2015 Mina stampede

Row of victims and wounded assistance

Time 09:00 AST (UTC+03:00)

Date 24 September 2015

Location Mina, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Coordinates 21°24′59.5″N 39°53′04.9″E

Cause Under investigation

Deaths At least 1,100

Non­fatal injuries At least 934

Missing At least 1,015

2015 Mina stampedeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

On 24 September 2015, a stampede resulted in the deathsof at least 1,100 people[1][2][3] and injuries to 934 othersduring the annual Hajj pilgrimage in Mina, Mecca.[4] It isthe deadliest accident to occur in the Hajj since the 1990stampede that killed 1,426 people.[5] The incident wasthe second event with fatalities at Mecca in less than twoweeks. Earlier, on 11 September, a crane collapsed,killing 111 people and injuring 394.

Iran has strongly criticised Saudi Arabia for mishandlingthe annual pilgrimage and has threatened to press thecase against Saudi rulers in international courts.[6] Theincident has inflamed sectarian tensions between regionalrivals Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shia Iran, which werealready raised due to the wider turmoil in the MiddleEast, such as the Syrian Civil War and Yemen CivilWar.[7][8][9]

In a press conference held the day of the incident,spokesman of the Ministry of Interior Mansour Al­Turkiattempted to address most issues regarding the incident.He said that an investigation was ongoing and that theexact cause for crowding that led to the deadly stampede on Mina Street 204 are yet to be ascertained.[10]

Contents

1 Background2 The disaster

2.1 Casualties3 Reactions

3.1 Governments3.2 Analysts

4 See also5 References6 External links

Background

Main article: Hajj

Tent City at Mina in 2009

The Hajj is an annual pilgrimage in Mecca prescribed as a duty for Muslims to undertake at least once intheir lifetime. As traditionally performed, it consists of a series of rites including the Stoning of the Devil

(Arabic: رمي الجمرات ramī aj­jamarāt)[11][12] which takes place atthe Jamaraat Bridge in Mina, a district a few miles east of Mecca.The Jamaraat Bridge is a pedestrian bridge from which pilgrims canthrow pebbles at the three jamrah pillars. The stoning ritual is thelast major ritual and is often regarded as the most dangerous part ofthe Hajj, with its large crowds, confined spaces, and tightscheduling. A number of stampedes have occurred in the past.[13]

346 people were killed in a similar incident in 2006, whichprompted the Saudi government to improve the infrastructure of thecity.[4] The Saudi Arabian government has been spending $60billion to expand the Grand Mosque which houses the Kaaba, and

has deployed 100,000 security forces and 5,000 CCTV cameras to monitor the crowds.[14]

The 2015 Hajj occurred among such obstacles as regional turmoil, the hottest temperatures in Mecca in 20years, the MERS infection and "all­time high" tensions between Sunnis and Shias.[15]

The disaster

Nationalities of victimsNationality Deceased Injured Missing Ref.

Afghanistan 2 N/A 6 [16]

Algeria 9 N/A 0 [17]

Bangladesh 18 80 90 [18][19]

Benin N/A N/A 0 [20]

Burkina Faso 1 N/A 0 [21]

Burundi 1 N/A 0 [22]

Cameroon 21 100 0 [23]

Chad 11 N/A 0 [20]

China 1 N/A 0 [24]

Egypt 55 26 120 [25]

Ghana N/A N/A 5 [26]

India 45 13 0 [27]

Indonesia 41 10 82 [28]

Iran 226 46 233 [29]

Ivory Coast 14 N/A 77 [30]

Jordan 1 N/A 1 [31]

Kenya 3 N/A 8 [32]

Malaysia 1 N/A 0 [33]

Mali 30 N/A 0 [34]

Morocco 5 8 34 [35]

Myanmar 5 N/A 7 [36]

Netherlands 1 N/A 0 [22]

Niger 19 39 0 [37]

Nigeria 56 61 0 [38]

Oman N/A 5 1 [39][40]

Pakistan 40 35 63 [41]

Philippines 1 N/A 0 [42]

Senegal 5 N/A 0 [22]

Somalia 8 N/A 0 [22]

Sudan 9 13 20 [43]

Tanzania 6 N/A 50 [44]

Turkey 2 N/A 6 [45]

United Kingdom N/A N/A 160 [46]

Unknown 529 500 0Total 1,100 934 1,015 [1][3]

Deceased dignitariesNationality Name Ref.

Nigeria

Tijani El­MiskinHajiya Bilkisu YusufAlhaji Abbas Ibrahim SamboJustice Abdulkadir JegaJustice Musa Hassan AlkaliEngr Bello Gidan Hamma

[47][48]

Pakistan Assad Murtaza Gilani [49]

Iran Mohammad Rahim Aghaei Poor [50]

According to a statement by the Saudi civil defence directorate, the stampede occurred Thursday 24September 2015 at 09:00 Mecca time (06:00 UTC) at the junction between street 204 and 223 as pilgrimswere en route to the Jamaraat Bridge. The Saudi Interior Ministry stated that the stampede was triggeredwhen two large groups of pilgrims intersected from different directions onto the same street.[4] The junctionlay between two pilgrim camp sites.[51] Several eyewitnesses claimed that the closure of Street 206 was themain reason behind the stampede.[52]

Lebanon­based Arabic­language daily Ad­Diyar alleges that the convoy escorting Prince Mohammad binSalman Al Saud, comprising 200 soldiers and 150 police officers, played a central role in the stampede. Thereport said that the prince's convoy caused some pilgrims to turn around against the flow which triggered astampede. The report further said that Mohammad and his huge entourage swiftly abandoned the scene,adding that the Saudi authorities seek to hush up the entire story and impose a media blackout onMohammad’s presence in the area.[53]

Deputy Governor of Nigeria’s state of Kebbi, who was present at the incident, confirmed that the deathshappened due to blockage of route to Jamrat. "What actually happened was that all the pilgrims scheduledto throw Jamrat at that time were channeled to one particular street. At a time we got to a certain pointaround 8:00am, a military vehicle was set across to create a barrier and then some of the Saudi soldierswere standing by, suggesting that you cannot go beyond that point." "About 5,000 people coming from thesame direction were not aware of the road block in front, which resulted to a tight and stationary humantraffic, which made it very difficult for us to even stand. So, we continued to squat to make room for freshair while the temperature was about 47 degrees celsius." "Pilgrims, in efforts to get fresh air, attempted toscale fences of tents on both sides of the road. Very few succeeded, while most people just succumb to thesituation. It was at this juncture that we saw dead bodies piling up around us."[54]

In a press conference held the day of the incident, spokesman of the Ministry of Interior Mansour Al­Turkiattempted to address most issues regarding the incident. He said that an investigation was ongoing, that theexact causes for crowding that led to the deadly stampede on Mina Street 204 are yet to be ascertained.[10]He explained that "Street number 204 is a road leading from the camps to the Jamarat Bridge. Whathappened was that a group of pilgrims on buses were allowed to descend onto the pathways that lead to theJamarat Bridge at a time that wasn’t allocated to them,” Al Arabiya News Channel’s correspondent inMina, Saad Al­Matrafi said. “As they neared the area, they converged with an existing group of people whowere already in the area, which pushed the area to over capacity." The spokesman also mentioned that mostdiplomatic convoys take place in the south of Mina and in underground tunnels, while the incident took

place in the north. He added that news regarding the incident should be sought from official sources,pointing out that most controversial news regarding the unfortunate incident are coming from sources atconflict with the Saudi Government.[55][56][57]

London­based Arabic international newspaper Asharq Al­Awsat, which is noted for its support of the Saudigovernment, reported an official who requested anonymity to discuss the issue, said the accident occurredafter a group of around 300 Iranian pilgrims failed to follow orders requiring them to wait for clearance toleave Jamarat.[58]

One scientific study explains the causes of such stampedes by using systematic review of computer models.According to this study, crowds are of two types: physical crowds (where people are simply in one place)and psychological crowds (where people in a physical crowd share a common self­definition – a socialidentity). A group of people at an event may all see themselves and each other as Muslims, ManchesterUnited supporters, or music lovers, for example. This shared identity affects the behaviour of the crowd andis therefore imperative for understanding and predicting the crowd movements, including flow andcongestion. Recent research has shown that feelings of group identity may mean psychological crowds areeasier for their members to cope with even if they are tightly packed or very slow moving because they feelsafe within the group. But when there are several psychological crowds within the same physical space theycan inadvertently limit the movement of one another. In a recent (unpublished) study we found that peoplein one psychological crowd walk more closely together, walk more slowly and walk further distances tostay together than people who are just in physical crowds. Those outside the psychological crowd did nottry to walk through it but instead walked around it.[59]

Casualties

The Saudi Civil Defence directorate stated that casualties were of multiple nationalities.

The Saudi Civil Defence directorate announced the deployment of 4,000 personnel to the stampede sitealongside 220 emergency response units.[51] Pilgrims were redirected away from the stampede site.[60] TheSaudi Red Crescent was also mobilised and the injured are being treated at four hospitals.[4]

Iranian Official News Agency IRNA reported that according to Iran's Hajj and Pilgrimage Organisationmore than 2,000 people are believed to have been killed and 2,000 more injured in the stampede[61][62]

while Indian External Affairs Minister and Pakistan’s ambassador puts death toll at 1090.[63][3]

Reactions

Governments

Saudi Arabia

The governor of the Makkah Region and head of the Central Hajj Committee Prince Khaled al­Faisal blamed the stampede on “some pilgrims from African nationalities.”[51] The Saudihealth minister Khalid A. Al­Falih stated that the stampede occurred due to pilgrims failing tofollow official directions, adding that timetables established by authorities were ignored.[4]

However, witnesses dispute this, according to the Guardian.[64]

Saudia Arabia’s King Salman removed three high­level officials from their posts following thestampede.[65]

Iran

Ali Khamenei, Supreme leader of Iran, declared three days of national mourning in Iran. “TheSaudi government is obligated to shoulder its heavy responsibility in this bitter incident andmeet its obligations in compliance with the rule of righteousness and fairness. Mismanagementand improper measures that were behind this tragedy should not be overlooked,” Khameneisaid.[66] He further said “Saudi Arabia is incapable of organising the pilgrimage. The runningof the Hajj must be handed over to Islamic states.”[67]

Iranian Foreign Ministry summoned Saudi Arabia’s chargé d'affaires,[68] and dispatched ahigh­ranking delegation from the Foreign Ministry and the Iranian Red Crescent, headed byHassan Qashqavi, to investigate the situation.[69] Amir Abdollahian, Deputy of Foreign AffairsMinister, accused Saudi officials of tactlessness over the lack of safety measures at the Hajj[70]and said “We can in no way be indifferent to this irresponsible behaviour of Saudi Arabia. Thiswill be dealt with through diplomatic channels.”[71]The head of Iran’s Hajj organisation, Said Ohadi, accused Saudi Arabia of safety errors thatcaused the accident saying that “Today’s incident shows mismanagement and lack of seriousattention to the safety of pilgrims. There is no other explanation. The Saudi officials should beheld accountable.”[71]Khamenei’s representative on Hajj affairs, Seyed Ali Ghaziaskar, said: “Saudi officials do notlet our medical team and doctors to reach the affected areas and hospitals to help.”[72]Thousands of people marched in Tehran to protest at Saudi Arabia’s handling of the hajjpilgrimage. The Iranian demonstrators carried black banners and chanted “death to Al Saud[family]” (مرگ بر آل سعود), the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia.[22]Iran also vowed to take international legal action against Saudi Arabia’s rulers over thestampede. Iran’s State Prosecutor Ebrahim Raisi said “Under international law, this incident isabsolutely subject to prosecution. The Al­Saud must be responsive. They have to know that wewill pursue the trial of Al­Saud for the crime they have committed against the hajj pilgrimsthrough international courts and organizations.”[73]

TurkeyMehmet Gormez, the head of Presidency of Religious Affairs blamed serious management issues atMecca,[74] saying, “There was serious negligence by authorities in directing the crowd.”[75] AKPDeputy Chair Mehmet Ali Şahin also criticised the Saudi organisation, and has claimed that Turkeycould do a better job than Saudi Arabia at organising the Hajj pilgrimage, calling for Turkey to beentrusted with its management.[76] However, Turkish President, Recep Tayyip Erdogan defended theSaudi government saying, “I do not sympathise with the hostile statements against Saudi Arabia.”[77]He asserted, “It is not right to have the approach of putting the blame on Saudi Arabia. On thecontrary, during the Hajj and Umrah I participated in, I came to observe closely the level ofsensibility in the organization work conducted there. Therefore I cannot say ‘the organization iswrong’.”[78]

LebanonHassan Nasrallah, the Secretary General of Hezbullah said that the Saudi regime holds the fullresponsibility for the Mina incident as it was the sole manager of the pilgrimage and it has alwaysrefused to share this responsibility with anyone else. He stressed that blaming the pilgrims for thistragedy was a simplification of things, and that the consequent accidents in the pilgrimage that take

place every year indicate that there is a major problem in Saudi’s management.[79] He further saidSaudi Arabia should allow Muslim countries to help the kingdom run the Hajj pilgrimage rituals,emphasising the need for the formation of a Muslim committee to “supervise the management” of theannual Islamic event. He also added that a group of Muslim countries should be formed to probe thefatal stampede during Hajj rites.[80]

NigeriaNigerian government has dismissed remarks by the Saudi health minister blaming pilgrims for “notfollowing instructions.”[81] Abdullahi Mukhtar, the Chairman of National Hajj Commission ofNigeria said, “It was not fair for anyone to blame Africans participating at the pilgrimage for the fatalincident” and called on the Saudi authority to include Nigeria in a government investigation into theincident.[82] The Sultan of Sokoto, Alhaji Sa’ad Abubakar III, urged Saudi authorities to henceforthprovide improved safety measures during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca.[83]

SyriaState­controlled news agency Syrian Arab News Agency said, “The stampede raised questions aboutthe Saudi government’s attention to pilgrims’ safety despite billions of dollars that Saudi authoritiesclaim to spend to improve Hajj.”[84]

Analysts

Irfan al­Alawi, the executive director of the Islamic Heritage Research Foundation, said that “thedisaster was a result of poor management by the government, given the number of past disasters.”[85]Madawi al­Rasheed, a Saudi­Arabian anthropologist and visiting professor at the London School ofEconomics, said: “There is no accountability. It’s shocking that almost every year there is some kindof death toll. The renovation and expansion are done under the pretext of creating more space forMuslim pilgrims, but it masks land grabs and vast amounts of money being made by the princes andby other Saudis. Officials in the kingdom had avoided responsibility in part by citing the Islamicdoctrine that anyone who dies during the pilgrimage goes to heaven.”[85]Ali al­Ahmed, a Saudi analyst and current director of the Washington D.C. based Institute for GulfAffairs think tank blamed the Saudi government’s “mismanagement” of the Hajj, saying that “theMinistry of Interior’s use of soldiers who have no clue or expertise in managing crowds was the realcause of stampedes. This really has to do with the failure of the Saudi government in organizing thisHajj, and they need to get help from around the world.”[86]Saeed al­Shehabi, a London­based Shia Bahraini opposition political activist in an interview withIranian based television Press TV said that “In Saudi Arabia; it is good the Saudis are good at war,are good at financing terrorism and extremism, they are bombing Yemen days and nights, yet theycannot manage this annual festival where Muslims are expected to exercise their worship in peaceand in harmony and also to discuss their own lively matters that concern Muslims.”[87]Salman al­Ouda, a Saudi cleric said that “Riyadh regime should be held accountable for the crush,adding that Saudi rulers cannot evade their responsibility by labeling the tragedy as an act of God.”He called on media outlets to cover the incident with full transparency.[88]

See also

Mecca crane collapse1987 Mecca incidentIncidents during the HajjList of deadliest stampedes and panics

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External links

Saudi Civil Defense Directorate [KSA_998] (24 Sep 2015)."Sorting operations are still continuing" (Tweet) (in Arabic).Nazer, Fahad (16 Sep 2015). "Is Saudi Arabia up to the taskof protecting the 'House of God'?". Al­Monitor.

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Categories: Current events 2015 in Islam 2015 in Saudi Arabia 21st century in MeccaDisasters in places of worship Filmed accidental deaths Human stampedes in 2015

Human stampedes in Saudi Arabia Incidents during the Hajj

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