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Fraudulent New IT Systems of the Israeli Courts - Unannounced Regime Change?

Joseph Zernik, PhD

Human Rights Alert (NGO), Tel-Ai, !srael

 "oseph#$ernik%hra-ngo#org 

Abstract  &ali'it, integrit, an' impats o* the ne+ !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts, implemente' in the

'ea'e o* the s, are e.amine'# The report is /ase' in part on the Human Rights Alert, NGO, (HRA)su/mission *or the 0niersal Perio'i Reie+ (0PR) o* human rights in !srael / the Human Rights 1ounil

(HR1) o* the 0nite' Nations (0N) +hih, *ollo+ing pro*essional HR1 sta** reie+, +as inorporate' into the

HR1 0PR report (23) +ith the note4 56ak o* integrit in the eletroni reor' sstems o* the supreme ourt,

the 'istrit ourts an' the 'etainees7 ourts in !srael5# The urrent report is also /ase' on the *in'ings o* the

8tate Om/u'sman7s Report (2), +hih note' that sstem 'eelopment *aile' to ompl +ith 8tate la+ an'

stan'ar's4 1ontrats +ere signe' +ith no legal ten'er an' +ith no spei*iations9 'eelopment +as arrie'

out +ith no ore management / state emploees9 sstems +ere aepte' +ith no in'epen'ent ali'ation /

state emploees9 serers +ere remoe' *rom the usto' o* the state ourts into the usto' o* a orporation,

an' unkno+n num/er o* people +ere issue' 'ou/le smart !D ar's# 8stem analsis reeals4 Deelopment an'

implementation +ith no la+*ul authorit, serers o* uneri*ie' i'entit, an' inali' implementation o* 

eletroni signatures, authentiation proe'ures, authorities an' permissions# Data mining reeals +i'esprea'

issuane o* inali' "u'iial# :alsi*ie', simulate', an';or *orge' "u'iial reor's are presente'# 1ase stu'ies*ous on the unla+*ul 'epriation o* li/ert, perseution o* +histle-/lo+ers, an' *ailing orporate;/anking

regulation# The possi/ilit that suh *un'amental 'e*iienies, +hih sstematiall strippe' "u'iial reor's o* 

an sem/lane o* ali'it an' authentiit through a ostl, long-term pro"et, oerseen / ke national

 "u'iial *igures, are the outome o* oersight, or human error is remote# The sstems shoul' /e ie+e' as

suspension o* the la+ o* the lan', or 'enial o* aess to the iil ourts# As suh, the represent a regime

hange, or a onstitutional risis in a nation +ith no onstitution# The last ouple o* 'ea'es also inole'

unpree'ente' orruption o* goernment, an' soio-eonomi hanges, +hih propelle' !srael to the *irst

plae in poert among O<1D nations# The sstems remarka/l resem/le similarl 'e*iient, ol'er sstems o* 

the 8tate o* 1ali*ornia an' the 08 *e'eral ourts# The role o* !=> an' <D8, 08-/ase' orporations, in the

'eelopment o* the !sraeli sstems is nota/le, as +ell as similar on'ut / !=> in other nations# Notie the

uni?ue relationship /et+een o'e an' la+ in suh sstems, orretie measures are propose', alling *or

Pu/liit o* the 6a+ @ transparen - an' *or the 8eparation o* Po+ers @ plaing the 'eelopment an'implementation o* suh sstems un'er aounta/ilit to the legislature# Human rights an' internet atiists

shoul' /e igilant in monitoring suh sstems# !T e.perts shoul' assume more prominent 'uties in the

sa*eguar' o* iil soiet in our era#

!eywords e-"ustie, human rights, ourts, prisons, /anking regulation, 8tate o* !srael#

"# Introduction

The ourts +orl'+i'e hae implemente' in reent 'ea'es !T sstems *or e**iient management o* ourt

ases, eletroni *iling / parties, an' pu/li aess to ourt reor's# 0nite' Nations reports on 8trengthening

Ju'iial !ntegrit Against 1orruptionB (, 2) enourage the proess# No 'ou/t, suh sstems oul' hae

improe' the transparen an' integrit o* the "u'iial proesses# Ho+eer, the transition to eletroni

a'ministration o* the ourts is not risk *ree#

1ourt proe'ures an' in partiular, the maintenane an' sa*eguar' o* ali' ourt reor's, hae eole' oer

enturies un'er paper a'ministration o* the ourts# The are the ore o* *air hearing, an' ?uintessential to

them is the oor'inate' ations o* the t+o arms o* the ourts4 The "u'iial arm @ a'"u'iating an' issuing

'eision reor's, an' the ministerial (lerial) arm @ authentiating, erti*ing, an' maintaining ourt reor's

as their la+*ul usto'ians# On the other han', historial reie+ *in's that orruption o* the o**ies o* the lerks

is orrelate' +ith orruption o* the ourts themseles (>essinger, )#

The transition to eletroni a'ministration o* the ourts amounts to a sea hange in the operations o* the

o**ies o* the lerks# Preious stu'ies 'oumente' the 'etrimental e**ets o* the implementation o* inali' !T

sstems in the ourts an' prisons in the 0nite' 8tates, in the 8tate o* 1ali*ornia, an' in the 8tate o* !srael

(Human Rights Alert 2, 23, 2C, Zernik, 2, 2a, 2/, 2C)#

The urrent report is /ase' in part on the Human Rights Alert, NGO, (HRA) su/mission to the 0nite' Nations

Human Rights 1ounil (HRA, 23), +hih +as inorporate' into the Pro*essional 8ta** Report (23) o* the

1ounil7s Perio'i Reie+ +ith the note4 lak o* integrit o* the eletroni reor's o* the 8upreme 1ourt, the

'istrit ourts an' the 'etainees ourts in !srael#B Gien spae limit, instant report proi'es4 a) Online

Digitally signed

by Joseph

Zernik, PhDDate:

2015.01.16

00:55:47 +02'00'

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Appen'i. ! - an e.pan'e' ersion o* the urrent report +ith links to online re*erenes an' reor's, an' /)

Online Appen'i. !! - HRA su/mission (23), setions o* +hih are re*erene' +ithin the te.t (e#g#, HRA 12e)#

"#" $ffice of the cler%

The authorit, 'uties an' responsi/ilities o* the hie* lerk o* the ourt in the 8tate o* !srael +ere 'e*ine' in a

series o* la+s an' respetie regulations (HRA 1#2)# The regulations, +hih +ere promulgate' in 3-C, 'uring

the perio' o* implementation o* the urrent generation o* !T sstems o* the ourts, are o* partiular interest#The la+s an' regulations are at times inonsistent in their /asi terms an' leae onsi'era/le amount o* 

am/iguit# On suh /akgroun', the initial steps in 'eeloping an' implementing the urrent !T sstems o* the

ourt, i#e#, 'e*ining the spei*iations, +as partiularl sensitie# <ither the authorities, 'uties an'

responsi/ilities o* the hie* lerk an' the respetie proe'ures +ere to /e unam/iguousl 'e*ine', or else

inali' !T sstems +oul' /e 'eelope' an' implemente'# !t is note+orth that the !sraeli ourts themseles

rule' that a ourt, operating +ith no la+*ul o**ie o* the lerk, is an inompetent ourt#

&# 'ethods

&#" IT system analysis and data mining 

The sstems are analse' / reie+ o* the their implementation an' operation in arious ourts# Data mining

is largel on'ute' using the inherent /uilt-in searh engines# 8stem rules are in*erre' through reie+ o* 

the sstems an' the reor's, sine har'l an pu/li reor's are aaila/le (e#g# users7 manuals), an' the o**ie

o* A'ministration o* 1ourts 'enie' respetie :ree'om o* !n*ormation re?uests, or +rong*ull re*use' torespon' on them (HRA 1e)#

&#& Case studies 

1ase stu'ies are proi'e' in Online Appen'i. ! to 'emonstrate the impat o* the !T sstems o* on the

a'ministration o* "ustie in the !srael to'a#

&#( )uman rights* national and international legal im+lications

6egal analsis is largel restrite' to tehnial an' proe'ural matters, +hih nee'e' to /e a''resse' in the

ourse o* implementing an !T sstem o* the ourts, e#g#, the sa*eguar' o* ali', authenti reor's through

ali' signatures, authentiation, erti*iation, authorities an' permissions# <mphasis is gien to reor's,

pertaining to the initiation (e#g# summonses) an' termination ("u'gments) o* litigation, +hih are reogni$e'

*or enturies as ritial *or integrit o* the ourts an' the "u'iial proess#

58imulate' 6itigation5, 58imulate' 1ourt Reor'5, 58imulate' 6itigation;Reor's5 are use' here pursuant tothe Te.as Penal 1o'e E3#F, +hih is instrutie in 'etailing the un'erling on'ut (see Online Appen'i. !)4

Disseminating inali', ine**etual, unen*orea/le, an' tpiall a/usie ourt reor's, then *rau'ulentl

in'uing or e.torting ompliane +ith them# !n terms o* 08 *e'eral la+, suh on'ut / "u'ges, lerks, an'

attornes *alls un'er :rau' upon the 1ourt# 8uh on'ut is onsi'ere' 5e.tra-"u'iial5 on'ut, +hih is not

oere' / an immunit# The la+ o* the 8tate o* !srael nota/l *ails to spei*iall a''ress suh on'ut#

8imulate' legal proess has /een kno+n *or enturies as a ommon *orm o* "u'iial orruption# The o**ie o* 

the lerk, its 'uties an' responsi/ilities, eole' enturies ago spei*iall to preent suh on'ut#

Aor'ingl, emphasis is gien to the +as in +hih the ne+ !T sstems ena/le the issuane an' pu/liation o* 

simulate' "u'iial reor's#

( IT system analysis

(#" The systems

The urrent report primaril reie+s the !T sstems o* the !sraeli 8upreme 1ourt (name unkno+n), the 'istrit

an' magistrate ourts (Net-Hamishpat), the 'e/tors ourts (&TO, Ornet, an' elim 8hluim), an' the 'etainees

ourts (name unkno+n)# Net-Hamishpat, /ut none o* the other sstems proi'es the *ull range o* ase

management, pu/li aess, an' eletroni *iling apa/ilities# The other sstems, suh as the one use' / the

8upreme 1ourt, proi'e ase management an' limite' pu/li aess, /ut no eletroni *iling apa/ilities#

(#& ,eelo+ment and im+lementation - disregard of standards* dubious lawful authority

As note' in the 8tate Om/u'sman7s Report (2), e**etual stan'ar's an' proe'ures, pertaining to the

'eelopment o* 8tate !T sstems, +ere esta/lishe' in the Oto/er , 22 1a/inet Deision 23;eo, an'

*urther ela/orate' in Aounting O**ie o* the >inistr o* Treasur >a*tah Proe'ures#

The 8tate Om/u'sman7s Report (2) notes that none o* these rules an' proe'ures +ere omplie' +ith in

the 'eelopment o* the urrent generation o* !T sstems o* the ourts (HRA 13/)# >oreoer, the 8tate

Om/u'sman7s Report (2) notes that ontrats *or sstem 'eelopment +ere unla+*ull a+ar'e' toorporations +ith no legal ten'er, that the serers o* the ourts +ere remoe' *rom the usto' o* the lerks

o* the ourts to the usto' o* a orporation @ in iolation o* the Regulations of the Courts, an' that an

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unkno+n num/er o* in'ii'uals +ere issue' 'ou/le !D ar's (HRA 13/)#

The urrent generation o* !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts represents a sea-hange in ourt proe'ures an'

ourt a'ministration# These hanges in ourt proe'ures hae not /e legistate'# 6imite' authori$ation is

proi'e' in hanges, +hih are promulgate' in the Regulations of Civil Court Procedure# A partiularl alarming

hange is promulgate' in the Regulations of the Courts – Office of the Clerk  (F), EC @ >ehanial 8stems

(see Online Appen'i. !)# !n Artile C, the >inister o* Justie in *at 'elegates to the Diretor o* the

A'ministration o* 1ourts the authorit to hange the Regulations of the Courts as neessar in on"untion

+ith implementation o* the ne+ !T sstems# Artile C patentl iolates the priniple o* 8eparation o* Po+ers#

>oreoer, the hanges to the Regulations, +hih +ere o/iousl intro'ue' / the Diretor o* the

A'ministration o* 1ourts, +ere neer pu/lishe', in iolation o* the priniple o* Pu/liit o* the 6a+#

:urthermore, the A'ministration o* 1ourts re*use' to respon' on a :ree'om o* a !n*ormation re?uest, asking

*or 'islosure o* suh hanges (HRA 1e)# Regar'less, reie+ o* the sstems, 'ata mining, an' other :ree'om

o* !n*ormation responses ena/le the i'enti*iation o* the ar'inal hanges in ourt proe'ures, inherent in the

ne+ !T sstems o* the ourts#

!n all !sraeli ourts (inlu'ing the 8upreme 1ourt), the most signi*iant hange +as a/olishing the responsi/ilit

an' aounta/ilit o* the hie* lerk relatie to integrit o* ourt reor's, issuane o* summonses,

authentiation, serie, an' erti*iation o* "u'iial reor's#

!n the 8upreme 1ourt, +here the paper reor's are 'eeme' the authoritatie soure, the ali'it o* all

eletroni reor's in the pu/li aess sstem +as a''itionall oi'e' /4 a) a''ing to all reor's the'islaimer su/"et to e'iting an' phrasing hangesB, an' /) omitting the stan'ar' statement / the 1hie* 

1lerk o* the 8upreme 1ourt, +hih ha' appeare' on all reor's prior to , True 1op o* the OriginalB, +ith

an eletroni o'e (pro/a/l an earl *orm o* pass+or' seure' *ile sstem) (:igure 2)# =oth the

A'ministration o* 1ourts an' urrent Presi'ing Justie o* the 8upreme 1ourt Asher Grunis re*use' to 'islose

un'er +hose authorit an' un'er +hat legal *oun'ation suh pro*oun' hanges +ere intro'ue' in the

eletroni reor's o* the 8upreme 1ourt in #

Figure "# 1hanges in the !T sstem o* the 8upreme 1ourt I # .eft  0ntil earl , all eletroni 'eisions

o* the 8upreme 1ourt arrie' erti*iation, True 1op o* the OriginalB, / the late 1hie* 1lerk 8hmarahu

1ohen# Right 8ine earl , the erti*iation statement an' an other re*erene to a hie* lerk +ere

omitte'# On the ontrar, the 'islaimer su/"et to e'iting an' phrasing hangesB +as a''e' (HRA ...)#

!n the 'istrit, magistrate, an' la/or ourts, +here Net-Hamishpat is implemente', an' +here eletroni

reor's are 'eeme' the authoritatie soure, the ali'it o* all eletroni reor's +as oi'e' through the

implementation o* inisi/le eletroni signatures - The <mperor7s Ne+ 1lothesB# :or e.ample, prior to the

implementation o* Net-Hamishpat, "u'ges +ere permitte' to insri/e un*ormatte' 'eisionsB on the *ae o*

motion reor's un'er their signatures# ith the implementation o* Net-Hamishpat, suh pratie +as

esta/lishe' as Post-it DeisionsB +ith no isi/le signatures at all (:igure )#

Figure &# 1hanges relate' to implementation I o* Net-Hamishat !T sstem# .eft 0n'er paper

a'ministration - Rotem v Baram and State of Israel  (K3;F) in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt - the :e/ruar

L, L Deision / Ju'ge 8hoshana Almagor is insri/e' on the *ae o* Plainti**7s >otion *or 8u/poena o*

itnesses# The Ju'ge7s stamp an' han' signature appear ne.t to the insription, as +ell as the stamp / the

o**ie o* the lerk o* the ourt 8ent / *a. or email on :e/ruar L, LB# Right !n Net-Hamispat !T sstem -

Silman v Social Security  (2KC-) in the Tel-Ai Distrit 1ourt @ the August 3, 2 Deision / Ju'ge Hagai

=renner is a Post-it DeisionB - a semi-transparent *rame, superimpose' on the *ae page o* the >otion *or

Dis?uali*iation *or a 1ause +ith no isi/le signature an' no in'iation o* its serie# The Deision in part sas4

### There is not a single su/stantial laim o* a reasona/le onern o* /ias### instant >otion is super*luous###B#

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(#( Serers of unerified identity and dubious security

Reie+ o* the i'entit o* the serers o* the arious ourts, using stan'ar' /ro+sers, *aile' to 'isoer a single

serer o* erti*ie' i'enti* (HRA 1/)# The *ailure to erti* the i'entit o* the serers, in itsel*, is likel to /e

'eeme' su**iient to hol' the sstems inali'# :urthermore, the A'ministration o* 1ourts re*use' to respon'

on a :ree'om o* !n*ormation re?uest4 ho hol's the ultimate a'ministratie authorit *or the serers o* the

8upreme 1ourt o* the 8tate o* !sraelM (HRA 1e)# Tpiall, the 8hin-=et (seret serie) hol's the ultimate

authorit oer seurit o* state !T sstems# Ho+eer, in response on re?uest, the o**ie o* Prime >inster (+ho

is in harge o* the 8hin-=et) state' that the 8hin-=et hol's no authorit oer o* the serers o* the ourts#

(#/ Inalid im+lementation of electronic signatures

To'a, all 'eision reor's o* the !sraeli ourts, +ith the nota/le e.eption o* the 8upreme 1ourt, are

maintaine' as eletroni reor's# Regar'less, no isi/le eletroni reor' an /e *oun' on an ourt reor's#

The notion o* inisi/le signatures, 'e*ies the essene o* a signature @ a sm/ol a**i.e' +ith the intent to aept

responsi/ilit (HRA 1')# 8uh inali' implementation o* the Electronic Signature Act  (2) e.ten's /eon'

the ourts# :or e.ample, L-K Annual Report o* the >agistrate o* Data/ases (+ho also hol's the authorit

o* >agistrate o* 1erti*ing Authorities, pursuant to the Electronic Signature Act ), as pu/lishe' online / the

>inistr o* Justie,  sho+s no isi/le signature (Haohen, K) (:igure 3)# The >inistr o* Justie 'enie' a

:ree'om o* !n*ormation re?uest *or a op o* the Report, /earing a isi/le eletroni signature, un'er the

laim that the eletroni signature o* a goernment o**ier is a priate instrumentB# The implementation o* 

inali' eletroni signatures +as relate' to the priati$ationB o* the eletroni signature sstem o* the 8tate

o* !srael to 1omsign, a priate orporation @ a 'u/ious measure#

Figure (# !mplementation o* inisi/le eletroni signatures# 0nsigne' signature /o. o* the L-K Annual

Report / Attorne oram Haohen, >agistrate o* Data/ases, as pu/lishe' online / the >inistr o* Justie#

The signature /o. sas4 Trul, oram Haohen, A'#, >agistrate o* Data/ases, Justie Tehnolog an'

!n*ormation Authorit (Originall signe' / a seure eletroni signature)B the parenthetial part in re' in the

original, "$# The >inistr o* Justie 'enie' a :ree'om o* !n*ormation re?uest *or a isi/l signe' op o* the

Report, laiming that the eletroni signature o* a goernment o**ier is a priate instrumentB#

(#0 Inalid im+lementation of summonses* authentication* certification* serice Instruments and +rocedures!n almost all ourts, originating in the <nglish ommon la+, inlu'ing the !sraeli ourts, the initiation o*

litigation through the issuane an' e.eution o* serie o* a ali' summonses un'er the signature o* the lerk

o* the ourt an' the seal o* the ourt is presri/e' *or the esta/lishment o* the "uris'ition o* the ourt in a

gien matter on the gien parties# There*ore, the ali'it an' integrit o* the summons is ritial *or ali'it

an' integrit o* the su/se?uent litigation as a +hole# Ho+eer, sine implementation o* the urrent !T sstems

o* the !sraeli ourts4

!n the 8upreme 1ourt - petitions (matters o* original "uris'ition) are hear' as Preliminar Proee'ingsB +ith

no issuane o* the the 1on'itional Deree, +hih aor'ing to the respetie Regulations is the 8ummons in

suh proe'ure#

!n the 8upreme 1ourt - +hile all ali' ourt reor's are maintaine' in paper ourt *iles, the Noties to Appear

in 1ourt (*or hearings on petitions) are maintaine' as eletroni reor's, +hih aor'ing to the 8upreme

1ourt sta**, are automatiall eliminate' *rom the !T sstem a*ter the 'ate o* the hearing (Zernik, 2Fa)#!n the 'istrit an' magistrate ourts - summonses are issue' / an unname' person, unsigne', onl note' as

issue' / the O**ie o* the 1lerkB (:igure F)#

Figure /# !mplementation o* inali' summonses in Net-Hamishpat#  Ben-aakov v Rolnick (C3KFK@-2) in the

Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt# The summons is unsigne', /ears no seal o* the ourt, an' is issue' in the name o*O**ie o* the 1lerk o* the >agistrate 1ourt, Tel-AiB#

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Authentiation o* all "u'iial reor's is a *un'amental proe'ure in all ourts, originating in the <nglish

ommon la+, inlu'ing the !sraeli ourts, *or ren'ering ourt 'eisions ali', e**etual, an' en*orea/le# The

matter is no+ internationall akno+le'ge' in the Hague 1onention (2L2), to +hih the 8tate o* !srael is a

part (see /elo+)# Authentiation o* "u'iial reor's is e.eute' through the 'ue serie o* suh reor's on the

parties to the matter /e*ore the ourt, 'ul signe', +ith an aompaning letter, signe' un'er the authorit o* 

the 1hie* 1lerk#

Ho+eer, sine the implementation o* the urrent !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts4

!n the 8upreme 1ourt - all 'eisions are maile' unsigne' / the "usties, /earing the 'islaimer su/"et to

e'iting an' phrasing hangesB an' +ith no aompaning letter / the lerk o* the ourt at all#

!n the 'istrit, magistrate, an' la/or ourts - all 'eisions are maile' +ith an unsigne' aompaning letter /

an unname' person (:igure C)#

Figure 0#  !mplementation o* inali' authentiation letters in Net-Hamishpat# Silman v Social Security  (2KC-

) in the Tel-Ai Distrit 1ourt @ the August 3, 2 Aompaning letter o* the 'eision (:igure 3) / Ju'ge

Hagai =renner sas4 Aompaning 6etter# Attahe' is a 'eision reor'# Date4 August 3, 2# 8ignature o* 

a 1lerkB# The reor' is unsigne', *ails to name its issuer, an' /ears no seal o* the ourt (=renner, 2)#

O* note, oer the past 'ea'e, "u'ges hae stoppe' using the proper legal term, serieB# !nstea', "u'iial

reor's instrut the o**ie o* the lerk to in*orm the partiesB o* "u'iial 'eisions, or mail to the partiesB, et#

The erti*iation o* ourt reor's / the lerk o* the ourt is a routine proe'ure in all ourts, originating in the

<nglish ommon la+# Dul erti*ie' ourt reor's are 'eeme' sel*-authentiate'B, an' are re?uire' *or

en*orement o* ourt or'ers an' "u'gments, or +hen *iling suh reor's as a'missi/le ei'ene# The

Regulations of the Courts! Office of the Clerk   (F), ELa esta/lish the authorit erti* ourt reor's, True1op o* the OriginalB, +ith the 1hie* 1lerk#

:ollo+ing the implementation o* the urrent !T sstems o* the ourts, no ali' erti*iation o* ourt reor's

oul' /e o/taine' *rom an o* the ourts, +here it has /een attempte'# Ho+eer, numerous e.amples o* 

*orgeries +ere 'isoere'#

!n the 8upreme 1ourt - petitioners, +ho hae aske' *or signe' an' erti*ie' opies o* 'eisions in their

matters, routinel reeie' simulate' an';or *orge' reor's# 8uh reor's tpiall /ear an inali'

erti*iation statement, Dupliation is True to the OriginalB, instea' o* True 1op o* the OriginalB, an' are

either signe' either / an unname' person, using an illegi/le signature, or / a person, +ho is not the 'ul

appointe' 1hie* 1lerk o* the 8upreme 1ourt (:igure L)#

Figure 1# 8imulation an';or *orger o* erti*iations o* 8upreme 1ourt 'eision reor'# a# June 2, Deision

in "acmull v Bank of Israel and State of Israel (3C2;)# The petition originate' in *rau' / a /ank on De/tor

>amull in the Jerusalem De/tors7 1ourt, an' re*usal o* =ank o* !srael to per*orm its 'uties as /anking

regulator# The petition +as summaril 'enie'# The signatures o* the "usties are all in +et inkB, in the *orm

(-)B, an' in the same han'-+riting as the signature o* 8arah 6i*shit$ 1hie* 1lerkB# The erti*ing statement is

inali' - Dupliation is True to the OriginalB - instea' o* True 1op o* the OriginalB# 8arah 6i*shit$ +as not

'ul appointe' 1hie* 1lerkB# The *ootnote sas4 Dupliate su/"et to e'iting an' phrasing hanges#B

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!n the Tel-Ai 6a/or 1ourt - erti*iation +as issue' / a person, *alsel in possession o* the 1hie* 1lerkB

stamp, +hile the person, +ho appears as 1hie* 1lerkB hol's no appointment reor' as suh (:igure K)#

Figure 2# 8imulation an';or *orger o* erti*iation o* the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt 'eision reor'# .eft The +e/

page o* the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt lists 1hie* 1lerk4 >s Orl HammerB# Right The , 2F Ju'ge Gilt$er-at$

Deision, imposing an unusual N!8 F, pament in attornes *ees on Plainti** Genosar, the !srael <letri

1ompan +histle-/lo+er, +as erti*ie' using a True 1op o* the OriginalB stamp QF o* an unname' male

1hie* 1lerkB (Gilt$er-at$, 2F)# :ree'om o* !n*ormation response sho+s that >s Orl Hammer hol's no

la+*ul appointment as 1hie* 1lerkB o* the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt, an' that stamp QF is unla+*ull hel' / >s

Galit >agli', a seretar in the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt#

(#1 Inalid im+lementation of authorities and +ermissions* and discrimination in access to the courts

Attornes, +ho are authori$e' as Net-Hamishpat users, are permitte' aess to eletroni *iling *rom remote

loations at all times# 8uh attornes are permitte' to enter reor's into ourt 'oket, /passing the authorit

o* the lerk o* the ourt# 0nrepresente' parties must *ile on paper in the o**ie o* the lerk 'uring +orking

hours# 8erie on attornes is / email, on unrepresente' parties - / paper mail# Authori$e' attornes arepermitte' omprehensie aess to Net-Hamishpat eletroni reor's *rom remote loations at all time#

<.ept *or the Tel-Ai Distrit 1ourt, aess to eletroni ourt reor's is also seerel limite' or prohi/ite' on

unrepresente' parties in their o+n ourt *iles, in 'isregar' o* the la+#

8uh on'itions also ena/le the appearane o* attornes, +ho are not authori$e' as 1ounsel o* Reor' *or the

parties, +hih the purport to represent, a +ell-kno+n metho' o* *rau' upon the ourt (=ohm, )#

:ollo+ing the implementation o* Net-Hamishpat, numerous ases +ere 'oumente', +here unauthori$e'

attornes appeare' an' *ile' o* papers +ithout *iling the erti*iates o* ounsel o* reor's, as presri/e' /

la+4 !n the ase o* !srael <letri 1ompan +histle-/lo+er >oran Genosar, unauthori$e' attornes appeare'

on /ehal* o* the !srael <letri 1ompan9 in the riminal proseution o* Ta. Authorit +histle-/lo+er Ra*i

Rotem, unauthori$e' attornes appeare' as purporte' Pu/li De*en'ersB, an' in the ase o* sel*-immolate'

soial protest atiist >oshe 8ilman, unauthori$e' attornes appeare' on /ehal* o* the 8oial 8eurit#

(#2 Uniersal failure to doc%et summonses and authentication records

Reie+ o* ourt *ile reor's in Net-Hamishpat *aile' to 'isoer the summonses in a num/er o* ases, an' it

remains unkno+n i* the are maintaine' among the eletroni reor's in Net-Hamishpat at all# 8imilarl, no

authentiation reor's hae /een 'isoere' upon inspetion o* the eletroni reor's in Net-Hamishpat#

(#3 Adulterated* forged* and missing court records

:ollo+ing the implementation o* the ne+ !T sstems o* the ourts, numerous ases +ere reporte', +here

 "u'ges hae altere' or *orge' ourt reor's#

!n the 8upreme 1ourt - 'ata mining le' to the 'isoer o* numerous 'eision reor's, /earing *orge'

erti*iation / the late 1hie* 1lerk, up to C ears a*ter his 'eath in (:igure )#

Figure 3# :alsi*iation an';or *orger o* 8upreme 1ourt 'eision reor'# The signature an' erti*iation /o. o*

8upreme 1ourt Deision in #udith $ranco Sidi et al v Authority %ursuant to the Persons &isa'led 'y (a)i

Persecutions Act  (2C;) in part sas4 !ssue' this 'ate, :e/ruar 2F, K# =oa$ Okon, >agistrate# This

'upliate is su/"et to e'iting an' phrasing hanges# 8hmarahu 1ohen @ 1hie* 1lerk#B = :e/ruar K, =oa$

Okon +as no longer Registrar o* the 8upreme 1ourt, an' 8hmarahu 1ohen +as 'ea' *or a/out *ie ears#

Numerous other reor's o* the same nature +ere 'isoere'#

The t+o ases, most +i'el reporte' / me'ia, inole' Ju'ge &ar'a Alsheh *rom the Tel-Ai Distrit 1ourt

an' Ju'ge Hila 1ohen *rom the Hai*a Distrit 1ourt (Zarhin, 2, oa$, C)# Neither +as hel' aounta/le#

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!n other, nota/le ases, Haaret$ 'ail reporte' a ase, +here a 'etainee +as going to /e 'eporte', /ase' on a

hearing protool, +hih neer took plae in realit, an' the Annual Report o* the Ju'iiar Om/u'sman (2)

notes that "u'ges hol' that the are permitte' to alter 'eisions an' "u'gments, een a*ter the +ere gien in

open ourt# !n the numerous me'ia reports, relatie to the *alsi*iation o* "u'iial reor's / "u'ges, the

*un'amental ?uestion +as neer raise'4 Ho+ +as it tehniall possi/leM

The most plausi/le e.planation *or urrent on'itions in the !sraeli ourts is relate' to the implementation o* 

the urrent !T sstems o* the ourts an' un'ermining o* the authorit o* the lerk o* the ourt *or integrit o* 

ourt reor's# 0n'er paper a'ministration o* the ourts, "u'iial reor's +ere entere' into the 'okets onl

throughthe lerk o* the ourt, an' one stampe' an' entere', +ere no longer aessi/le *or "u'ges to mo'i*#

!n ontrast, the ei'ene sho+s that to'a, the ne+ !T sstems o* the ourts permit "u'ges aess to alter,

mo'i*, or *orge "u'iial reor's an time, at +ill#

(#4 ,ouble boo%s

= la+, pu/li aess is permitte' to all "u'iial 'eisions, unless la+*ull seale'# !n pratie, Net-Hamishpat

permits "u'ges to seletiel permit pu/li aess to 'eisions (:igure )#

  a# b#

Figure 4 Dou/le-/ook sstem in Net-Hamishpat# 8eptem/er 3, 2F 6ist o* Deisions in State of Israel v Rafi 

Rotem (2KF--23) in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt4 a# A remote pu/li aess terminal sho+s no 'eisions,

an' the sreen sas4 5No 'etails *oun'5# b# The o**ie o* the lerk terminal lists a 'o$en 'eisions#

(#"5 Unlawful filing of eidence in criminal +rosecutions with no +rior ins+ection by the ,efendant

The Criminal Court Procedure Act prohi/its the *iling o* ei'ene in riminal proseution, unless the 'e*en'ant

an' his ounsel +ere *irst proi'e' the opportunit to inspet the ei'ene# !nspetion o* ourt *iles sho+s

that in Net-Hamishpat, the Proseution eletroniall *iles the ei'ene +ithout proi'ing the 'e*en'ant an'

his ounsel the opportunit to inspet the ei'ene (:igure 2)#

Figure "5 0nla+*ul *iling o* ei'ene in a riminal proseution# 6ist o* Relate' :iles in State of Israel v Rafi

Rotem (2KF--23) in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt sho+s hperlinks to seen (K) !srael Polie inestigation

*iles, although the De*en'ant ha' not /een proi'e' an opportunit to inspet the ei'ene, regar'less o*

repeat re?uests# The hperlinks are inaessi/le to the pu/li an' the De*en'ant#

(#"" Failure to register 6udgments

Honest registration o* "u'gments is ritial *or honest a'ministration o* the ourts# Tpiall, a Ju'gment

=ook, or an !n'e. o* Ju'gments is onsi'ere' on the *un'amental =ooks o* 1ourtsB# Registration o* 

 "u'gments in Net-Hamishpat is ar/itrar an' apriious (:igure 22)#

Figure "" !nali' registration o* "u'gments# State of Israel v Roman *adorov (C-K) in the Na$areth Distrit

1ourt# 0n'er the Ju'gmentsB ta/ in Net-Hamishpat, the 8eptem/er 2F, 2 Ju'gment, oniting Za'oro

o* mur'er an' sentening him to li*e in prison is not liste'# The :e/ruar F, 2F 8upplemental Ju'gment,

+hih again onite' Za'oro o* mur'er, is liste' as Or'er on De*en'ant7s attorne to *ile erti*iate o*

ounselB#

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/# Case studies

A series o* ase stu'ies, *urther 'oumenting the 'e*iienies in the ne+ !T sstems o* the ourts, outline'

a/oe, is proi'e' in Online Appen'i. !# The series o* ases relate' to Ta. Authorit +histle-/lo+er Ra*i Rotem

is partiularl instrutie# !sraeli me'ia 'esri/e' him as /eing 7a/use' / the ourts *or oer a 'ea'e7 (Online

Appen'i. !)4 a) !n Rotem v +a, Authority et al in the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt, Rotem trie' to gain protetion

against retaliation# The ase, ommene' in C, an' +as on'ute' as a paper ourt *ile# !nspetion o* the

ourt *ile reeale' onl an unsigne', unauthentiate' "u'gment reor', +hih the 1ourt re*use' to erti*# /)

Rotem v Baram in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt, ommene' in F, +as like+ise on'ute' as a paper ourt

*ile# !nspetion *aile' to 'isoer summonses or authentiation reor's, /ut unoere' numerous unsigne'

 "u'iial reor's, +hih +ere neer 'ul sere'# Re?uest *or erti*iation o* the purporte' "u'gment in the

ase, iel'e' a reor', +hih shoul' /e 'eeme' *orger;simulate' ourt reor'# ) The still ongoing State of

Israel v Rotem in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt ! ommene' in 23, proi'es a 'etaile' e.ample o* the

on'ut o* a/usie, simulate' riminal proseution un'er Net-Hamishpat# The hallmarks are eletroni reor's

o* ague an' am/iguous ali'it, purporte'l /earing inisi/le eletroni signatures, a 'ou/le-/ooks sstem,

+here pu/li aess is purporte'l permitte', /ut e**etiel 'enie' to all 'eision reor's issue' so *ar so *ar

(:igure ), eletroni *iling o* ei'ene / the proseution +ithout proi'ing De*en'ant an opportunit to

inspet it *irst, as re?uire' / la+ (:igure 2), an' the appearane o* unauthori$e' outsi'e attornes as

purporte' pu/li 'e*en'ersB, +ho onsistentl *aile' to per*orm their 'uties# ') The petition Rotem v Samet

in the 8upreme 1ourt, ommene' an' summaril 'enie' in , proi'es a 'etaile' e.ample o* the 'enial o* aess to a national tri/unal *or protetion o* rights, an' the issuane o* simulate' 8upreme 1ourt 'eision

reor's, +hih the 8upreme 1ourt re*use' to hae 'ul erti*ie'#

0# )ague A+ostille Treaty 7"41"8

The Hague Apostille Treat a/olishe' the re?uirement *or legali$ation o* *oreign pu/li 'ouments, an'

esta/lishe' instruments *or mutuall reogni$e' erti*iation o* ourt reor's# The 8tate o* !srael entere' the

Treat in 2K, /ut the ei'ene sho+s that the 8tate o* !srael emplos a *alse proe'ure *or apostille

erti*iation / priate notaries, in iolation o* /oth !sraeli la+ an' the Treat# The A'ministration o* 1ourts

re*use' to ans+er on a :ree'om o* !n*ormation re?uest4 0n'er +hose authorit an' +hat legal *oun'ation

suh proe'ure +as pu/lishe'M (HRA 12a)#

1# ,iscussion

The *un'amental 'e*iienies in the ne+ !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts, sstems that hol' high signi*ianerelatie to the a'ministration o* "ustie an' +ere 'eelope' through a high ost, long-term pro"et, oerseen

/ senior national "u'iial o**iers, annot /e reasona/l 'eeme' the result o* oersight or human error# The

ne+ sstems onsistentl strip "u'iial reor's o* an ei'ene o* authentiit, ali'it, *ore an' e**et4

<letroni signatures are ague an' am/iguous, un'er ontrol o* a priate orporation#

8ignature o* the hie* lerk are omitte' *rom summonses an' authentiation reor's, e**etiel

inali'ating all serie proe'ures#

1erti*iation o* "u'iial reor's is routinel e.eute' / han'-signatures o* persons, +ho are not

authori$e' to 'o so / la+, using an inali' erti*iation statements#

The serers are no longer un'er state usto', their i'entit is unerti*ie', an' the ultimate

a'ministratie authorit oer them is unla+*ull hel' on*i'ential#

The most plausi/le e.planation *or the entire /o' o* ei'ene is that the "u'iiar 'eli/eratel esta/lishe'

inali' !T sstems an' inali' reor's in all ourts# There*ore, the sstems shoul' /e ie+e' as suspension o* the la+ o* the lan', or 'enial o* aess to the iil ourts# As suh, the represent a regime hange, or a

onstitutional risis in a nation +ith no onstitution# The ei'ene sho+s that inali' litigation reor's +ere

issue' also prior to implementation o* the sstems# Ho+eer, the ol'er reor's re*let +rong'oing on a loal

/asis, +hereas the ne+ !T sstems re*let +rong'oing on a national sale#

Pu/li reor's, inlu'ing ourt reor's, emerge' in the late mi''le ages as ke instruments in the

a'ministration o* a iil soiet, starting +ith /irth, marriage, an' /urial reor's# 6ater, in the <nglish ommon

la+, ourt reor's +ere aor'e' the same status, +ith the o**ie o* the lerk as their la+*ul usto'ian# !n

ontrast, the urrent !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts a**ete' the priati$ation o* pu/li reor's, their

signatures, an' their apostille erti*iation - a onept +hih 'e*ies the purpose o* pu/li reor's#

The sstem o* state (or roal) an' ourt seals eole' in the mi''le ages as part o* e**orts to enhane the

integrit an' seurit o* the respetie reor's# &ali', isi/le eletroni signatures oul' hae pratiall

eliminate' the possi/ilit o* *orger, or the issuane o* simulate' ourt reor's# !n ontrast, the

implementation o* inisi/le eletroni signatures - the <mperor7s Ne+ 1lothesB - in *at enhane' the a/ilit

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to generate *orge' or inali', simulate' ourt reor's# The priati$ation o* erti*ing authorities o* state

eletroni signatures again 'e*ies their o+n purpose#

The right o* the pu/li to inspet an' to op ourt reor's originate' hun're's o* ears ago in the <nglish

ommon la+, an' is onsi'ere' essential *or transparen o* the ourts an' integrit o* the "u'iial proess# !n

08 la+ it is inherent to the :irst Amen'ment to the 1onstitution# &ali' !T sstems oul' hae proi'e'

unpree'ente' pu/li aess an' unpree'ente' transparen o* the ourts# !n ontrast, the sstems +hih

+ere implemente' e**etiel reate' a 'ou/le /ooks sstem, +hih un'ermines pu/li aess an'

transparen o* the ourts# :urthermore, in a ke 'eision o* the !sraeli 8upreme 1ourt ( Association for Civil 

Rights v "inister of #ustice! C2K;K ! su/"et o* +hih +as pu/li aess to ourt reor's un'er the ne+ !T

sstems, then Presi'ing Justie Dorit =einish rule' that pu/li aess ha' to /e restrite', /ase' on the

7onstitutional7 right *or pria#

The on'ut o* the !sraeli ourts, inherent in the ne+ !T sstems, stan's ontrar to the *un'amentals o* the

<nglish ommon la+, in +hih the !sraeli ourts originate'# 8uh on'ut, like+ise, stan's ontrar to the

*un'amentals o* *air hearing an' aess to national ourts *or protetion o* rights in Human Rights# !t also

stan's ontrar to the *un'amental o* Je+ish la+, another ma"or soure o* !sraeli la+, +here ali' issuane

an' e.eution o* summonses, e.eution o* ourt reor's through ali' signatures an' authentiation;serie

proe'ures, partiularl in matters o* marriages an' 'iore, hae /een +ell-esta/lishe' *or oer ears#

!n reie+ing on'itions in the !sraeli ourts, one shoul' note that although the 8tate o* !srael akno+le'ges

Human Rights in !nternational 6a+, 'eisions o* the 8upreme 1ourt learl 'istinguish /et+een 7proe'ural'e*iienies7 an' 7essential 'e*iienies7 in ourt on'ut# !n a lan'mark 'eision in the ase or Amos

=aranes, +ho +as *alsel onite' o* mur'er an' +as *alsel imprisone' man ears, the 8upreme 1ourt

notes that 7proe'ural matter7 shoul' /e onsi'ere' 7upgra'e'7, sine the enatment in 2 o* the Basic .a/ 

- 0uman &ignity and .i'erty , +hih purporte'l esta/lishe' the right *or 'ue proess in !srael#

The 'eelopment an' implementation o* the ne+ !T sstem o* the !sraeli ourts +as launhe' un'er the

tenure o* 8upreme 1ourt Presi'ing Justie Aharon =arak (in o**ie 2C-L)# 0n'er his tenure, the 8upreme

1ourt purporte' to onstrue arious *un'amental human an' iil rights o* onstitutional *ore an' e**et

/ase' on the enatment o* =asi 6a+s# =arak a'ertise' himsel* as lea'ing o* a 71onstitutional Reolution7 in

!srael (Zernik, 2)# !n ontrast, outsi'e o/serers pereie' =arak as an 7enlightene' 'espot7 at /est, or the

+orl'7s reor' hol'er in 7"u'iial hu/ris7 (Posner, K)# The notion o* a 71onstitutional Reolution7 annot /e

su/stantiate' / an 'iserni/le enhanement in the a'herene o* the 8tate o* !srael +ith Human Rights,

either in the treatment o* its o+n iti$ens +ithin !srael proper, or the treatment o* resi'ents o* the Palestinianterritories# The urrent report proposes that Justie =arak in *at presi'e' oer unpree'ente' orruption o* 

the !sraeli ourts#

The implementation o* the ne+ !T sstems in the !sraeli ourts orrelate' +ith a perio', +hih has /een

marke' / unpree'ente', rampant goernment orruption an' the emergene o* e.treme gaps in asset an'

inome 'istri/ution# The eonom has gro+n to /e 'ominate' / a han'*ul o* 7toons7, an' !srael has /een

propelle' to the *irst plae among O<1D nations in poert rate +ithout su**ering an eonomi risis# The

soio-eonomi trans*ormation has also le' to the emergene in reent ears o* a soial protest o* 

unpree'ente' sale#

The 8tate o* !srael is not alone# 8imilar on'itions +ere reporte' in the !T sstems o* the state an' *e'eral

ourts in the 0nite' 8tates, +hih ha' /een 'eelope' an' implemente' a 'ea'e or t+o earlier than those o* 

the !sraeli ourts (HRA, 2C/)# !n the 0nite' 8tates, the implementation o* suh sstems is like+ise

orrelate' +ith unpree'ente' orruption o* the "ustie sstem, the emergene o* e.treme soio-eonomigaps, an' the +i'esprea' notion that the 08 1onstitution has /een oi'e' or suspen'e' (Zernik, 2C)# !n this

onte.t, the ke role o* t+o 08-/ase' international orporations, !=> an' <D8, in the unla+*ul 'eelopment

an' implementation o* the ne+ !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts shoul' /e note', as +ell as the on'ut o* !=>

in other nations (Zernik, 2F")#

2# 9ro+osed Correctie Actions

The implementation o* the ne+, *rau'ulent !T sstems in the !sraeli ourts, impliate the "u'iiar as a lass, as

+ell as the !sraeli =ar Assoiation an' the >inistr o* Justie# There*ore, orretie ations are likel to /e

neither *ast nor eas# <**orts ma eentuall re?uire an approah similar to a Truth an' Reoniliation

1ommission#

0n'er similar irumstanes in the 08 ourts a entur ago, ke orretie measures inole' re*orm o* the

o**ie o* the lerk o* the ourt (>essinger, )# 8imilar measures ma /e nee'e' in !srael#

1orretie measures shoul' note the uni?ue relationship /et+een o'e an' la+ (6essig, ), 'emonstrate'in !T sstems o* the ourts, there*ore re?uiring transparen @ pursuant to Pu/liit o* the 6a+, an'

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aounta/ilit to the legislature @ pursuant to the 8eparation o* Po+ers @ plaing the 'eelopment an'

implementation o* suh sstems un'er aounta/ilit to the legislature# Human rights an' internet atiists

shoul' keep igilane in monitoring suh sstems# !T e.perts shoul' assume more prominent 'uties in the

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3# $nline A++endices

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!!# Human Rights Alert, NGO, (23) Appen'i. to 8u/mission *or the 0PR o* Human Rights in the 8tate o* !srael

/ the 0N Human Rights 1ounilB

https4;;'rie#google#om;*ile;';=Aa.G/mkC"N.'s$SCo>k0;e'itMuspsharing 

References

=ohm, J# () >arh C, >emoran'um Opinion in Case of Borro/er 1illiam Parsley   (C-3KF), Dkt

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=loom/erg

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o* !srael

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Human Rights Alert (NGO) (2) Appen'i. to 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil

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1ounil

Human Rights Alert (NGO) (23) 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil 0niersal Perio'i

Reie+ o* Human Rights in !sraelB, online 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil

Human Rights Alert (NGO) (23) Appen'i. to 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil

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Human Rights Alert (NGO) (2C/) Appen'i. to 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil

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!sraeli ourtsB online 8tate o* !srael Om/u'sman7s O**ie

oa$, # (C) Panel rules to *ire Ju'ge Hila 1ohenB, online Haaret$

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Ai 6a/or 1ourt#B, online Human Rights Alert (NGO)

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