T. Krieg, "Disruption of tensegrity in vimentin-deficient fibroblasts causesdelayed wound healing in fetal and adult mice, in Journal of Dermatological Science, Volume 16, Supplement1, March 1998, Page S1201998 Published: Bin-Bing Wang, "Cable-strut systems: part I — tensegrity", in Journal of ConstructionalSteel Research, Volume 45, Issue 3, March 1998, Pages 281-2891998 Published: Eckes, B., Martin, P., Smola, H., Dogic, D., Colucci-Guyon, E., Maniotis, A., Wang, N.,Aumailley, M., Ingber, D., Babinet, C. and Krieg, T., “Disruption of tensegrity in vimentin-deficient fibroblastscauses delayed wound healing in fetal and adult mice”, Journal of Dermatological Science, Vol.16,Supplement 1, March 1998, pp.S120.1998 Published: Janberg, N., Structurae: International Database and Gallery of Structures. [on-line],Ratingen (Germany). http://www.structurae.net/1998 Published: S. Wendling, C. Oddou, D. Isabey, "Non-dimensional expression of the stiffening responseof tensegrity structure as a function of strain: Application to cell mechanics, in Journal of Biomechanics,Volume 31, Supplement 1, July 1998, Page 1741998 Published: Wang, B.B. and LI, Y.Y., “Definition of tensegrity systems. Can dispute be settled?".Proceedings of LSA98 “Lightweight structures in architectural engineering and construction”, Vol.2,, pp.713-719.1998 Published: Wang, B.B, “Cable-strut systems: Part I - Tensegrity", Journal of Constructional SteelResearch, Vol.45,, No.3, pp.281-289.1999 Published: Burkhardt, R.W., A Technology for Designing Tensegrity Domes and Spheres, [on-line],Cambridge (USA) http://www.channel1.com/users/bobwb/prospect/prospect.htm#sec:app1999 Published: Christopher S. Chen, Donald E. Ingber, "Tensegrity and mechanoregulation: from skeletonto cytoskeleton", in Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1999, Pages 81-941999 Published: F. Thomas, J. Contreras, G. Bilbao, L. Invarardi, J. Thomas, "An improved technique forisolating pig islets: the importance of tensegrity in islet long-term culture viability, in TransplantationProceedings, Volume 31, Issues 1-2, 3 February 1999, Pages 633-634

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1999 Published: K. Kebiche, M. N. Kazi-Aoual, R. Motro, "Geometrical non-linear analysis of tensegritysystems", in Engineering Structures, Volume 21, Issue 9, September 1999, Pages 864-8761999 Published: Kawaguchi, M.. Tatemichi, I. and Chen, P.S., “Optimum shapes of a cable dome structure”,Engineering Structures, Vol.21, No.8, August 1999, pp.719- 725.1999 Published: Le Saux C., Bouderbala M., Cévaër F., Motro R., “Strut-Strut contact on numericalmodelling of tensegrity systems folding”, 40h Anniversary Congress of IASS: Shell and spatial structures fromrecent past to the next millennium, Madrid (Espagne), Septembre 1999, pp.1-10.1999 Published: Sylvie Wendling, Christian Oddou, Daniel Isabey, "Stiffening Response of a CellularTensegrity Model", in Journal of Theoretical Biology, Volume 196, Issue 3, 7 February 1999, Pages 309-3251999 Published: Thomas, F., Contreras, J., Bilbao, G., Invarardi, L. and Thomas, J., “An improved techniquefor isolating pig islets: the importance of tensegrity in islet long-term culture viability”, TransplantationProceedings, Vol.31, No.1-2, 3 February 1999, pp.633-634.1999 Published: Tibert, G., Numerical Analyses of Cable Roof Structures. Unpublished Licentiate thesis.Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (Sweden) Also available inhttp://www2.mech.kth.se/~gunnart/TibertLicThesis.pdf1999 Published: Wendling, S., Oddou, C. and Isabey, D., “Stiffening Response of a Cellular TensegrityModel”, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol.196, No.3, 7 February 1999, pp.309-325.

Tensegrity Chronology, 2000's

2000 Deployable Antenna Kinematics Using Tensegrity Structure Design Dissertation By Byron FranklinKnight2000 Published: K.Yu. Volokh, O. Vilnay, M. Belsky, "Tensegrity architecture explains linear stiffening andpredicts softening of living cells, in Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 33, Issue 12, December 2000, Pages1543-15492000 Published: Nabil Ben Kahla, K. Kebiche, "Nonlinear elastoplastic analysis of tensegrity systems", inEngineering Structures, Volume 22, Issue 11, November 2000, Pages 1552-15662000 Published: Sylvie Wendling, Christian Oddou, Daniel Isabey, "Approche structurale de la mécanique ducytosquelette: solide alvéolaire vs modèle de tenségrité", in Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences -Series IIB - Mechanics-Physics-Astronomy, Volume 328, Issue 1, January 2000, Pages 97-1042000 Published: T. Yamada, D. Richiert, S. J. Tumminia, P. Russell, "The tensegrity model applied to thelens: a hypothesis for the presence of the fiber cell ball and sockets, in Medical Hypotheses, Volume 55,Issue 1, July 2000, Pages 36-392000 Published: Volokh, K.Y., Vilnay O. and Belsky, M., “Tensegrity architecture explains linear stiffeningand predicts softening of living cells”, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol.33, No.12, December 2000, pp.1543-1549.2000 Published: Williamson, D. and Whitehouse, D., Visualization of Tensegrity Structures, [on-line],Australia, http://anusf.anu.edu.au/Vizlab/viz_showcase/williamson_darrell/2000 Published: Yamada, T., Richiert, D., Tumminia, S.J. and Russell, P., “The tensegrity model applied tothe lens: a hypothesis for the presence of the fiber cell ball and sockets”, Medical Hypotheses, Vol.55, No.1,July 2000, pp.36-39.2001 Published: Skelton, R.E., Helton, J.W., Adhikari, R., Pinaud, J.P., Chan, W., An Introduction to theMechanics of Tensegrity Structures. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control,Orlando, Florida, December 2001.2001 Published: Skelton, R.E., Helton, J.W., Adhikari, R., Pinaud, J.P., Chan, W., Dynamics of the shellclass of tensegrity structures.The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook: Modeling, Measurement, andControl, CRC Press, 2001.2001 Published: Skelton, R.E., Pinaud, J.P., Mingori, D.L., Dynamics of the shell class of tensegritystructures. Journal of the Franklin Institute., 338/2-3:255-320, 2001.2001 Published: Adriaenssens, S.M.L. and Barnes, M.R., “Tensegrity spline beam and grid shell structures”,Engineering Structures, Vol. 23, No.1, 2001, pp. 29-36.2001 Published: Cornel Sultan, Martin Corless, Robert E. Skelton, "The prestressability problem oftensegrity structures: some analytical solutions", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 38,Issues 30-31, July 2001, Pages 5223-52522001 Published: Daniel Ng,, Camp Elsewhere's Tensegrity Shade Structures, [online], USA: ClownlandEnterprises, Inc. and Camp Elsewhere, Ltd. http://www.bweebweebwee.com/tensegrity/2001 Published: Hidenori Murakami, "Static and dynamic analyses of tensegrity structures. Part 1. Nonlinear

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equations of motion", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 38, Issue 20, May 2001,Pages 3599-36132001 Published: Hidenori Murakami, "Static and dynamic analyses of tensegrity structures. Part II. Quasi-static analysis", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 38, Issue 20, May 2001, Pages3615-36292001 Published: Hidenori Murakami, Yoshitaka Nishimura, "Initial shape finding and modal analyses of cyclicright-cylindrical tensegrity modules, in Computers & Structures, Volume 79, Issue 9, April 2001, Pages 891-9172001 Published: Hidenori Murakami, Yoshitaka Nishimura, "Static and dynamic characterization of regulartruncated icosahedral and dodecahedral tensegrity modules", in International Journal of Solids andStructures, Volume 38, Issues 50-51, December 2001, Pages 9359-93812001 Published: Irving J. Oppenheim, William O. Williams, "Vibration of an elastic tensegrity structure", inEuropean Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, Volume 20, Issue 6, November-December 2001, Pages 1023-10312001 Published: Literati, J.N., Towards the Ultimate Self Sustainable Society - Modelling In-Situ ResourceUtilisation for a Lunar Colony, Trollhättan, (Sweden): Moon- ISRU. Also available in http://www.moon-isru.com/MoonISRU-Bsubmitted02.pdf2001 Published: Raducanu, V. and Motro, R., Système a autoéquilibre stable pour élément de construction,demande de brevet français nº 01 04 822, déposée le 9 avril 2001 aux noms de C.N.R.S. – Ste Tissage etEnduction Serge Ferrari. Sanchez, R., Maurin, B., Kazi-Aoual, M.N., Motro, R., Modélisation des systèmes detenségrité: Grilles à double nappe, Montpellier: Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil. UniversitéMontpellier II. Also available in http://www.lirmm.fr/doctiss04/art/M03.pdf Tensegrity Structures and theirApplication to Architecture VI. Bibliography 1992001 Published: Robert E. Skelton, Jean Paul Pinaud, D. L. Mingori, "Dynamics of the shell class oftensegrity structures", in Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 338, Issues 2-3, March 2001, Pages 255-3202001 Published: S. M. L. Adriaenssens, M. R. Barnes, "Tensegrity spline beam and grid shell structures", inEngineering Structures, Volume 23, Issue 1, January 2001, Pages 29-362001 Published: Tibert, G. and Pellegrino, S., “Form-Finding of Tensegrity Structures—A Review”, Acceptedby International Journal of Space Structures, 2001. Also availabe inhttp://www2.mech.kth.se/~gunnart/NSCM14.pdf2001 Published: Wilken, T., Tensegrity. [on-line], http://www.synearth.net/TensegrityHtml/Tensegrity.html2001 Published: Yoshitaka Nishimura, Hidenori Murakami, "Initial shape-finding and modal analyses ofcyclic frustum tensegrity modules", in Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Volume190, Issues 43-44, 17 August 2001, Pages 5795-58182001 Talk: Skelton, R.E., Helton, J.W., Adhikari, R., Pinaud, J.P., Chan, W., An Introduction to theMechanics of Tensegrity Structures. The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook: Modeling, Measurement,and Control, CRC Press, 2001.2002 Patent: Austin, G.D. and Tam, L., Female condom employing tensegrity principle, U.S. Patent No.2002/0038658 A1, April 4, 20022002 Published: Skelton, R.E., Williamson D., Han, J., Equilibrium Conditions of a Class I TensegrityStructure (AAS 02-177), pp 927 – 950, Volume 112 Part II, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences,Spaceflight Mechanics 2002.2002 Published: Cornel Sultan, Martin Corless, Robert E. Skelton, "Linear dynamics of tensegritystructures", in Engineering Structures, Volume 24, Issue 6, June 2002, Pages 671-6852002 Published: Cornel Sultan, Martin Corless, Robert E. Skelton, "Symmetrical reconfiguration of tensegritystructures", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 39, Issue 8, April 2002, Pages 2215-22342002 Published: Gengnagel, C., Arbeitsblätter "Tensegrity", Munich: Fakultät für Architektur, TechnischeUniversität München.2002 Published: Heller, M., “Tensegrity Models”, Dynamic Chiropractic, December 16, 2002, Vol.20, No.26.Also available in http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/20/26/07.html2002 Published: Kanchanasaratool, N. and Williamson, D.,, "Modelling and control of class NSP tensegritystructures", International Journal of Control, Vol.75, No.2, 20 January 2002, pp.123-139.http://www.biotensegrity.com/continuous_tension_discontinuous_compression.php*2002 Published: Knight; B.F., Duffy, J., Crane, III, C.D. and Rooney; J.,, Tensegrity Deployable antennausing screw motion-based control of tensegrity support architecture, U.S. Patent No. 6,441,801, August 27,20022002 Published: Kristina Shea, Etienne Fest, Ian F. C. Smith, "Developing intelligent tensegrity structureswith stochastic search", in Advanced Engineering Informatics, Volume 16, Issue 1, January 2002, Pages 21-

tensegrity - Chronology of Tensegrity

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402002 Published: Leonid Frantsevich, Stanislav Gorb, "Arcus as a tensegrity structure in the arolium of wasps(Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in Zoology, Volume 105, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 225-2372002 Published: Levin, S.M., “The Tensegrity-Truss as a Model for Spine Mechanics: Biotensegrity”. BulletinJournal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Vol.2, No.3&4, pp.375-388. Also available inhttp://www.biotensegrity.com/paper5.html2002 Published: Motro, R., Bernard, C., Conception en structures. Rapport d’activités 1999-2002,Montpellier: Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil. Université Montpellier II. Also available inhttp://www.lmgc.univmontp2.fr/ADM/05_C1CS.pdf2002 Published: Patrick Cañadas, Valerie M. Laurent, Christian Oddou, Daniel Isabey, Sylvie Wendling, "ACellular Tensegrity Model to Analyse the Structural Viscoelasticity of the Cytoskeleton", in Journal ofTheoretical Biology, Volume 218, Issue 2, 21 September 2002, Pages 155-1732002 Published: Tibert, G., Deployable Tensegrity Structures for Space Applications. Unpublished Doctoralthesis. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (Sweden) Also available inhttp://www2.mech.kth.se/~gunnart/TibertDocThesis.pdf2002 Published: Weidlinger Associates, La Plata Stadium, [on-line], New York (USA)http://www.wai.com/Structures/Fabric/laplata.html2002 Published: Zanotti, G. and Guerra, C., “Is tensegrity a unifying concept of protein folds?”, FEBSLetters, Vol.534, No.1-3, 16 January 2003, pp.7-10.2002 Talk: Chan, W., Skelton, R.E., Equilibria and Stiffness of Planar Tensegrity Structures. AAS /AIAASpace Flight Mechanics Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, January 2002.2002 Talk: De Jager, B., Masic, M., R.E. Skelton, Optimal Topology and Geometry for ControllableTensegrity Systems, 15th IFAC World Congress, Barcelona, Spain, 2002.2002 Talk: Masic, M., Skelton, R.E., Open-Loop Shape Control of Stable Unit Tensegrity Structures,Proceedings of 3rd Word Congress of Structural Control, Como Italy, 20022002 Talk: Williamson, D., Skelton, R.E., Han, J., Equilibrium Conditions of a Tensegrity Structures, ThirdWorld Conference on Structural Control (3WCSC), Como, Italy, April 7-12, 2002.2003 Patent: Barber, G.T., Lamp composed of non-contacting compression members and tension members,U.S. Patent No. D473,676, April 22, 2003.2003 Patent: Barber, G.T., Table composed on non-contacting compression members and tensionmembers, U.S. Patent No. D471,741, March 18, 2003.2003 Patent: Barber, G.T., Chair composed on non-contacting compression members and tension members,U.S. Patent No. D481,880, November 11, 2003.2003 Published: "Is tensegrity a unifying concept of protein folds?" by Giuseppe Zanotti, Concettina Guerra,in FEBS Letters, Volume 534, Issues 1-3, 16 January 2003, Pages 7-102003 Published: Ingber, D.E., “Tensegrity I. Cell structure and hierarchical systems biology”. Journal of CellScience, No.116, pp.1157-1173 Also available in http://intl-jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/116/7/11572003 Published: Ingber, D.E., “Tensegrity II. How structural networks influence cellular information-processing networks”. Journal of Cell Science, No.116, pp.1397 -1408 Also available inhttp://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/116/8/13972003 Published: Cornel Sultan, Robert Skelton, "Deployment of tensegrity structures", in InternationalJournal of Solids and Structures, Volume 40, Issue 18, September 2003, Pages 4637-46572003 Published: Darrell Williamson, Robert E. Skelton, Jeongheon Han, "Equilibrium conditions of atensegrity structure", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 40, Issue 23, November 2003,Pages 6347-63672003 Published: Han, J., Williamson, D., Skelton, R.E., Equilibrium Conditions of a Tensegrity Structures,International Journal of Solids and Structures, 40, Nov. 2003, pp. 6347-6367.2003 Published: J. Quirant, M. N. Kazi-Aoual, R. Motro, "Designing tensegrity systems: the case of a doublelayer grid", in Engineering Structures, Volume 25, Issue 9, July 2003, Pages 1121-11302003 Published: Liapi, K.A.,, Tensegrity Unit, Structure and Method for construction, U.S. Patent No.2003/0009974 A1, January 13, 20032003 Published: Marc Defossez, "Shape memory effect in tensegrity structures", in Mechanics ResearchCommunications, Volume 30, Issue 4, July-August 2003, Pages 311-3162003 Published: Massimiliano Lazzari, Renato V. Vitaliani, Massimo Majowiecki, Anna V. Saetta, "Dynamicbehavior of a tensegrity system subjected to follower wind loading", in Computers & Structures, Volume 81,Issues 22-23, September 2003, Pages 2199-22172003 Published: Motro, R., Tensegrity: Structural Systems for thehttp://www.biotensegrity.com/continuous_tension_discontinuous_compression.php , London: Kogan PageScience.2003 Published: René Motro, "Typologies", in Tensegrity, 2003, Pages 51-88

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2003 Published: Schlaich, M., “Der Messeturm in Rostock - ein Tensegrityrekord”. Stahlbau, Vol.72, No.10,pp.697-701.2003 Published: Smaili, A., Pliage/Dépliage de systèmes de Tensegrité. Montpellier: Laboratoire deMécanique et Génie Civil. Université Montpellier II. Also available inhttp://www.lirmm.fr/doctiss04/art/M02.pdf2003 Published: Stern, I., Deployable reflector antenna with tensegrity support architecture and associatedmethods, U.S. Patent No. 6,542,132, April 1, 2003.2003 Published: Tibert, G. and Pellegrino, S., “Deployable Tensegrity Masts”, 44hAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit, 7-10April 2003, Norfolk (USA). Also available in http://www2.mech.kth.se/~gunnart/AIAA-2003-1978.pdf2003 Published: Tsu, D.V., Chao, B.S. and Jones, S.J., “Intermediate order in tetrahedrally coordinatedsilicon: evidence for chainlike objects”, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol.78, No.1-4, July 2003,pp.115-141.2003 Published: Wang, B.B. and Li, Y.Y., “Novel Cable-Strut Grids made of prisms: Part I. Basic Theory andDesign”. Int. Journal Space Structures, Vol.44, No.142, pp.93- 125.2003 Published: Werta, 3delavnica, [on-line], Ljubljana (Slovenia) http://www.3delavnica.com2003 Published: Williams, W.O., A Primer on the Mechanics of Tensegrity Structures, [online], Pittsburgh(USA) http://www.math.cmu.edu/~nw0z/publications/03-CNA-013/013bs/03-CNA-013.pdf2003 Published: Williamson, D., Skelton, R.E., Han, J., Equilibrium Conditions for a Class I TensegrityStructures, Revue française de génie civil, July, 2003, pp. 291-310.2003 Sculpture: Rainbow Arch by Snelson2003 Talk: Aldrich, J.B., Skelton, R.E., Control/Stucture Optimization Approach for Minimum-timeReconfiguration of Tensegrity Systems, Smart Structures and Materials: Modeling, Signal Processing andControl, San Diego, CA, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5049, pages 448-459.2003 Talk: Aldrich, J.B., Skelton, R.E., Kreutz-Delgado, K., Control Synthesis for a Class of Light and AgileRobotic Tensegrity Structures, Proceedings of 2003 American Control Conference, Denver, pages 5245-5251.2003 Talk: Pinaud, J.P., Masic, M., Skelton, R.E. Path planning for the deployment of tensegrity structures.SPIE’s 10th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, March2003.2004 Patent: Snelson granted patent, #6,739,937: Space Frame Structure Made by 3-D Weaving of RodMembers2004 Published: Armstrong, R., Geodesic Domes: Untapped potential? Unpublished BArch dissertation.School of Architecture, Queen’s University Belfast.2004 Published: Barber, G.T., Four-strut support composed of non-contacting compression members andtension members, U.S. Patent No. D487,155, February 24, 2004.2004 Published: Búrdalo, S., “Vocación de paisaje”, Revista del Ministerio de Fomento, No.531, Jullio-Agosto 2004, pp. 100-104.2004 Published: Cornel Sultan, Robert Skelton, "A force and torque tensegrity sensor", in Sensors andActuators A: Physical, Volume 112, Issues 2-3, 1 May 2004, Pages 220-2312004 Published: Gordon, E.D., Physical Training, [on-line], http://ejmas.com/pt/2004t/ptart_dolan_0204.htm2004 Published: King, J. and Lockhart, F., Great British Exhibitions, [on-line],http://members.fortunecity.com/gbex/skylon2.html2004 Published: Marc Defossez, "Mechanical response of a tensegrity structure close to its integrity limitsubmitted to external constraints, in Mechanics Research Communications, Volume 31, Issue 5, September-October 2004, Pages 569-5752004 Published: Schlaich, M., “The Messeturm in Rostock– A Tensegrity Tower”, Journal of the InternationalAssociation for Shell and Spatial Structures: IASS, in press.2004 Published: Ucsd Flow Control Lab, Turbulent flow / tensegrity fabric interaction, [on-line], San Diego(USA), http://turbulence.ucsd.edu/gallery/tensegrity.html2004 Talk: Chan, W., Arbelaez, D., Bossens, F., Skleton, R.E., Active vibration control of a three-stagetensegrity structure. SPIE 11th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, SanDiego, California, USA, March 2004.2004 Talk: Masic, M., Skelton, R.E., 3 presentations regarding Class-2 Tensegrity Towers. SPIE’s 11thAnnual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, March 2004.2005 Published: Dimitrije Stamenović, "Effects of cytoskeletal prestress on cell rheological behavior", in ActaBiomaterialia, Volume 1, Issue 3, May 2005, Pages 255-2622005 Published: Feng Fu, "Structural behavior and design methods of Tensegrity domes", in Journal ofConstructional Steel Research, Volume 61, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages 23-352005 Published: K.A. Lazopoulos, "Stability of an elastic cytoskeletal tensegrity model", in International

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Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 42, Issues 11-12, June 2005, Pages 3459-34692005 Published: Milenko Masic, Robert E. Skelton, Philip E. Gill, "Algebraic tensegrity form-finding", inInternational Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 42, Issues 16-17, August 2005, Pages 4833-48582005 Talk: Chen Zhihua, Shi Jie, "Theoretical analysis and experimental study on tensegrity system", inFourth International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures, 2005, Pages 435-4402005 Talk: Dr. Donald Ingber, "The Relevance of Tensegrity Architecture for Biology and Medicine",Synergetics Collaborative Fall 2005 Symposium on "Synergetics in the Arts" at the Noguchi Museum.2005 Talk: Paul C., Lipson H., Valero Cuevas F. J., , "Design of Tensegrity Robots for Fault TolerantLocomotion" Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR), Seattle,Washington, USA, July 18th-20th2006 Published: "Numerical form-finding of tensegrity structures" by G. Gomez Estrada, H.-J. Bungartz, C.Mohrdieck, in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 43, Issues 22-23, November 2006,Pages 6855-68682006 Published: , "Tensegrity", in Osteopathy, 2006, Pages 71-812006 Published: Bram de Jager, Robert E. Skelton, "Stiffness of planar tensegrity truss topologies", inInternational Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 43, Issue 5, March 2006, Pages 1308-13302006 Published: Dimitrije Stamenović, Ning Wang, Donald E. Ingber, "Cellular tensegrity models and cell-substrate interactions, in Principles of Cellular Engineering, 2006, Pages 81-1012006 Published: Haïmad Baudriller, Bernard Maurin, Patrick Cañadas, Philippe Montcourrier, AndreaParmeggiani, Nadir Bettache, "Form-finding of complex tensegrity structures: application to cell cytoskeletonmodelling, in Comptes Rendus Mécanique, Volume 334, Issue 11, November 2006, Pages 662-6682006 Published: J. Bursa, R. Lebis, "Tensegrity FE models of mechanical tests of individual cells", in Journalof Biomechanics, Volume 39, Supplement 1, 2006, Page S3252006 Published: J.Y. Zhang, M. Ohsaki, "Adaptive force density method for form-finding problem oftensegrity structures", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 43, Issues 18-19, September2006, Pages 5658-56732006 Published: J.Y. Zhang, M. Ohsaki, Y. Kanno, "A direct approach to design of geometry and forces oftensegrity systems", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 43, Issues 7-8, April 2006,Pages 2260-22782006 Published: Marc Arsenault, Clément M. Gosselin, "Kinematic, static and dynamic analysis of a planar2-DOF tensegrity mechanism", in Mechanism and Machine Theory, Volume 41, Issue 9, September 2006,Pages 1072-10892006 Published: Milenko Masic, Robert E. Skelton, "Selection of prestress for optimal dynamic/controlperformance of tensegrity structures", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 43, Issues 7-8, April 2006, Pages 2110-21252006 Published: Milenko Masic, Robert E. Skelton, Philip E. Gill, "Optimization of tensegrity structures", inInternational Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 43, Issue 16, August 2006, Pages 4687-47032006 Published: P. Cañadas, S. Wendling-Mansuy, D. Isabey, "Structural contribution of the cytoskeleton tothe dynamic response of" adherent cells assessed by a viscoelastic tensegrity model, in Journal ofBiomechanics, Volume 39, Supplement 1, 2006, Page S6022006 Published: R. Skelton, M. de Oliveira, C. Vera, L.A. Sung, "Nano-mechanics of a tensegrity networkfor the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, in Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 39, Supplement 1, 2006, PageS3312007 Paper: Active control of tensegrity structures under random excitation by M. Ganesh Raja and S.Narayanan, Smart Materials and Structures vol. 16 no. 32007 Published: J.N. Maina, "Spectacularly robust! Tensegrity principle explains the mechanical strength ofthe avian lung, in Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Volume 155, Issue 1, 15 January 2007, Pages 1-102007 Published: J.Y. Zhang, M. Ohsaki, "Stability conditions for tensegrity structures", in InternationalJournal of Solids and Structures, Volume 44, Issues 11-12, 1 June 2007, Pages 3875-38862007 Published: M. Schenk, S.D. Guest, J.L. Herder, "Zero stiffness tensegrity structures", in InternationalJournal of Solids and Structures, Volume 44, Issue 20, 1 October 2007, Pages 6569-65832007 Published: Shéhérazade Nineb, Pierre Alart, David Dureisseix, "Domain decomposition approach fornon-smooth discrete problems, example of a tensegrity structure, in Computers & Structures, Volume 85,Issue 9, May 2007, Pages 499-5112007 Published: Østen Jensen, Anders Sunde Wroldsen, Pål Furset Lader, Arne Fredheim, Mats Heide,"Finite element analysis of tensegrity structures in offshore aquaculture installations, in AquaculturalEngineering, Volume 36, Issue 3, May 2007, Pages 272-2842007 Workshop: Tensegrity Workshop, Les Moutons Matheux -- Centre de Recherche du Larzac Méridional,La Vacquerie et Saint Martin de Castries, France, sponsored by Centre d'Analyse et de Mathématique

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Sociales/Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (CAMS/EHESS), Paris, July 9, 2007 to July 13,20072008 Conference: 25 nov 08, “Tensegridad, Estructuras de Compresión Flotante”, Ponencia en el IVCongreso Internacional de Estructuras (Valencia), de la Asociación Científico-Técnica del HormigónEstructural, by Valen Gómez Jáuregui.2008 Published: Bernard Adam, Ian F.C. Smith, "Active tensegrity: A control framework for an adaptive civil-engineering structure", in Computers & Structures, Volume 86, Issues 23-24, December 2008, Pages 2215-22232008 Published: Christopher S. Chen, Donald E. Ingber, "Tensegrity und Mechanoregulation: Vom Skelettzum Zytoskelett", in Osteopathische Medizin, Zeitschrift für ganzheitliche Heilverfahren, Volume 9, Issue 4,November 2008, Pages 4-5, 6-7, 8-11, 12-172008 Published: Donald E. Ingber, "Tensegrity and mechanotransduction", in Journal of Bodywork andMovement Therapies, Volume 12, Issue 3, July 2008, Pages 198-2002008 Published: Donald E. Ingber, "Tensegrity-based mechanosensing from macro to micro", in Progress inBiophysics and Molecular Biology, Volume 97, Issues 2-3, June-July 2008, Pages 163-1792008 Published: Graham Scarr, "A model of the cranial vault as a tensegrity structure, and its significance tonormal and abnormal" cranial development, in International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, Volume 11,Issue 3, September 2008, Pages 80-892008 Published: Jean François Dubé, Nicolas Angellier, Bernard Crosnier, "Comparison betweenexperimental tests and numerical simulations carried out on a tensegrity minigrid, in Engineering Structures,Volume 30, Issue 7, July 2008, Pages 1905-19122008 Published: Offer Shai, Uri Ben Hanan, Yefim Mor, Michael Slovotin, Leon Ginzburg, Avner Bronfeld,Itay Tehori. Deployable Tensegrity Robots. ICR (Israeli Conference on Robotics), November 26-27 2008,Herzelia, Israel.2008 Published: Paulo Gustavo von Krüger, Francisco Carlos Rodrigues, Luis Eustáquio Moreira, EdgarVladimiro Mantilla Carrasco, Marcelo Greco, "Mechanical behavior of a tensegrity dome", in MechanicsResearch Communications, Volume 35, Issue 7, October 2008, Pages 460-4652008 Published: Sergi Hernàndez Juan, Josep M. Mirats Tur, "Tensegrity frameworks: Static analysisreview", in Mechanism and Machine Theory, Volume 43, Issue 7, July 2008, Pages 859-8812008 Published: Verena Eichhorn, in Osteopathische Medizin, Zeitschrift für ganzheitliche Heilverfahren,Volume 9, Issue 4, November 2008, Page 272008 Published: Yaozhi Luo, Xian Xu, Tanmay Lele, Sanjay Kumar, Donald E. Ingber, "A multi-modulartensegrity model of an actin stress fiber", in Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 41, Issue 11, 7 August 2008,Pages 2379-23872008 Research: Avner Bronfeld: Control of type 1 tensegrity structure, Mechanics Engineering, Tel AvivUniversity (TAU)2009 Conference: 26 jun 09, “Principios biomecánicos de la Tensegridad en Anatomía”. Conferencia en elVI Congreso de Enfermería de da Actividad Física y el Deporte, Santander, 2009, by Valen Gómez Jáuregui.2009 Conference: 28 sep 09, “Controversial Origins of Tensegrity”, Conferencia en el IASS Symposium2009, Valencia, by Valen Gómez Jáuregui.2009 Published: "Pre-stressed Tensegrity Structures built from DNA" by Tim Liedl, Donald E. Ingber, WilliamM. Shih, in Biophysical Journal, Volume 96, Issue 3, Supplement 1, February 2009, Page 20a2009 Published: Offer S., Tehori I., Bronfeld A., Slavutin M., Ben-Hanan U., Adjustable Tensegrity RobotBased on Assur Graph Principle, to appear in the proceedings of International Mechanical EngineeringCongress & Exposition IMECE 2009, Florida, November 2009.2009 Published: Albert Graells Rovira, Josep M. Mirats Tur, "Control and simulation of a tensegrity-basedmobile robot", in Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Volume 57, Issue 5, 31 May 2009, Pages 526-5352009 Published: C. Sultan, "Chapter 2 Tensegrity: 60 Years of Art, Science, and Engineering", in Advancesin Applied Mechanics, Volume 43, 2009, Pages 69-1452009 Published: Carsten Pflüger, "Leserbrief zum Artikel „Tensegrity und Mechanoregulation: Vom Skelettzum Zytoskelett”", in Osteopathische Medizin, Zeitschrift für ganzheitliche Heilverfahren, Volume 10, Issue 1,18 February 2009, Page 392009 Published: Claus-Heinrich Siemsen, Heimbert Dittrich, "Kräfteverteilungen im Körper des Menschenam Beispiel von Gewichthebern – Tensegrity als Erklärungsmodell", in Osteopathische Medizin, Zeitschrift fürganzheitliche Heilverfahren, Volume 10, Issue 3, 1 September 2009, Pages 14-182009 Published: Cornel Sultan, "Designing structures for dynamical properties via natural frequenciesseparation: Application" to tensegrity structures design, in Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,Volume 23, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages 1112-11222009 Published: J.Y. Zhang, S.D. Guest, M. Ohsaki, "Symmetric prismatic tensegrity structures. Part II:Symmetry-adapted formulations", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 46, Issue 1, 1

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January 2009, Pages 15-302009 Published: J.Y. Zhang, S.D. Guest, M. Ohsaki, "Symmetric prismatic tensegrity structures: Part I.Configuration and stability", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 46, Issue 1, 1 January2009, Pages 1-142009 Published: John Rieffel, Francisco Valero-Cuevas, Hod Lipson, "Automated discovery and optimizationof large irregular tensegrity structures", in Computers & Structures, Volume 87, Issues 5-6, March 2009,Pages 368-3792009 Published: Josep M. Mirats Tur, Sergi Hernàndez Juan, "Tensegrity frameworks: Dynamic analysisreview and open problems", in Mechanism and Machine Theory, Volume 44, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages1-182009 Published: K.W. Moored, H. Bart-Smith, "Investigation of clustered actuation in tensegrity structures",in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 46, Issue 17, 15 August 2009, Pages 3272-32812009 Published: Krzysztof Kassolik, Anna Jaskólska, Katarzyna Kisiel-Sajewicz, Jarosław Marusiak, AdamKawczyński, Artur Jaskólski, "Tensegrity principle in massage demonstrated by electro- andmechanomyography", in Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2009,Pages 164-1702009 Published: M. Pagitz, J.M. Mirats Tur, "Finite element based form-finding algorithm for tensegritystructures", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 46, Issue 17, 15 August 2009, Pages3235-32402009 Published: Marc Arsenault, Clément M. Gosselin, "Kinematic and static analysis of a 3-PUPS spatialtensegrity mechanism", in Mechanism and Machine Theory, Volume 44, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 162-1792009 Published: Tibor Jordán, András Recski, Zoltán Szabadka, "Rigid tensegrity labelings of graphs", inEuropean Journal of Combinatorics, Volume 30, Issue 8, November 2009, Pages 1887-18952009 Research: Omer Orki: Control of chain of tow dimensional tensegrity structures, MechanicsEngineering, Tel Aviv University (TAU)2009 Simultaneous Optimization of Structure and Control of Smart Tensegrity Structures,Journal ofIntelligent Material Systems and Structures January 2009 vol. 20 no. 1 109-117

Tensegrity Chronology, 2010's

2010 Kurilpa Bridge opens in Queensland, Australia2010 Published: András Recski, Offer Shai, "Tensegrity frameworks in one-dimensional space", in EuropeanJournal of Combinatorics, Volume 31, Issue 4, May 2010, Pages 1072-10792010 Published: Athanassios P. Pirentis, Konstantinos A. Lazopoulos, "On the singularities of a constrained(incompressible-like) tensegrity-cytoskeleton model under equitriaxial loading, in International Journal ofSolids and Structures, Volume 47, Issue 6, 15 March 2010, Pages 759-7672010 Published: Daniel Lobo, Francisco J. Vico, "Evolutionary development of tensegrity structures", inBiosystems, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 7 July 20102010 Published: Hoang Chi Tran, Jaehong Lee, "Advanced form-finding of tensegrity structures", inComputers & Structures, Volume 88, Issues 3-4, February 2010, Pages 237-2462010 Published: Hoang Chi Tran, Jaehong Lee, "Initial self-stress design of tensegrity grid structures", inComputers & Structures, Volume 88, Issues 9-10, May 2010, Pages 558-5662010 Published: Hoang Chi Tran, Jaehong Lee, "Self-stress design of tensegrity grid structures withexostresses", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 47, Issue 20, 1 October 2010, Pages2660-26712010 Published: J.Y. Zhang, S.D. Guest, R. Connelly, M. Ohsaki, "Dihedral ‘star’ tensegrity structures", inInternational Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 47, Issue 1, 1 January 2010, Pages 1-92010 Published: Landolf Rhode-Barbarigos, Nizar Bel Hadj Ali, René Motro, Ian F.C. Smith, "Designingtensegrity modules for pedestrian bridges", in Engineering Structures, Volume 32, Issue 4, April 2010, Pages1158-11672010 Published: Massimo Cefalo, J.M. Mirats Tur, "Real-time self-collision detection algorithms fortensegrity systems", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 47, Issue 13, 15 June 2010,Pages 1711-17222010 Published: N. Bel Hadj Ali, I.F.C. Smith, "Dynamic behavior and vibration control of a tensegritystructure", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 47, Issue 9, 1 May 2010, Pages 1285-1296

tensegrity - Chronology of Tensegrity

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2010 Published: Robert E. Skelton, Maurício C. de Oliveira, "Optimal tensegrity structures in bending: Thediscrete Michell truss", in Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 347, Issue 1, February 2010, Pages 257-2832010 Published: Shintaro Ehara, Yoshihiro Kanno, "Topology design of tensegrity structures via mixedinteger programming", in International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volume 47, Issue 5, 1 March 2010,Pages 571-5792010 Published: Yue Li, Xi-Qiao Feng, Yan-Ping Cao, Huajian Gao, "A Monte Carlo form-finding methodfor large scale regular and irregular tensegrity structures", in International Journal of Solids and Structures,Volume 47, Issues 14-15, July 2010, Pages 1888-1898

Tensegrity Chronology, References

The most comprehensive timeline is in Tensegrity Structures by Jáuregui ,chapter 2, Background; thatinformation provided the beginning of this article.

I also used his Jáuregui's bibliography.

See Burkhardt's A Practical Guide to Tensegrity Design 2nd edition Copyright 2004-2008 for a good history.

Snelson's website has a list of his exhibitions: http://www.kennethsnelson.net/icons/bio.htm

[1] Chronological Biography of Richard Buckminster Fuller hosted by Buckminster Fuller Institute (BFI), athttp://bfi.org/about-bucky/biography/chronological-biography accessed 16 July 2010

Portal To Basic ConceptsA series of pages addressing critical concepts; see also the index.

Tensegrity> Benefits, Chronology, Definitions, Dynamics, Force, Mast, Pneumatics, Stability, Stiffness,Stress, VideosCompression> Strut: Curved, Linear, Nucleated, RingTension>Floating, Tendon,Forms> Bicycle wheel, Folding, Musical instruments, Plane, Prism, Skew, Specific Strength, Springs,Torus, Tuning, Wall, Weaving.Founders> Fuller, Snelson

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